问答题上海外语口译考试 上海外语口译考试，是顺应上海改革开放需要，经上海市政府主管部门批准的高层次继续教育项目，由上海市高校浦东继续教育中心组织开发和实施，上海外语口译考试委员会进行指导和监督。中心特聘来自上海名校的外语教授组成专家组，全面负责考试的命题、阅卷、口试等各项工作，以及全套培训教材的编撰和修订。 项目于1994年正式启动，次年举办了首次英语高级口译考试。自1995年以来已形成英语、日语两个语种，基础、中级、高级三个等级的考试。“上海外语口译”的商标SIA，业已在国家商标局注册。 上海外语口译项目始于上海，经过18年平稳发展，现已辐射至9个省15个大中城市，有22所高等院校参与合作。项目以其特有的培训和考试模式，激发起人们学习英语和口译的兴趣，吸引了越来越多的考生，尤其是在校大学生。考生人数逐年稳步增长，截至2011年年底，累计已超过100万。 上海外语口译考试每年举行两次，分为笔试和口试两个阶段，笔试安排在3月和9月，口试则在5月和11月。考生只有先通过笔试，才有资格参加口试。通过笔试和口试的考生可获得相应等级的证书。 英语高级口译笔试包括听力、阅读和翻译三大部分，含六个单元，考试时间为180分钟。口试包括口语和口译两个部分，时间为20分钟。英语中级口译笔试包括听力、阅读、英译汉和汉译英四部分，考试时间为150分钟。口试也包括口语和口译两个部分，时间约15分钟。 上海外语口译的实用性和专业性，以及获证人员所达到翻译水准，已使其成为社会上广泛认可、口碑良好的非学历继续教育项目，深受莘莘学子的青睐。项目还多次获得重要的科研成果奖、教材奖，赢得学界的普遍赞誉。

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问答题我国首次月球探测工程的成功，是继人造地球卫星、载人航天飞行取得成功之后我国航天事业发展的又一座里程碑，实现了中华民族的千年奔月梦想，开启了中国人走向深空探索宇宙奥秘的时代，标志着我国已经进入世界具有深空探测能力的国家行列。这是我国推进自主创新、建设创新型国家取得的又一标志性成果，是中华民族在攀登世界科技高峰征程上实现的又一历史性跨越，是中华民族为人类和平开发利用外层空间作出的又一重大贡献。全体中华儿女都为我们伟大祖国取得的这一辉煌成就感到骄傲和自豪。

问答题Topic: Should we stop bank loans to businesses which disregard environmental protection? Questions for Reference: 1. In some cities in China, local banks have stopped giving loans to those businesses which have caused pollution to the environment. Do you think the banks are doing the right thing or not? 2. What should the local governments or banks do- to shut the businesses which pollute the environment, or help these businesses "reduce the damage to the environment? 3. Could you recommend some effective measures to tackle the problem?

问答题How serious is the problem of illegal immigrants in America now?

问答题"New Price"; "Just Reduced"; "Priced to Sell". Once unheard of, these tags are cropping up ever more often in the property sections of America"s newspapers. They denote a shift that is becoming clearer in the national statistics, too: the fizz is going out of the once-bubbly housing market. Compared with last year, inventories of unsold houses are up and the pace of sales is down. Prices have slowed and in some areas have even fallen. Residential construction now makes up more than 6% of GDP. This suggests that a 10% drop would shave some 0.6 percentage points off economic growth. A bigger question, however, is how slower prices might affect consumer spending. Experts expect that America"s house prices will have stopped rising by the end of the year. Mainly because a flat market will put a brake on residential building, this is expected to reduce GDP growth by about 1.5 percentage points. "Just Reduced" might soon be a fitting label for the whole economy.

问答题Questions 4～6 Despite their reputation for incompetence, corruption and abuse, Mexico's police and military are pretty good anti-drug cops. That is, when they want to be. In recent weeks there has been some impressive interdiction work south of the border, including last week's seizure of 23. 5 tons of cocaine—with a street value of more than $ 400 million—at the Pacific coast port of Manzanillo. It was, in fact, the largest coke bust in Mexico's history. But there is a strong incentive for the massive show of efficiency: the U.S. Congress is currently debating whether to approve President Bush's two-year, $1.4 billion anti-drug aid proposal for Mexico. Veteran observers remark that every time Mexico wants to ensure U. S. State Department certification in the drug war, scores of Mexican drug traffickers get rounded up. Every time Mexico wants U.S. helicopters, mountains of methamphetamines suddenly get intercepted on their way across the border. The problem is, once Mexico wins the prize, a lot of its law enforcement usually repays the favor by joining up again with the country's drug cartels. That was the case a decade ago when, after Washington agreed to begin sharing important anti-drug intelligence with Mexico City, no less than Mexico's drug czar, Army Gen. Jesus Guterriez Rebollo, was discovered to be in the pocket of Mexico's major drug lord. "We've seen this movie before," says drug expert Bruce Bagley, professor of international relations at the University of Miami. "It's gotten to be almost a ritual. " It's time for a fresh approach: The U. S. has to make sure the aid is accompanied by a genuine modernization of Mexico's local, state and federal law enforcement, whose officers all too often become members rather than opponents of Mexico's $ 25 billion-a-year drug trafficking industry. Bagley believes the U. S. must be strict and demanding in that sense this time, echoing a chorus of anti-drug analysts in both Mexico and the U. S. And if we make this aid an open spigot without transparent and measurable criteria for the professionalization of Mexico's police forces, then it risks being money wasted. Experts like Bagley agree that reform at least seems more likely under new Mexican President Felipe Calderon, who during his first year has made a major military push against the nation's increasingly bloodthirsty drug cartels. (One of Calderon' s cabinet-level anti-drug advisers, Sigrid Arzt, is one of Bagley's doctoral students.) Mexico's Public Security Minister, Genaro Garcia Luna, has begun a serious purge of the federal police as well as a training program for federal and state cops under U. S. , Canadian and European tutors. None of that will mean much, of course, if Mexico doesn't start paying its cops salaries decent enough to make them less vulnerable to drug cartel recruitment—and many feel a good chunk of the new aid package should be used for just that purpose. But either way, Garcia declared that last week's Manzanillo seizure "reaffirms the reach of-Calderon's strategy.., to break the operational networks of organized crime groups" in Mexico. Still, the stakes are higher this time because the U. S. is giving more money and more valuable equipment to Mexico than usual. Although the aid package doesn't reach the annual $1 billion-plus that Washington shells out to Bogota under Plan Colombia, it contains a cache of high-tech law enforcement toys the U. S. has been wary to share in the past, due to the risk of having them fall into Mexican traffickers' hands. (The leaders of Mexico's most vicious drug gang, a group of exarmy special forces soldiers known as the Zetas, are experts at high-tech communications. ) Among them: sophisticated telephone eavesdropping; systems to track cell phones; lie detector machines and, perhaps most important, criminal data bases. U.S. and Mexican officials also say heavyweight interdiction tools like Blackhawk helicopters are being discussed. As a result, many analysts believe the higher value of the aid package and its offerings could serve as more effective leverage to persuade Mexican law enforcement to finally get its act together—especially if it makes different police and military branches compete for the booty. But the aides real value is probably political, at least in the eyes of the Bush Administration. The conservative Calderon is a rare U.S. ally in a Latin America that is increasingly steering leftward. Because he won last year's presidential election by a less than 1% margin, the White House sees the aid as a solid means of shoring up his stature at home and abroad. It also allows Bush to look as if he's fulfilling his own 2000 campaign pledge to make Mexico a foreign policy priority—after the country was anything but the past seven years. The U.S. is in no position to cut off funding, given the unprecedented cross-border drug flow and drug-related bloodletting Mexico is suffering today. It's the kind of south-of-the-border instability Washington can never stomach for too long. But perhaps this time there will some incentive for Mexico's cops to deploy their skills long after U. S. aid arrives.1.What does Prof. Bruce Bagley mean by saying "We've seen this movie before... It's gotten to be almost a ritual. " (Para.2)?

问答题Asians see the United States losing its undisputed international influence in 50 years to possibly China amid waning trust in Washington to act responsibly in the world, a poll showed. The study is carried out by the Chicago Council on Global Affairs (CCGA), an independent US think tank. In the immediate term, US power in the eyes of Asians remains secure. In haft a century, however, a majority in all countries covered by the poll—China, India, South Korea and the United States—believed "another nation" will become as powerful or surpass the United States in power. China has become a global manufacturing power and is already displacing the United States as the primary trading partner for many nations. China has also amassed the world's largest trade surplus and world's largest foreign exchange reserves.

问答题"Designed by Apple in California Assembled in China" is etched into the glossy black of every iPhone. The designer is mourned and deified the world over, but the assemblers are huddled in anonymity. Indeed, the story of Apple’s rise over the last decade is as much America’s story as it is China’s. If Steve Jobs was the general who led the battle for global digital technology supremacy, then it took hundreds of thousands of his troops in factory overalls and to realize his vision with precision and consistency. 　　But kneading innovation in the abstract in Cupertino was realized as tangible devices in city-sized factory in Shenzhen, China. Commercialization of the sophisticated products, while successively lowering prices, would’ve been impossible without China’s essential role. The Chinese factory worker’s role in the Apple story should not obscure Steve Jobs monumental achievements as an innovator. Nor should those workers’ roles be marginalized in the breathless paeans to Jobs’s almost-mythical legend. As a matter of fact---many of the stories that germinate in Silicon Valley usually find their denouement in Shenzhen or nearby factory towns.

问答题以往几个世纪人口的增长并不能证明人口会无限地直线向上增长直到毁灭的地步。相反地，人口统计史料证明人口的增长完全不是一成不变的。若技术革新的成果开始减少，从250到350年前就在西方开通出现的并且目前还在继续的人口迅速增长可能也会放慢。当然，当前的知识革命也许会持续下去而无法预见其未来。无论如何，与那种认为人口以几何级数持续增长的观点相反，从长远的观点来说，人口可望受到生产力的调节。接受了这一观点，人口的增长就右以被看成是经济进步和人类胜利的标志，而不是社会衰败的标志。

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问答题What is leadership? Its qualities are difficult to define. But they are not so difficult to identify. Leaders don't force other people to go along with them. They bring them along. Leaders get commitment from others by giving it themselves, by building an environment that encourages creativity, and by operating with honesty and fairness. Good leaders aren't "lone rangers." They recognize that an organization's strategies for success require the combined talents and efforts of many people. Leadership is the catalyst for transforming those talents into results. Leaders provide answers as well as direction, offer strength as well as dedication, and speak from experience as well as understanding of the problems they face and the people they work with. Leaders are flexible rather than dogmatic. They believe in unity rather than yielding. And they strive to achieve agreements out of conflict. Leadership is all about getting people consistently to give their best, helping them to grow to their fullest potential, and motivating them to work toward a common good. Leaders make the right things happen when they're supposed to.

问答题中国加入世界贸易组织的谈判已经进行了15年。中国的立场始终如一。加入世界贸易组织后，中国将有步骤地扩大商品和服务贸易领域的对外开放，为国内外企业创造公开、统一、平等竞争的条件，建立和健全符合国际经济通行规则、符合中国国情的对外经济贸易体制，为国外企业来华进行经贸合作提供更多、更稳定的市场准入机会。中国加入世界贸易组织，将为中国和亚洲以及世界各国各地区经济的发展注入新的活力，中国人民将从中受益，亚洲和世界各国人民也将从中受益。

问答题 An army scientist has helped solve the decades-old murder mystery surrounding the last Russian czar. The bones unearthed in a shallow grave definitely are those of Czar Nicholas II, said Lt. Col (Dr.) Victor Weedn at an Aug. 31 news conference. Weedn heads the Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory in Rockville, Md., which is involved in identifying skeletal remains of U. S. service members who served in Vietnam, Korea and World War II. The attempt to identify the czar presented a special challenge. The armed forces lab was the perfect place to perform the type of genetic testing on old, deteriorating bones that was needed in this case, he said. Until the announcement, scientists had not been able to say for sure whether the bones were those of the czar. Russian DNA expert Pavel Ivanov, who with Weedn oversaw a team of U. S. military civilians tasked to identify the remains, reached the same conclusion. Nicholas and his family were rounded up by the Bolsheviks and executed by firing squad in 1918. Their bodies were dumped into a pool of sulfuric acid 20 miles outside the Ural Mountain city of Yekaterinburg. The shallow grave was uncovered in 1979. Bone fragments believed to be those of the czar, the Czarina Alexandra and three of their five children were unearthed in 1991. While investigators were able to positively identify the czarina and the daughters early on, a rare, benign genetic condition that first showed up in his generation did not allow them to make a positive identification of Nicholas II. Rare mutation the key In the end, it was that genetic mutation which provided the key to solving the mystery, Weedn said. Nicholas' brother, whose remains were exhumed in July 1994, turned out to have the same mutation in his genetic makeup. It is so rare that it makes the identification absolute, he said. If Russian authorities accept that finding, it will clear the way for the ceremonial burial of the last emperor of Russia. But the new evidence did not satisfy all skeptics. Emigre Eugene Magerovsky, a retired Russian military intelligence officer, interrupted the news conference to say he was suspicious of how the bones "suddenly" came to light during the Soviet era. "The Soviets have always been masters of all kinds of shenanigans," he said. He suggested the investigators may have been given two bones from the same corpse, in which case the DNA would have had to match. Weedn ruled that out, as the tibia and femur from the same side of each body were used in the testing. Ivanov, a forensic science professor in charge of identifying the remains of the last czar and his family, brought the femur bones—as well as a blood sample from a living relative— to the Rockville laboratory in June. Much evidence lost Years of exposure to minerals in the soil destroyed much of the genetic evidence in the bone, Weedn said. Still, through a painstaking process of grinding up bone, reproducing the genetic material from the dust and comparing the results over and over again, the team was able to reach its conclusion. One mystery Weedn and Ivanov did not address was that of the czar's daughter, Anastasia. Whether she somehow escaped the Bolsheviks' bullets has been the topic of intense debate for more than half a century. The grave yielded bones from only three of the five daughters. Still unresolved is whether Anastasia or Marie might have survived, along with the sickly heir, Alexis. Weedn, whose laboratory has tested two women who claimed to be Anastasia, found they were not. A third who sought testing has not sent in blood samples for testing, he added. On-again, off-again pairing Weedn was approached by Ivanov four years ago about becoming involved in the DNA testing of Nicholas II. But his team—including some FBI experts—was replaced by another team of top civilian American forensic scientists. In addition, the British Forensic Science Service in 1992 determined there was a 98.5 percent probability the bones were the czar's. Weedn and Ivanov's paths crossed again two years later, when another joint investigation was proposed. But that, too, failed to materialize, Weedn said. Finally, earlier this year, the Russians approached the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and asked whether Ivanov could come and work with Weedn at the Rockville laboratory. "There is no question that the greatest experience in DNA identification of old skeletal remains is here at the Armed Forces DNA Lab," Weedn said.

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问答题The lives of most men are determined by their environment. They accept the circumstances amid which fate has thrown them not only with resignation but even with good will. They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails and they despise the sprightly flivver that dashes in and out of the traffic and speeds so jauntily across the open country. I respect them; they are good citizens, good husbands, good fathers, and of course somebody has to pay the taxes; but I do not find them exciting. I am fascinated by the men, few enough in all conscience, who take life in their own hands and seem to mould it to their own liking. It may be that we have no such thing as free will, but at all events we have the illusion of it. At a crossroad it does seem to us that we might go either to the right or the left and, once the choice is made, it is difficult to see that the whole course of the world"s history obliged us to take the turning we did.

问答题 The German Train Drivers' Union (GDL), the country's oldest, used to be among its most obscure. That changed in July when its feisty leader, Manfred Schell, rejected an agreement between Deutsche Bahn, the main railway company, and the bulk of its workforce. His members, he said, deserve a big rise in their "miserable pay"—up to 31%, the union has hinted. The threat of an economy-crippling strike, which could happen as early as August 28th, is shocking enough. Still more is GDL's challenge to Germany's tradition of trade-union solidarity. Big unions are appalled by the prospect of some workers snatching better pay and conditions from weaker fellows. Employers accustomed to labour peace fret that Germany will face "English conditions" of rival unions competing by striking. GDL is not the first to break ranks. In 1999 airline pilots pulled out from DAG, the white-collar employees' union, to fight for their own deals. Six years later doctors abandoned an alliance with ver.di, a grouping formed by the merger of five service-sector unions, to strike for a bigger pay rise than the behemoth could win for them. GDL's defection seems to confirm the unravelling of a system based on umbrella labour contracts for whole industries or firms. Companies complain that such contracts subvert competitiveness by imposing similar conditions regardless of size or strength. But they lose fewer work days to strikes than European rivals. Germany's prowess in manufacturing, rare for a rich country, may be due in part to the security such contracts provide. Is that about to change? A separate deal for GDL would have "huge consequences for the next round" of labour negotiations, says Hans-Joachim Schabedoth, head of policy planning for the German Trade Union Confederation (DGB), the main union umbrella group. "Wage disputes will become harder to settle.' Yet GDL's behaviour probably threatens workers more than employers. German employment is recovering after years of stagnation and some trades are starting to benefit. Even so, recovery will not restore unions' self-confidence or the relative equality among workers (in West Germany, at least) that prevailed before German unification in 1990. Instead, growing prosperity may be accompanied by a bitter quarrel over how to divide it. Things have been going badly for the big trade unions ever since the fizzling in the mid- 1990s of the unification boom. Growth slowed, unemployment soared and workers in newly capitalist eastern Europe stole German jobs. Since 1991 the DGB has lost 44% of its members. Employers exploited unions' weakness by demanding opt-out clauses in labour contracts and sometimes dispensing with them altogether. Collective agreements now cover 65% of workers in western Germany, compared with 76% in 1998, says Reinhard Bispinck of the Hans-B6ckler Foundation, the DGB's research arm. Workers' flexibility made the recovery possible. Companies "drove up productivity tremendously by having docile and productive unions," says Anke Hassel of the Hertie School of Governance, a private university. And now some are benefiting. Metal-bashing and electronics firms have added 85,000 jobs since employment hit bottom in April 2006. IG Metall, that industry's union, won a pay rise of over 4% for June 2007-October 2008. "Employees are no longer prepared to accept (hourly) wage increases much below the long- term average" of about 2(作图)%, says Eekart Tuchtfeld, an economist at Commerzbank. But high-productivity sectors, particularly manufacturing, will gain more than less-productive services. Global competition will continue to pressure wages overall. "The underlying situation will not change," says Mr. Tuchtfeld. Under the constitution, unions and employers are autonomous and disputes have been resolved by the courts. But breakaway unions make it more difficult for courts to defend one union's right to negotiate on behalf of a company's entire workforce. The right to strike may now have to be regulated by law, Mr. Schabedoth believes. Another statutory fix, championed especially by ver. di, is a proposed minimum wage of 7.50 an hour. The sense of crisis may ebb if mediators appointed by GDL and Deutsche Bahn manage to avoid a separate contract for GDL's drivers. But that will not solve the underlying problem. the discovery, as Germany recovers from its slump, that some workers are more equal than others.

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