单选题Questions 11-14

单选题 The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects--a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death." George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery," he says. "We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide." On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modem medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care. The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse". He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear... that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."

单选题For 20 years, Trevor Rowley has worked as an optician in York. Less than five years ago, he put into motion a long-standing idea to build a mail-order contact lens business. "It should be easy to order lenses and supplies," says Rowley. "People should not have to contend with an errand they could easily do from home." He began offering his services through a catalogue and a free phone number, and gained a good deal of notice and sales. Two years ago, Rowley began Google keyword-search advertising. The result of steady growth and persistent vision, Postoptics today claims 80% of the mail order and online contact lens business in the UK. Rowley has been recognized as a "Future Entrepreneur of the Year" for his efforts. Even better, he has grown his business by giving excellent service. One way Postoptics achieves this is by providing customers easy access to their orders and to staff. "We like to communicate with customers any way they choose—online, on the phone, or by post," Rowley says. Approach Rowley was not one to rush into online advertising simply because others were. "We have invested a lot of time studying back-end systems to learn which ones provide the most data on our sales," says Rowley. He appreciated that Google is used as a tool by what he calls "Internet savvy" people "who know what they are looking for." And since Google AdWords is built upon the search queries those users made, it has proved to be a good fit for Postoptics. "The goal of online ads should not be about the amount of traffic they create," he says, "but about knowing who is buying, and the amount of each sale. When you study that over time, you know your return on investment as well as quite a bit about your customers." Results "Google gives us 35% of our traffic and 58% of our orders," Rowley says. And given Postoptics" interest in scrutinizing traffic and purchase patterns, he notes that "day in, day out, month in, month out, Google consistently produces 10% or 15% higher value per order—that much more revenue per sale. It"s so cost-effective to pay per click for Google customers, because we know the quality of leads is very high." Now that Google advertising is a key part of Postoptics" marketing strategy, Rowley says, "We"ve pretty much abandoned offline advertising. We don"t get a good return from running in the Sunday papers. We find that working a combination of Google advertising and direct mail gives us the customer base we need and the most accurate way to calculate in advance pounds per sale. We"re quite ruthless about it." By his own admission, Rowley is a cautious entrepreneur. He takes a leap, but only after understanding the variables and the risks. As far as Postoptics goes, he says, "Google has been very, very good—and I don"t praise things lightly." About Google Advertising Google AdWords TM is the world"s largest search advertising programme, currently used by more than 100,000 businesses to gain new customers cost-effectively. AdWords uses keywords to precisely target ad delivery to web users seeking information about a particular product or service. The programme is based on cost-per-click (CPC) pricing, so advertisers only pay when an ad is clicked on. Advertisers can take advantage of an extremely broad distribution network, and choose the level of support and spending appropriate for their business.

单选题 In almost all cases the soft parts of fossils are gone for ever but they were fitted around or within the hard parts. Many of them also were attached to the hard parts and usually such attachments are visible as depressed or elevated areas, ridges, or grooves, smooth or rough patches on the hard parts. The muscles most important for the activities of the animal and most evident in the appearance of the living animal are those attached to the hard parts and possible to reconstruct from their attachments. Much can be learned about a vanished brain from the inside of the skull in which it was lodged. Restoration of the external appearance of an extinct animal has little or no scientific value. It does not even help in inferring what the activities of the living animal were, how fast it could run, what its food was, or such other conclusions as are important for the history of life. However, what most people want to know about extinct animals is what they looked like when they were alive. Scientists also would like to know. Things like fossil shells present no great problem as a rule, because the hard parts are external when the animal is alive and the outer appearance is actually preserved in the fossils. Animals in which the skeleton is internal present great problems of restoration, and honest restorers admit that they often have to use considerable guessing. The general shape and contours of the body are fixed by the skeleton and by muscles attached to the skeleton, but surface features, which may give the animal its really characteristic look, are seldom restorable with any real probability of accuracy. The present often helps to interpret the past. An extinct animal presumably looked more or less like its living relatives, if it has any. This, however, may be quite equivocal. For example, extinct members of the horse family are usually restored to look somewhat like the most familiar living horses — domestic horses and their closest wild relatives. It is, however, possible and even probable that many extinct horses were striped like zebras. Others probably had patterns no longer present in any living members of the family. If lions and tigers were extinct they would be restored to look exactly alike. No living elephants have much hair and mammoths, which are extinct elephants, would doubtless be restored as hairless if we did not happen to know that they had thick, woolly coats. We know this only because mammoths are so recently extinct that prehistoric men drew pictures of them and that the hide and hair have actually been found in a few specimens. For older extinct animals we have no such clues.

单选题Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following talk.

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单选题Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the "great game" of espionage—spying as a "profession". These days the Net, which has already re-made pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan"s vocation as well. The last revolution isn"t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen"s e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The technical talents call it "open source intelligence", and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world. Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www. straitford, com. Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster"s dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far comers of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. "As soon as that report nms, we"ll suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine," says Friedman, a former political science professor. "And we"ll hear back from some of them." Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That"s where Straitford earns its keep. Friedman relies on a lean staff in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm"s outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford"s briefs don"t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.

单选题It"s 1997, and it"s raining. And you"ll have to walk to work again. Any given subway train breaks down one morning out of five. The buses are gone, and on a day like today, bicycles slosh and slide. Lucky you have a job in demolition. It"s slow and dirty work, but steady. The fading structures of a decaying city are the great mineral mines and hardware shops of the nation. Break them down and reuse the parts. Coal is too difficult to dig up and transport to give us energy in the amounts we need, nuclear fission is judged to be too dangerous, the hoped-for breakthrough toward nuclear fusion never took place, and solar batteries are too expensive to maintain in sufficient quantity. Anyone older than ten can remember automobiles. At first, the price of gasoline climbed—way up. Finally, only the well-to-do drove, and that was too clear an indication that they were filthy rich; so any automobile on a city street was overturned and burned. The cars vanished, becoming part of the metal resource. There are advantages in 1997, if you want to look for them. The air is cleaner, and there seem to be fewer cold. The crime rate has dropped. With the police car too expensive, policemen are back on their beats. More important, the streets are full. Legs are king, and people walk everywhere far into the night. There is mutual protection in crowds. If the weather isn"t too cold, people sit out front. If it is hot, the open air is the only air conditioning they get. At least the street lights still burn. Indoors, few people can afford to keep light burning after supper. As for the winter—well, it is inconvenient to be cold, with most of what furnace fuel is allowed hoarded for the dawn. But sweaters are popular indoor wear. Showers are not an everyday luxury. Lukewarm sponge baths must do, and if the air is not always very fragrant in the human vicinity, the automobile fumes are gone. It is worse in the suburbs, which were born with the auto, lived with the auto, and are dying with the auto. Suburbanites form associations that assign turns to the procurement and distribution of food. Pushcarts creak from house to house along the posh suburban roads, and every bad snowstorm is a disaster. It isn"t easy to hoard enough food to last till the roads are open. There is not much refrigeration except for the snow-banks, and then the dogs must be fought off. What energy is left must be conserved for agriculture. The great car factories make trucks and farm machinery almost exclusively. The American population isn"t going up much anymore, but the food supply must be kept high even though the prices and difficulty of distribution force each American to eat less. Food is needed for export to pay for some trickles of oil and for other resources. The rest of the world is not as lucky as we are. They"re starving out there because earth"s population has continued to rise. The population on earth is 5.5 billion—up by 1.5 billion since 1977—and, outside the United States and Europe, not more than one in five has enough to eat at any given time. There is a high infant mortality rate. It"s more than just starvation, though. There are those who manage to survive on barely enough to keep the body working, and that proves to be not enough for the brain. It is estimated that nearly two billion people in the world are permanently brain-damaged by undernutrition, and the number is growing. At least the big armies are gone. Only the United States and the Soviet Union can maintain a few tanks, planes, and ships—which they dare not move for fear of biting into limited fuel reserves. Machines must be replaced by human muscle and beasts of burden. People are working longer hours, and—with lighting restricted, television only three hours a night, new books few and printed in small editions—what is there to do with leisure? Work, sleep, and eating are the great trinity of 1997, and only the first two are guaranteed. Where will it end? It must end in a return to the days before 1800, to the days before the fossil fuels powered a vast machine industry and technology. It must end in subsistence farming and in a world population reduced by starvation, disease, and violence to less than a billion. And what can we do to prevent all this now? Now? In 1997? Almost nothing.

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单选题Miguel knocked on one of the doors. When no one answered, he pushed the door open. He immediately realized his mistake. He"d blundered into another dressing room. Miguel knew he should leave the room immediately, but he couldn"t help staring at the guy in the room. He seemed to be taking to himself. No one in the room was talking back. Yet there was someone else there. A girl. Most of her was hidden behind the speaker"s broad-shouldered body. Miguel saw a flash of slender hands reaching up, fussing with the front of the guy"s light brown hair. "Glenn, hold still!" the girl"s voice suddenly cut through the speaker"s monologue, "If you don"t stop wriggling. I might burn you with this curling iron!" Miguel"s blood turned to boiling acid. Leanna! She hadn"t wasted any time getting a new boyfriend. Miguel had to see what this loser looked like. "Excuse me," Miguel said, walking toward the couple. "Can you tell me the supply closet?" "This isn"t the supply closet," Glenn said arrogantly, "Get lost. " "But I"m already lost," Miguel said cheerfully. He was ignoring Glenn now and watching Leanna for some sort of reaction. Her face was totally drained of color, and her almond eyes were so wide, they almost seemed round. "What are you doing here?" Leanna gasped. "Looking for an extension cord," Miguel replied. He pointed to the white cord connecting the curling iron to the outlet. "How about that one?" "No! That"s mine," Glenn said, "Leanna, you only put one wave in my hair. " "Hey, Leanna, you never did my hair when we were dating," Miguel said. He leaned against the wall, almost in Leanna"s face, and ruffled his bangs with his fingers. Miguel wasn"t sure what he was trying to prove. He couldn"t stand seeing Leanna so close to Glenn, touching his hair. If he could goad Leanna into losing her temper, Miguel hoped he"d be able to hate her again, instead of wanting her back. "Get out of here," Leanna said coldly. "You used to go out with this janitor?" Glenn asked Leanna. "I"m not a janitor," Miguel said, "I"m helping Scott with the lights. " "Yeah?" Glenn turned to Miguel, "Make sure you keep that spotlight on me, boy. I"m the star of this show. " "You may be the star," Miguel said, his voice low, "but I"m not your boy. " "I can say whatever I want," Glenn shot back, "My parents pay taxes, but you immigrants sneak into this country illegally and take jobs away from Americans. Do you want me to call Immigration?" Leanna suddenly stepped between them. "I can"t believe you, Glenn. Miguel"s not an immigrant. His family came here from the Philippines, and—" Glenn"s nostrils flared, "These foreigners are taking over the country. It makes me sick!" "I"m a Filipino and I"m proud of it !" Leanna, hands on her hips, was shouting in Glenn"s face, "Do I make you sick, Glenn?" "Of course not !" Glenn looked shocked, "You were born here. I"m talking about people who come from other countries. Most of them go on welfare and they run down the neighborhoods and commit crimes. Why should they have the same rights as American citizens ?" "Because we"re human beings," Leanna said. Miguel noticed that Leanna had put herself in the same category. She wasn"t trying to impress him. She was speaking from the heart. "It"s not where you come from that matters," Leanna told Glenn, "It"s what kind of person you are inside. Miguel"s honest and hardworking, but you"re a conceited jerk!" "What"s going on in here?" a new voice demanded. The agent, Tyrone Ashby, appeared in the doorway. "Five minutes to curtain time! Glenn, get out there!" "I"m outta here, all right," Glenn said, "You can have your crummy show without me! " Miguel barely noticed Glenn or the agent. All his attention was on Leanna. She turned to him, tears glistening in her eyes. "Miguel, I"m sorry I lied to you," she said, "I know you"ll never forgive me. But I wanted to say thank you. Because of you, I"ve learned to love my Philippine heritage. I hope someday we can be friends. " A lump rose in Migucl"s throat, and he knew, suddenly, that friendship would never be enough. "Leanna," he began. But then he felt his body slam into the wall as Glenn pushed roughly past on his way out the door. Miguel had barely caught his breath when Tyrone grabbed his arm. "You"ve got to take Glenn"s place!" Tyrone cried, "You"ve got the right build, the same shoulders—" "Miguel hates modeling," Leanna said, "He won"t do it... will you, Miguel?" Suddenly Miguel knew he"d do whatever it took to make Leanna smile. Beside, it was partly his fault that Glenn had walked out of the fashion show in the first place. If Miguel refused to fill in, lots of people would be disappointed. "Okay," he said, "But no makeup. " "No time for makeup." Tyrone dragged Miguel toward a rack of clothes. "Leanna, go tell them to delay the curtain. " "Leanna !" Miguel called, "Wait a second !" "What?" she asked, looking hopefully. "You can talk to her later!" Tyrone almost shrieked, "Put on this suit!" Miguel pointed to the curling iron. "The extension cord—give it to Scott!" When the show ended, Leanna hurried backstage. She found Miguel talking to Tyrone. But then Miguel looked directly at her. Rescue me, his eyes seemed to say. "There you are!" Miguel said, "Excuse us, Tyrone. We"re late for—uh— something. " "What was that all about?" Leanna asked as she followed Miguel down the hallway. "Tyrone keeps saying I have The look . He wants me to enroll at Bayside. But that"s not important right now." Miguel yanked open the first door he came to and stepped inside. "Come here, I need to talk to you. " "In a broom closet?" Leanna asked, stepping into a small room filled with brooms. "I guess it"s not the most romantic spot," Miguel said, "But this isn"t the worst mistake I"ve made. My worst mistake was breaking up with you. " Leanna caught her breath. "You—you forgive me?" "I was wrong, too." Miguel swallowed hard, "When you said those things to Glenn, I realized I was just as prejudiced as he was. I wanted you to be part of my world, but I wasn"t ready to accept yours. I didn"t respect the things that were important to you." "I didn"t give you the chance to know what was important to me. " Miguel"s face turned crimson. "I felt pretty good out on that runway," he admitted, "I see why you like it. Not that I"m ready to enroll at Bayside. " "But you have The look ," Leanna teased. She took a step closer. She couldn"t keep her hand from trembling as she reached out and brushed Miguel"s silky bangs back from his forehead, "All you need are some curls here.., and here. " Leanna felt Miguel"s arms tighten around her waist. "Leanna," Miguel began, "can we give it another try?" "I"m willing if you are," Leanna said, "I"m a Filipino, but I"m an American, too. I"d like us to explore both cultures. Together. " Leanna took a deep breath and hoped she"d get her pronunciation right. "Mahal kita, Miguel. " Surprise and pleasure lit Miguel"s dark eyes. "I love you, too. " He said. And he sealed it with a kiss.

单选题It was a day that Michael Eisner would undoubtedly like to forget. Sitting in a Los Angeles witness box for four hours last week, the usually unflappable chairman of the Walt Disney Co. struggled to maintain his composure. Eisner"s protégé turned nemesis. Jeffrey Katzenberg, his former employee, was seeking $ 500 million in his breach-of-contract suit against Disney, and Eisner was trying to defend his—and his company"s integrity. At one point Eisner became flustered when Katzenberg"s attorney, Bertram Fields, asked if he recalled telling his biographer, Tony Schwartz, "I think I hate the little midget." Later Eisner recalled that the same day, he had received a fax from Katzenberg meant for Fields, thanking the lawyer for "managing" a magazine story that praised Katzenberg at Eisner"s expense: "I said to Schwartz, "Screw that. If he is going to play this disingenuous game … I simply was not going to pay him his money." Last week"s revelations were the latest twist in a dispute that has entertained Hollywood and tarnished Disney"s corporate image. The dash began five years ago, when Katzenberg quit Disney after a 10-year reign as studio chief, during which he oversaw production of such animated blockbusters as "The Lion King". Disney"s attorneys said that Katzenberg forfeited his bonus—2 percent of profits in perpetuity from all Disney movies, TV shows and stage productions from 1984 to 1994, as well as their sequels and tie-ins—when he left. The company ultimately paid Katzenberg a partial settlement of nearly $117 million, sources say. But talks broke down over how much Disney owed, and the dispute landed in court. Industry insiders never expected that Disney would push it this far. The last Hollywood accounting dispute that aired in public was Art Buchwalds’s lawsuit against Paramount for profits he claimed to be owed from the 1988 Eddie Murphy hit "Coming to America". Paramount chose to fight Buchwald in court—only to wind up paying him $1 million after embarrassing revelations about its business practices. After that, studios made a practice of quietly settling such claims. But Disney under Eisner would rather fight that settle. And he and Katzenberg are both proud, combative types whose business disagreement deepened into personal animus. So far, Disney"s image—as well as Eisner"s—has taken a beating. In his testimony last week Eisner repeatedly responded to questions by saying "I don"t recall" or "I don"t know". Katzenberg, by contrast, offered a stack of notes and memos that appeared to bolster his claim. (The Disney executive who negotiated Katzenberg"s deal, Frank Wells, died in a helicopter crash five years ago.) The trial has also offered a devastating glimpse into the Magic Kingdom~ s business dealings. Internal documents detail sensitive Disney financial information. One Hollywood lawyer calls a memo sent to Katzenberg from a former Disney top accountant "a road map to riches" for writers, directors and producers eager to press cases against Disney. The company declined requests to comment on the case. The next phase of the trial could be even more embarrassing. As Katzenberg"s profit participation is calculated, Eisner will have to argue that his animated treasures are far less valuable than Katzenberg claims. No matter how the judge rules, Disney will look like a loser.

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单选题Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following news.

单选题 {{B}}Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following talk.{{/B}}

单选题Questions 27-30

单选题 Christophe Petyt is sitting in a Paris caré, listing the adornments of his private art collection: several Van Goghs, and a comprehensive selection of the better impressionists. "I can," he says quietly, "really get to know any painting I like, and so can you. " Half an hour later I am sitting in his office with Degas' The Jockeys on my lap. If fine art looks good in a gallery, believe me, it feels even better in your hands. Petyt is the world's leading dealer in fake masterpieces, a man whose activities provoke both admiration and exasperation in the higher levels of the art world. Name the painting and for as little as $1,000 he will deliver you a copy so well executed that even the original artist might have been taken in. Petyt's company employs over eighty painters, each ordered in the style of a particular artist or school. "We choose them very carefully," he says. "They're usually people with very good technique but not much creativity, who are unlikely to make it as artists in their own right. But they love the great works and have real insight into what's gone into them. " Every work is individually ordered, using new canvases and traditional oil paints, before being artificially aged by a variety of simple but ingenious techniques. The notional value of the original is not the determining factor, however, when it comes to setting the retail value of Petyt's paintings. This is actually linked to the amount of effort and expertise that has gone into producing the copy. An obscure miniature may therefore cost much more than a bigger, better-known painting by a grand master. The Degas I'm holding looks as though it came off the artist's easel yesterday. Before being sold it has to be aged, and this, so to speak, is the real "art" of the copy. A few minutes in a hot oven can put years on a canvas, black tea apparently stains it beautifully and new frames can be buried underground, then sprayed with acid. The view when Petyt started out was that very little of this could be legal. He was pursued through the French courts by museums and by descendants of the artists. This concern was perhaps understandable in a country that has been rocked by numerous art fraud scandals. " The establishment was suspicious of us," huffs Petyt, "but for the wrong reasons, I think Some people want to keep all the best art for themselves. " He won the case and as the law now stands, the works and signatures of any artist who has been dead for seventy years can be freely copied. The main proviso is that the copy cannot be passed off to dealers as the real thing. To prevent this every new painting is indelibly marked on the back of the canvas, and as an additional precaution a tiny hidden piece of gold leaf is worked into the paint. Until he started the business ten years ago, Paetyt, a former business-school student, barely knew one artist from another. Then one particular painting by Van Gogh caught his eye. At $10 million, it was well beyond his reach so he came up with the iclea of getting an art-student friend to paint him a copy. In an old frame it looked absolutely wonderful, and Petyt began to wonder what market there might be for it. He picked up a coffee-table book of well-known paintings, earmarked a random selection of works and got his friend to knock them off. "Within a few months I had about twenty good copies. " he says, "so I organised an exhibition. In two weeks we'd sold the lot, and got commissions for sixty more. " It became clear that a huge and lucrative market existed for fake art.

单选题Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear several short talks and conversations. After each of these, you will hear a few questions. Listen carefully because you will hear the talk or conversation and questions ONLY ONCE. When you hear a question read the four answer choices and choose the best answer to that question. Then write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. Questions 11-14

单选题{{B}}Statements{{/B}} Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear several short statements. These statements will be spoken ONLY ONCE, and you will not find them written on the paper ; so you must listen carefully. When you hear a statement, read the answer choices and decide which one is closest in meaning to the statement you have heard. Then write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.