单选题第一段①呼和浩特(蒙古语为“青色的城”)是内蒙古自治区的首府。②作为内蒙古自治区政治、经济、文化和工业中心，呼和浩特也是羊毛皮革、建筑材料、钢铁和化肥的生产中心。③呼和浩特地处温带内陆地区，属西北大陆性气候，市区平均海拔1,050米，夏无酷暑，冬无严寒，四季分明。④全年平均气温在摄氏8度左右。第二段⑤呼和浩特是一座以蒙古族为主体，满、回等36个民族共同聚居的城市。⑥全市土地总面积1.7万平方公里，其中，城区面积120平方公里。⑦呼和浩特市管辖4个区，5个旗县和一个国家级的经济技术开发区。⑧全市总人口214.7万，市区人口109.64万。⑨全市少数民族26.8万人，其中蒙古族20万人。第三段⑩呼和浩特是一座历史文化名城，是华夏文明的发祥地之一。早在50万年以前就已出现了人类文明的曙光。无论是远古时期的“大窑文化”遗址，还是战国时期的云中古城遗址，或是明清时期的召庙艺术等，都真实地记录了呼和浩特的悠久历史，显示了这座塞外名城的古老神韵。

单选题 矿产资源是地壳和地表经地质作用形成的自然富集体，在当今经济技术条件下具有开发利用价值的，呈固态、液态和气态产出的自然资源。 中国已成为世界上少见的矿产资源总量丰富、矿种比较齐全、配套程度较高的国家之一。中国已经发现矿产171种，其中探明有储量的矿产157种，我国已探明的矿产资源总量较大，约占世界总量的12%，但我国人均资源占有量占世界人均的58%，名列第53位。目前，我国92%以上的一次能源，80%的工业原材料，70%以上的农业生产资料，30%以上的农业灌溉用水和32%的生活用水均来自矿产资源。 矿产资源是人类生存和社会发展的重要物质基础，加快矿产资源的开发利用，发挥矿产资源勘探的潜力作用。

单选题第一段①发展公平而有质量的教育。②推动城乡义务教育一体化发展，教育投入继续向困难地区和薄弱环节倾斜。③切实降低农村学生辍学率，抓紧消除城镇“大班额”，着力解决中小学生课外负担重问题。④儿童是民族的未来、家庭的希望。⑤要多渠道增加学前教育资源供给，运用互联网等信息化手段，加强对儿童托育全过程监管，一定要让家长放心安心。第二段⑥支持社会力量举办职业教育。⑦推进普及高中阶段教育。⑧以经济社会发展需要为导向，优化高等教育结构，加快“双一流”建设，支持中西部建设有特色、高水平大学。⑨继续实施农村和贫困地区专项招生计划。⑩发展民族教育、特殊教育、继续教育和网络教育。加强师资队伍和师德师风建设。要办好人民满意的教育，让每个人都有平等机会通过教育改变自身命运、成就人生梦想。

单选题 Para. 1 ①On earth, most of the methane in the atmosphere has been belched by living organisms, so finding the gas on Mars would be happy news for seekers after extraterrestrial life. ②Sadly, news announced on December 12th, at the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union (AGU), in Washington, DC, was anything but happy. ③Preliminary results from ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, a European craft that has been circling Mars for the past two years, give a thumbs-down to the idea that there is methane in its atmosphere. Para. 2 ①Previous observations, from orbit and by telescopes on Earth, suggested Mars might spot traces of the gas. ②These were backed up by data from Curiosity, an American Mars rover. ③In its six years crawling around a crater called Gale, Curiosity has both detected methane and recorded seasonal ups and downs of the stuff that cycle from a modest 0.25 parts per billion during the winter to 0.65 ppbn in the summer, with spikes up to 7.0 ppbn. Para. 3 ①That cyclical pattern has intrigued researchers back on Earth. ②Broadly speaking, there are two possible sources for Martian methane. ③One is outer space, whence carbon-rich molecules, some of which are likely to break down into methane, arrive constantly on meteors of various sizes. ④The other is from under the planet's surface. Para. 4 ①Methane from both sources will mix eventually into the atmosphere. ②But if the gas is coming from underground, it will be more concentrated near its source, and might well appear on a seasonal basis. ③The process could be a geological or geochemical one that is encouraged by the relative warmth of summer. ④That would be interesting. ⑤Or it could be biological, with methane-generating bugs waking up during the summer months. ⑥For either to be the explanation of the seasonality observed by Curiosity, the rover would have to have had the luck to land in an area of such methane seeps. ⑦But such lucky breaks do happen. Para. 5 ①Regardless of their source, any methane molecules in Mars's atmosphere would, on the basis of experiments on Earth, be expected to hang around for centuries. ②It was to find signs of this more widespread material that a spectroscopic instrument called NOMAD (Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery), which is on board ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, was designed. ③And, it has failed to find the slightest hint of methane in the Martian atmosphere. ④Since NOMAD is 20 times more sensitive than the methane detector on board Curiosity, this is bad news. Para. 6 ①But they do not surprise Kevin Zahnle of the Ames Research Centre, in California, a laboratory belonging to NASA, America's space agency. ②Dr Zahnle has long argued that Curiosity's reports of Martian methane are artefacts. Para. 7 ①The optimists will not be deflected, though. ②They note that NOMAD Can probe only the upper part of Mars's atmosphere. ③Air with an altitude of less than 5 km is beyond its range. ④ Moreover, when ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter flew over Gale, a dust storm obscured NOMAD's view of anything within 30 km of the surface. ⑤What NOMAD does seem to show is that, if methane exists at all in Mars's air, it is rare and confined to low levels of the atmosphere. ⑥But for now, neither side is willing to give way.

单选题 Para. 1 ①The massive and numerous data breaches over the last few years prove at least one thing: Passwords alone can't protect you. ②And as if to remind you that this year will be just as fraught with cybersecurity issues as last year, security researcher Troy Hunt discovered yet another major breach, in which nearly 773 million email addresses and 21 million passwords were exposed. Para. 2 ①Before you freak out and (finally) delete your Facebook account, know there's an easier way to protect yourself—one that only involves a few minutes of preparation for some peace of mind when it comes to your online identity. ②We're talking about two-factor authentication, a process in which you input an extra security code after typing in your username and password to prove you're really you. ③There are multiple forms of two-factor authentication, but they all serve the same purpose of protecting your accounts from being hacked in case somebody gets their hands on your login info. Para. 3 You can think of two-factor authentication as the bouncer to your digital lounge, waiting for you to provide a bit of extra information to prove you are who you say you are, be it a number sent to you via text message or a string of characters generated by an app on your smartphone. Para. 4 ①Text message, or SMS, authentication is probably the easiest way to build the habit of two-factor authentication, as it doesn't require you to download anything app-related or walk around with a physical authentication device. ②You simply log in to the site in question, and it'll ask you to enter an authentication code—usually a random string of numbers—texted to your phone, and you're in. Para. 5 ①A more secure way to use two-factor authentication is with a code-generating smartphone app that's compatible with the account you want to keep safe. ②It can generate codes that change every minute or so, and can only be seen when you have your phone in hand. ③Some authenticator apps also feature another layer of security, like facial recognition or a fingerprint scan. ④Many of those apps are also designed to store your list of secured sites and passwords in the same place, protected by a master password. ⑤They can also create randomly-generated and therefore hard-to-guess passwords as a further defense against hackers. Para. 6 ①Don't want to use any apps, or even your phone, when it comes to securing your identity? ②Instead of using an ever-changing code, go with something more physical, and use a hardware token you can clip to your keys. ③While they exist in various shapes and sizes, they usually resemble a small USB flash drive that plugs into the device you're using, be it your smartphone or PC, and serves as a form of extra identification. Para. 7 ①Want a hardware token? ②The most popular manufacturer, Yubico, makes the Yubikey, available in the connector of your choice or with support for features like near-field communication (the same tech that powers the tap-to-pay feature found at stores). ③Google also makes the Titan security key, which gives you two hardware tokens, one to keep with you and one to keep in a safe space in ease of emergencies.

单选题第一段①太原是山西省省会，在政治、军事和宗教领域都具有丰富的历史。②太原位于北方游牧区和黄河流域农业中心地带之间的侵入走廊。③在过去的几百年里，这儿不断受到外来侵入和占领。④山西省中部地区是佛教和道教圣地，其中包括我国四大佛教名山之一的五台山和我国最大的道教石窟一龙山石窟。⑤如今，太原已经成为华北地区主要的工业城市，为铁矿和煤炭主要藏地。第二段⑥太原拥有完备的城市道路系统。⑦城市道路长度1,268公里，面积1,641万平方米，人均6.68平方米。⑧太原的城市基础设施日趋完善。⑨城乡居民生活用电充足，煤气日生产能力为86万立方米，煤气管道长度1,475公里。⑩太原拥有公园29个，道路植树长度615.5公里，城市绿化面积5,968公顷。第三段近年来，太原地区对外贸易发展迅速，对外开放和对外交流继续扩大。投资环境进一步改善，引进外资成效显著。作为华北地区的交通枢纽之一，太原机场目前已开通国际国内航线50余条，飞往全国及香港等大中城市和地区。铁路、公路四通八达，纵横交错。

单选题 Para. 1 ①The seaside promenade in Douglas, on the Isle of Man, a self-governing British Crown dependency, boasts grand Victorian buildings and a horse-drawn tram. ②When cheap air travel meant these holiday towns were abandoned, most fell into disrepair. ③But Douglas reinvented itself as an offshore financial centre. ④Today finance provides over a third of the island's GDP, of which around half is from insurance. ⑤Now new transparency rules put that at risk. Para. 2 ①From January 1st the island's insurers will have to be more open with clients, in particular on the subject of brokers' commissions. ②Britain has had similar rules since last year. ③International organizations such as the OECD, a club of rich countries, and the Financial Action Task Force, an intergovernmental anti-money-laundering organization, increasingly require such standards for their seal of approval. Para. 3 ①The island's main insurance business is not at risk. ②The 'offshore bonds' it started offering in the 1970s allow British residents to pay a lump sum, usually at least 50,000 pounds ($63,000), to be returned on an agreed date. ③These count as life insurance, though the insurance payout is typically just 1—5% of the lump sum, and can be as little as 1 pound. ④The appeal is tax-efficiency: deferring income tax liabilities or avoiding inheritance tax. ⑤Britain's tax authority could kill these off, but it has tolerated them for decades and shows no sign of a change of heart. Para. 4 ①Rather, it is the island's growing business of life insurance for expatriates and the global rich that is under threat. ②The other big offshore insurance centre, Bermuda, specializes in property-and-casualty insurance and reinsurance, mainly for hurricane risk in America. ③For the Isle of Man, by contrast, life insurance accounts for over 90% of its insurers' assets under management: 69 bn pounds out of 75 bn pounds. ④And within life insurance, it specializes in asset protection and asset management rather than death benefits or annuities. Para. 5 ①Reasons to buy range from wealth protection—from high taxes, government expropriation or succession squabbles—to tax arbitrage. ②In many countries the proceeds of a life-insurance policy attract less tax than a direct inheritance. Para. 6 ①Unhappily for Manx firms, these products are sold with hefty commissions. ②Some of their brokers charge 6—7% of a policy's value. ③Though that is similar to commissions in onshore jurisdictions—around 6% in Ireland, for instance—onshore life insurance is mainly about death benefits, annuities and to an extent savings. ④A better comparator for Manx products is financial advice, where commissions have been slashed. ⑤In Britain financial advisers must charge retail investors fixed fees rather than commissions, to avoid conflicts of interest. Para. 7 ①Business might shift to avoid the new rules. ②One Manx official worries about competition from the British Virgin Islands. ③Or clients boggling at the newly revealed fees may switch to a different sort of vehicle for asset protection, for example the trusts in which Jersey and Guernsey, also Crown dependencies, specialize. Para. 8 The Isle of Man will still benefit from a stable legal environment and specialist talent. Para. 9 ①It already offers some products that rely on neither Britain's tax forbearance nor rich individuals elsewhere. ②But the island's financial industry will have to diversify: to new types of customers such as corporations, for example, or to products that are less dependent on brokers.

单选题 Para. 1 ①Adolescents have always been keenly aware of how they are seen by their peers. ②But social media amplify this self-consciousness. ③Now that nearly three-quarters of American teens have access to a smartphone, many of them while away their days broadcasting their thoughts, photos and lapses in judgment for immediate praise or scorn from hundreds of 'friends'. ④Being a teenager was never easy, but this is the first time your charm, looks or popularity have been so readily quantifiable, and your mistakes so easy for others to see. ⑤Just how this technological revolution affects young people—and particularly young women—is the subject of two fascinating new American books. Para. 2 ①For many girls, the constant seeking of 'likes' and attention on social media can 'feel like being a contestant in a never-ending beauty pageant', writes Nancy Sales in 'American Girls', a thoroughly researched if sprawling book. ②In this image-saturated environment, comments on girls' photos tend to focus disproportionately on looks, bullying is common and anxieties about female rivals are rife. ③'Everybody wants to take a selfie as good as the Kardashians',' says Maggie, a 13-year-old. Para. 3 ①Such self-objectification comes at a cost. ②A review of studies from 12 industrialised countries found that adolescent girls around the world are increasingly depressed and anxious about their weight and appearance. Para. 4 ①For Peggy Orenstein, an American journalist, these are symptoms of a larger and more pernicious problem: 'the pressure on young women to reduce their worth to their bodies and to see those bodies as a collection of parts that exist for others' pleasure'. ②In 'Girls Sex', a wise and sharply argued look at how girls are navigating 'the complicated new landscape' of sex and sexuality, Ms Orenstein notes that unlike past feminists, who often protested against their sexual objectification, many of today's young women claim to find it empowering. Para. 5 ①Both books also blame the 'ever-broadening influence of porn'. ②The Internet has made pornography more widely available than ever before. ③Few view it as realistic, but many consult it as a guide—which makes sense in a country where parents rarely talk candidly about sex with their children, especially their daughters, and few schools fill the gap. ④Educators commonly advocate abstinence and only 13 states require that sex education even be medically accurate. Para. 6 ①The problem is that much of this pornography is not only explicit but also violent, which can influence expectations. ②A study of Canadian teenagers found a correlation between consuming pornography and believing it is okay to hold a girl down for forced sex. ③Pornography also tends to present women's sexuality as something that exists primarily for the benefit of men. Para. 7 ①For anyone raising a daughter, these books do not make for easy reading. ②Intellectually, many young women believe they can achieve whatever they set their minds to, but most still struggle to obey a sexual double-standard. ③As one teenage girl tells Ms Orenstein, 'Usually the opposite of a negative is a positive, but in this case it's two negatives. So what are you supposed to do?'

单选题 我们要积极推进结构性改革尤其是供给侧结构性改革。中国经济发展面临的结构性矛盾，供给和需求两侧都有，主要在供给侧。我们要用改革的办法推进结构调整，减少无效和低端的供给，扩大有效和中高端的供给。这既有利于经济转型，也有利于促进增长。 其中很重要的就是要淘汰落后产能，化解过剩产能。重点是抓好钢铁、煤炭等困难行业去产能，这方面近几年已取得初步成效，原煤、粗钢产量减少，但还要继续加以推动，主要是通过运用市场化、法治化手段，严格环保、质量、安全等标准。去产能最大的难题是人往哪里去。企业要采取多种措施使职工转岗不下岗，中央和地方政府都要对职工分流安置给予必要的支持。产能过剩是一个全球性问题，我们主动采取行动去产能，说明中国是负责任的国家。

问答题 Improved human well-being is one of the greatest triumphs of the modern era. The age of plenty has also led to an unexpected global health crisis: 2 billion people are either overweight or obese. Dev

问答题　　Plastic and traces of hazardous chemicals have been found in Antarctica, one of the world’s last great wildernesses, according to a new study. Researchers spent three months taking water and snow sa

问答题 河南是中华民族与文明的发源地。中国四大发明中的指南针、造纸、火药三大技术均发明于河南。河南历史文化厚重，文物古迹众多，文物数量居全国第一位。河南境内有25处世界文化遗产，358个全国重点文物保护单位，4个世界地质公园，12个国家级重点风景名胜区，13个国家级自然保护区。 河南是中国重要的经济大省，2017年国内生产总值稳居中国第5位。2017年河南生产总值44988亿元，比上年增长7．8％。人均

改革开放30多年来，中国发生了巨大变化。从1979年到2004年，中国经济年均增长9．4％，居民消费水平年均提高7％，进出口贸易额年均递增16．7％。2004年，中国国内生产总值达到16494亿美元；进出口贸易额达到1 1548亿美元。我们初步建立了社会主义市场经济体制，社会生产力和综合国力不断增强，各项社会事业全面发展，人民生活总体上实现了由温饱到小康的历史性跨越。 同时，中国人口多、底子薄，发展很不平衡，人口资源环境压力日益突出，在前进的征途上仍面临着很多困难和挑战。中国国内生产总值总量虽然不小，但人均国内生产总值仍排在世界100位之后，尤其是还有近2600万农村贫困人口和2200多万领取最低生活保障金的城镇贫困人口。中国要实现现代化，还需要长期艰苦奋斗。 在经济全球化趋势深入发展的新形势下，如何立足中国的实际，抓住机遇，应对挑战，继续实现经济社会持续、快速、协调、健康发展，是我们高度重视的重大战略问题。经过多年探索和实践，我们已经找到了一条符合自己国情、顺应时代潮流、体现人民意愿的发展道路，这就是中国特色社会主义道路。今后，我们将坚定不移地沿着这条道路阔步前进。

中国目前已经建成1．9万公里公路。自1990年以来，中国每年都要新增3700公里公路。到2020年公路网将连接中国所有主要城市。中国公路总里程将仅次于美国，达到55000公里。 高速公路网将带来深远的影响。城市带将形成；人们的生活方式将会发生变化；枢纽城市的经济增长率将迅速上升，因为便利的交通条件将吸引更多的投资者。 许多国际开发商支持这种看法。世界银行和亚洲开发银行正用巨额贷款支持中国开展公路建设。它们认为公路建设对于缓解贫困至关重要。自上世纪末，亚洲开发银行已减少它在中国经济发达的东部地区的公路投资，而将重点转向较为贫困的西部地区。 在公路建设中，中国也很重视支线公路建设，因为支线公路可以使小城镇充分利用附近干线公路建设带来的发展机遇。

近年来，中国经济保持快速发展，为世界经济发展注入了活力。实践证明了中国在加人世贸组织之前的预言：中国的发展离不开世界，世界的发展需要中国。未来20年，在全面建设小康社会的进程中，中国一定会对世界经济的发展和实现全人类的共同进步做出历史性的贡献。为此，中国将继续扩大外贸，大力实施西部大开发战略，进一步改善投资环境，为外商提供更大的商机。同时，中国将引导和支持更多有比较优势的企业对外投资，开展平等互利、形式多样的经济技术合作。中国将进一步加强双边、多边和区域经济合作，实现世界各国各地区的共同发展。

After years of painstaking research and sophisticated surveys, Jaco Boshoff may be on the verge of a nearly unheard-of discovery: the wreck of a Dutch slave ship that broke apart 239 years ago on this forbidding, windswept coast after a violent revolt by the slaves. Boshoff, 39, a marine archaeologist with the government-run Iziko Museums, will not find out until he starts digging on this deserted beach on Africa's southernmost point, probably later this year. After three years of surveys with sensitive magnetometers, he knows, at least, where to look: at a cluster of magnetic abnormalities, three beneath the beach and one beneath the surf, near the mouth of the Heuningries River, where the 450-ton slave ship, the Meermin, ran aground in 1766. If he is right, it will be a find for the history books — especially if he recovers shackles, spears and iron guns that shed light on how 147 Malagasy slaves seized their captors' vessel, only to be recaptured. Although European countries shipped millions of slaves from Africa over four centuries, archaeologists estimate that fewer than 10 slave shipwrecks have been found worldwide. If he is wrong, Boshoff said in an interview, "I will have a lot of explaining to do." He will, however, have an excuse. Historical records indicate that at least 30 ships have run aground in the treacherous waters off Struis Bay, the earliest of them in 1673. Although Boshoff says he believes beyond doubt that the remains of a ship are buried on this beach — the jagged timbers of a wreck are sometimes uncovered during September's spring tide — there is always the prospect that his surveys have found the wrong one. "Finding shipwrecks is just so difficult in the first place," said Madeleine Burnside, the author of Spirits of the Passage, a book on the slave trade, and executive director of the Mel Fisher Maritime Heritage Society in Key West, Florida. "Usually — not always — they are located by accident." Other slave-ship finds have produced compelling evidence of both the brutality and the lucrative nature of the slave trade.

移动电话正在成为21世纪一个主要的技术领域。在几年之内，移动电话将会发展成为多功能的通信工具，除了语音之外，还可以传输和接收视频信号、静止图像、数据和文本。个人通信的新纪元即将到来。 在一定程度上多亏了无线网络的发展，电话正在与个人电脑和电视融合起来。不久之后，配有高分辨率显示屏的轻巧手机便可以与卫星连接。人们可以随时随地通话，收发电子邮件或者参加视像电话会议。这种手机也许还会吸收电脑的许多主要功能。移动通信工具有望带来一些互联网所能提供的新服务，如股票交易、购物及预订戏票和飞机票。 电信革命已在全球范围内展开。不久之后，用一台装置就可以收到几乎任何形式的电子通信信号。最有可能的是一部三合一手机。在家里它可以用作无绳电话，在路上用作移动电话，在办公室里用作内部通话装置。有些专家甚至认为移动视像电话将超过电视，成为主要的视频信息来源。

英译汉英译汉第一篇Youve temporarily misplaced your cell phone and anxiously retrace your steps to try to find it

英译汉【Passage 1】 Jane Goodall was already on a London dock in March 1957 when she realized that her passport was missing. In just a few hours, she was due to depart on her first trip to Africa. A school friend had moved to a farm outside Nairobi and, knowing Goodall’s childhood dream was to live among the African wildlife, invited her to stay with the family for a while. Goodall, then 22, saved for two years to pay for her passage to Kenya: waitressing, doing secretarial work, temping at the post office in her hometown, Bournemouth, on England’s southern coast. Now all this was for naught, it seemed. It’s hard not to wonder how subsequent events in her life — rather consequential as they have turned out to be to conservation, to science, to our sense of ourselves as a species — might have unfolded differently had someone not found her passport, along with an itinerary from Cook’s, the travel agency, folded inside, and delivered it to the Cook’s office. An agency representative, documents in hand, found her on the dock. “Incredible,” Goodall told me last month, recalling that day. “Amazing.” Within two months of her arrival, Goodall met the paleontologist Louis Leakey — Nairobi was a small town for its white population in those days — and he immediately offered her a job at the natural-history museum where he was curator. He spent much of the next three years testing her capacity for repetitive work. He believed in a hypothesis first put forth by Charles Darwin that humans and chimpanzees share an evolutionary ancestor. Close study of chimpanzees in the wild, he thought, might tell us something about that common progenitor. He was, in other words, looking for someone to live among Africa’s wild animals. One night, he told Goodall that he knew just the place where she could do it: Gombe Stream Chimpanzee Reserve, in the British colony of Tanganyika (now Tanzania). In July 1960, Goodall boarded a boat and after a few hours motoring over the warm, deep waters of Lake Tanganyika, she stepped onto the pebbly beach at Gombe. Her finding, published in Nature in 1964, that chimpanzees use tools — extracting insects from a termite mound with leaves of grass — drastically and forever altered humanity’s understanding of itself; man was no longer the natural world’s only user of tools. After two and a half decades of living out her childhood dream, Goodall made an abrupt career shift, from scientist to conservationist.

英译汉Marlene Castro knew the tall blonde woman only as Laurene， her mentor. They met every few weeks in a rough Silicon Valley neighborhood the year that Ms. Castro was applying to college， and they e-mailed often， bonding over conversations about Ms. Castro’s difficult childhood. Without Laurene’s help， Ms. Castro said， she might not have become the first person in her family to graduate from college. 　　It was only later， when she was a freshman at University of California， Berkeley， that Ms. Castro read a news article and realized that Laurene was Silicon Valley royalty， the wife of Apple’s co-founder， Steven P. Jobs. 　　“I just became 10 times more appreciative of her humility and how humble she was in working with us in East Palo Alto，” Ms. Castro said. 　　The story， friends and colleagues say， is classic Laurene Powell Jobs. Famous because of her last name and fortune， she has always been private and publicity-averse. Her philanthropic work， especially on education causes like College Track， the college prep organization she helped found and through which she was Ms. Castro’s mentor， has been her priority and focus. 　　Now， less than two years after Mr. Jobs’s death， Ms. Powell Jobs is becoming somewhat less private. She has tiptoed into the public sphere， pushing her agenda in education as well as global conservation， nutrition and immigration policy. 　　“She’s been mourning for a year，” said Larry Brilliant， who is an old friend of Mr. Jobs. “Her life was about her family and Steve， but she is now emerging as a potent force on the world stage， and this is only the beginning.” But she is doing it her way. 　　“It’s not about getting any public recognition for her giving， it’s to help touch and transform individual lives，” said Laura Andreessen， a philanthropist and lecturer on philanthropy at Stanford who has been close friends with Ms. Powell Jobs for two decades. 　　While some people said Ms. Powell Jobs should have started a foundation in Mr. Jobs’s name after his death， she did not， nor has she increased her public giving. 　　Instead， she has redoubled her commitment to Emerson Collective， the organization she formed about a decade ago to make grants and investments in education initiatives and， more recently， other areas. 　　“In the broadest sense， we want to use our knowledge and our network and our relationships to try to effect the greatest amount of good，” Ms. Powell Jobs said in one of a series of interviews with The New York Times.