单选题Questions 1-5 This view may be correct: it has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents. Such a back-coupling, in which the position of the moving plate has an impact on the forces that move it, could produce complicated and varying motions. On the other hand, the theory is implausible because convection does not normally occur along lines, and it certainly does not occur along lines broken by frequent offsets or changes in direction, as the ridge is. Also it is difficult to see how the theory applies to the plate between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean. This plate is growing on both sides, and since there is no intermediate trench, the two ridges must be moving apart. It would be odd if the rising convection currents kept exact pace with them. An alternative theory is that the sinking part of the plate, which is denser than the hotter surrounding mantle, pulls the rest of the plate after it. Again it is difficult to see how this applies to the ridge in the South Atlantic, where neither the African nor the American plate has a sinking part. Another possibility is that the sinking plate cools the neighboring mantle and produces convection currents that move the plates. This last theory is attractive because it gives some hope of explaining the enclosed seas, such as the Sea of Japan. These seas have a typical oceanic floor, except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods. It seems possible that a sinking current of cooled mantle material on the upper side of the plate might be the cause of such deep basins. The enclosed seas are an important feature of the earth"s surface and seriously require explanation because, in addition to the enclosed seas that are developing at present behind island arcs, there are a number of older ones of possibly similar origin, such as the Gulf of Mexico, the Black Sea, and perhaps the North Sea.

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单选题If the old maxim that the customer is always right still has meaning, then the airlines that fly the world"s busiest air route between London and Paris have a flight on their hands. The Eurostar train service linking the UK and French capitals via the Channel Tunnel is winning customers in increasing numbers. In late May, it carried its one millionth passenger, having run only a limited service between London, Paris and Brussels since November 1994, starting with two trains a day in each direction to Paris and Brussels. By 1997, the company believes that it will be carrying ten million passengers a year, and continue to grow from there. From July, Eurostar steps its service to nine trains each way between London and Paris, and five between London and Brussels. Each train carries almost 800 passengers, 210 of them in first class. The airlines estimate that they will initially lose around 15%-20% of their London-Paris traffic to the railways once Eurostar starts a full service later this year (1995), with 15 trains a day each way. A similar service will start to Brussels. The damage will be limited, however, the airlines believe, with passenger numbers returning to previous levels within two to three years. In the short term, the damage caused by the 1 million people-level traveling between London and Paris and Brussels on Eurostar trains means that some air services are already suffering. Some of the major carders say that their passenger numbers are down by less than 5% and point to their rivals-particularly Air France-as having suffered the problems. On the Brussels route, the railway company had less success, and the airlines report anything from around a 5% drop to no visible decline in traffic. The airlines" optimism on returning traffic levels is based on historical precedent. British Midland, for example, points to its experience on Heathrow Leeds Bradford service which saw passenger numbers fold by 15% when British Rail electrified and modernized the railway line between London and Yorkshire. Two years later, travel had risen between the two destinations to the point where the airline was carrying record numbers of passengers.

单选题Questions 27-30

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单选题In the information technology industry, it is widely acknowledged that how well IT departments of the future can fulfil their business goals will depend not on the regular updating of technology, which is essential for them to do, but on how well they can hold on to the people skilled at manipulating the newest technology. This is becoming more difficult. Best estimates of the current shortfall in IT staff in the UK are between 30,000 and 50,000, and growing. And there is no end to the problem in sight. A severe industry-wide lack of investment in training means the long-term skills base is both ageing and shrinking. Employers are chasing experienced staff in ever-decreasing circles, and according to a recent government report, 250,000 new IT jobs will be created over the next decade. Most employers are confining themselves to dealing with the immediate problems. There is little evidence, for example, that they are stepping up their intake of raw recruits for in-house training, or re-training existing staff from other functions. This is the course of action recommended by the Computer Software Services Association, but research shows its members are adopting the short-term measure of bringing in more and more consultants on a contract basis. However, this approach is becoming less and less acceptable as the general shortage of skills, coupled with high demand, sends contractor rates soaring. An experienced contract programmer, for example, can now earn at least double the current permanent salary. With IT professionals increasingly attracted to the financial rewards and flexibility of consultancy work, average staff turnover rates are estimated to be around 15%. While many companies in the financial services sector are managing to contain their losses by offering skilled IT staff "golden handcuffs"—deferred loyalty bonuses that tie them in until a certain date—other organisations, like local governments, are unable to match the competitive salaries and perks on offer in the private sector and contractor market, and are suffering turnover rates of up to 60% a year. Many industry experts advise employers to link bonuses to performance wherever possible. However, employers are realising that bonuses will only succeed if they are accompanied by other incentives such as attractive career prospects, training, and challenging work that meets the individual" s long-term ambition. This means managers need to allocate assignments more strategically and think about advancing their staff as well as their business. Some employers advocate giving key employees projects that would normally be handled by people with slightly more experience or capability. For many employers, however, the urgency of the problem demands a more immediate solution, such as recruiting skilled workers from overseas. But even this is not easy, with strict quotas on the number of work permits issued. In addition, opposition to the recruitment of IT people from other countries is growing, as many professionals believe it will lead to even less investment in training and thus a long-term weakening of the UK skills base.

单选题History may soon become extinct in our secondary schools, only less missed and less lamented than before. A new study by the Historical Association found that 3 out of 10 comprehensives no longer bother to teach the subject, which isn't part of the core curriculum after the age of 13. Only30 per cent do GCSE history. The researchers interviewed 700 history teachers. Most British kids can name every contestant appearing in The X Factor, but a substantial number don't know about the Battle of Trafalgar, 20 per cent believe the Germans, Spanish or Americans once occupied Britain and some think Winston Churchill was the first man to walk on the moon. And who were the dunces who decided to make this subject optional? Why the Tories when last they ruled over us. That was then. Today's Tories are ardent History Boys, eager to return to the days when the past was hammered into the heads of the young, or embellished tales of glory to give British children an inheritance of innate superiority. Michael Gove, Shadow Schools Secretary for Children, has been banging on about this for a while and earlier this year the Tory Andrew Rosin dellraised the issue in parliament, but regrettably turned a serious debate into brassy, right-wingpatriotism: "The peoples of these magnificent British Isles... have a rich and proud history like no other". Really, sir? So Fat Henry and his sorry wives or Churchill only have to stand up to blank out the histories of Egypt, Turkey, Mexico, Austria, Greece, India, France, Iran and other old lands? Many of us who long passionately for the reinstatement of history as a core GCSE subject are now concerned about the substance and purpose behind the Tory plans to do just that. They have a burning desire to use history as a feel good hallucinogen, get its band of revisionist stars to head up the cavalry, to lead us back to the future. As this prospect approaches, at times I think the current state of ignorance may prove to be less harmful. When politicians exploit these and turn them into propaganda, the results can be lethal. We are not immune. Thousands of Britons today swallow the BNP's message and vote for racist views, thus betraying the legacy of their iconic war against Nazism and the millions of Indians, Africans, Chinese, Caribbeans and others who fought with this country in both world wars. When the BBC hosts these blackguards on its most prestigious programmes and uses democracy as an excuse, it too is guilty of treacherous historical amnesia. Arguably, the lack of good historical education makes our citizens more open to neo-Nazi brain-washers. Young Muslims too, are easily plucked off by charismatic Islamicists who weave fictionalised accounts of splendiferous Islamicepochs when they did no wrong and brought paradise to earth. There is another disconcerting trend. Britain is deeply conservative and these days looks backlongingly to the Tudors, Georgians, Victorians, Edwardians, wartime Britons, and now the Sixties. Showman historians provide our public with an entertaining and comforting view of what has gone before. Audiences are never really forced to question things or feel troubled. If we are to reinstate history as a key subject in secondary schools, we must do so with a better understanding of its impact, and design the syllabus to tell as full a story as possible of this complicated nation and its connections to the world. Few in power have the imagination to take up this challenge because that would be too tricky. Yet our children have a right to learn about British fascism as well as the battles and ultimate victory over Hitler; they need to be taught about how this country set up the endless conflict in Palestine, and the mistakes made by the British government when Zimbabwe was created. Hardly any oneover 20 in Britain knows this. The coming generations surely must, if only to understand the games played during the bitter Cold War, particularly as we may be returning to those days. The long neglected positive aspects of our history also need to be exhumed. As left-wing historians often point out, the hard-won democratic rights we enjoy were not bestowed by kings and the landed gentry, but were wrested by oppressed peasants, industrial working classes and the abject poor. Most black, Asian and Arab British children do not know about the many white anti-Imperialist MPs and an alarming number are woefully ignorant of the erudite Arabists who loved the Middle East and its many cultures. If we had known better the history of Iraq and Afghanistan, our government might have avoided the foolhardy and disastrous interventions that have left us with no credit. I write here as one of the ignoramuses. I was not taught anything about Afghanistan and have only now started to understand a little more about the people and the places. Oscar Wilde wrote: "The one duty we owe to history is to rewrite it". And having rewritten it as honestly as possible, to teach it to those who will inherit our land.

单选题I don't want this bread; it's ______ . A. steady B. faded C. rusty D. stale

单选题In the sentence "As a result, if the American engine stalls, the global aeroplane will not necessarily crash.", the word "stall" can be best paraphrased as ______.

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单选题Maybe 10 years old Elizabeth put it best when she said to her father,"But, Dad, you can't be healthy if you are dead." Dad, in a hurry to get home before dark so he could go for a run, had forgotten to wear his safety belt—a mistake 75% of the US population make every day. The big question is why. There have been many myths about safety belts since their first appearance in cars some forty years ago. The following are three of the most common. Myth Number One: It's best to be "thrown clear" of a serious accident. Truth: Sorry, but any accident serious enough to"throw you clear" is also going to be se- rious enough to give you a very bad landing, and chances are you'll have traveled through a windshield or door to do it. Studies show that chances of dying after a car accident are twen- ty-five times greater in cases where people are "thrown clear". Myth Number Two: Safety belts "trap" people in cars that are burning or sinking in water. Truth: Sorry again, but studies show that people knocked unconscious for not wearing safety belts have a greater chance of dying in these accidents. People wearing safety belts are usually protected to the point of having a clear head to free themselves from such dangerous situations, not to be trapped in them. Myth Number Three: Safety belts aren't needed at a speed of less than 30 miles per hour (mph). Truth: When two cars traveling at 30 mph hit each other, an unbelted driver would meet the windshield with a force head first into the ground from a height of 10 meters.

单选题 Directions: In this section you will read several passages. Each one is followed by several questions about it. You are to choose ONE best answer, (A), (B), (C) or (D), to each question. Answer all the questions following each passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. Questions 1～5 Have you ever wondered why some asanas seem to leave you feeling calm, still, centered, and balanced while others seem to leave you agitated, sore and off-centered? Take the case of a thirty-one-year-old woman who came for treatment for repeated neck pain and nervousness. She had been practicing yoga for six years and could not understand why she was having such difficulty. Our work with Ayurveda, the 5,000-year-old "knowledge of life", helped this woman to understand how the Yoga asanas she had been practicing affected the movement of energy in her body. She then learned new asanas, which was more in harmony with her unique energetic balance. With this new knowledge she was able to modify her practice and eliminate her neck pain and nervousness while bringing greater well-being to her body and mind. In addition to the profound dietary and lifestyle advice that Ayurveda is most known for, Ayurveda also sheds new light on the practice of yoga. Yoga and Ayurveda are in fact, two paths intertwined in such a close relationship that it is hard to imagine traveling down one of these paths without knowledge of the other. Yoga is the ancient path of preparing the body and mind for the eventual liberation and enlightenment of the soul. Ayurveda is the ancient art and science of keeping the body and heart healthy so that individuals can pursue the goals in life that they have set for themselves. The population of yoga in this country has been growing steadily since Swami Vivekananda first brought the idea of yoga to the West in 1893. While yoga found a welcome home in the West, its sister, Ayurveda, was left behind in India, a distant counterpart to these important Vedic teachings. Today, just over one hundred years later, Ayurveda has come to the West in search of its other half. Ayurveda does not come to this country empty-handed but bring with it many gifts. It brings with it the knowledge of how to keep the physical body healthy and how this relates to one's spiritual journey. It brings a gift specific to the yogi. the knowledge of how asanas affect each of us. Ayurvda sheds new light on which asanas are best for each individual. The Vedas, the oldest known writings and teachings, are the origins of both these ancient arts. The Vedas are composed of five books. One of them, the Yajur Veda, is considered by scholars as the origins of the knowledge of yoga. Ayurveda has its root within the Rig Veda and Atharva Veda. According to Dr. David Frawley, Vedic scholar, "Yoga is the practical side of the Vedic teaching while Ayurveda is the healing side." In practice, both of these paths overlap a great deal. Classical yoga has, as a part of its traditions, an aspect which addresses health and health practices. It is not simply asanas for differing conditions, but purification as well. In some vein, Ayurveda is much more than dietary principals. Ayurveda can be seen as the science of understanding how we interact with our environment and how to alter our environment in such a way that it is harmonious with our deepest nature. Ayurveda is the science of how energies interact. As such, Ayurveda addresses our entire lifestyle including exercise and yoga. Ayurveda sees each individual's path towards perfect health a unique path, hence Ayurveda can help us to understand which yoga asanas are best for each individual as well as understand how the different forms of Pranayama affect us.

单选题Conflict between the president and the press indicates that ______.

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单选题Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following talk.

单选题Why did the author mention Senator John McCain and Ted Kennedy in Paragraph 6?

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单选题 Questions 26-30 Cryptic coloring is by far the commonest use of color in the struggle for existence. It is employed for the purpose of attack (aggressive resemblance or anticryptic coloring) as well as of defense (protective resemblance or procryptic coloring). The fact that the same method, concealment, may be used both for attack and defense has been well explained by T. Belt who suggests as an illustration the rapidity of movement which is also made use of by both pursuer and pursued, which is similarly raised to a maximum in both by the gradual dying out of the slowest through a series of generations. Cryptic coloring is commonly associated with other aids in the struggle for life. Thus well-concealed mammals and birds, when discovered, will generally endeavor to escape by speed and will often attempt to defend themselves actively. On the other hand, small animals which have no means of active defense, such as large numbers of insects, frequently depend upon concealment alone. Protective resemblance is far commoner among animals than aggressive resemblance, in correspondence with the fact that predaceous forms are as a rule much larger and much less numerous than their prey. In the case of insectivorous Vertebrata and their prey such differences exist in an exaggerated form. Cryptic coloring, whether used for defense of attack, may be either general or special. In general resemblance the animal, in consequence of its coloring, produces the same effect as its environment, but the conditions do not require any special adaptation of shape and outline. General resemblance is especially common among the animal inhabiting some uniformly colored expanse of the earth's surface, such as an ocean or a desert. In the former, animals of all shapes are frequently protected by their transparent blue color, on the latter, equally diverse forms are defended by their sandy appearance. The effect of a uniform appearance may be produced by a combination of tints in startling contrast. Thus the black and white stripes of the zebra blend together at a little distance, and ';their proportion is such as exactly to match the, pale tint which arid ground possesses when seen by moonlight. " Special resemblance is far commoner than general and is the form which is usually met with on the diversified surface of the earth, on the shores, and in shallow water, as well as on the floating masses of algae on the surface of the ocean, such as the Sargasso Sea. In these environments the cryptic coloring of animals is usually aided by special modifications of shape, and by the instinct which leads them to assume particular attitudes. Complete stillness and the assumption of a certain attitude play an essential part in general resemblance on land; but in special resemblance the attitude is often highly specialized, and perhaps more important than any other element in the complex method by which concealment is effected. In special resemblance the combination of coloring, shape, and attitude is such as to produce a more or less exact resemblance to some one of the objects in the environment, such as a leaf or twig, a patch of lichen, or a flake of bark. In all cases the resemblance is to some object which is of no interest to the enemy or prey respectively. The animal is not hidden from view by becoming indistinguishable from its background as in the case of general resemblance, but it is mistaken for some well-known object. In seeking the interpretation of these most interesting and elaborate adaptations, attempts have been made along two lines. The first seeks to explain the effect as a result of the direct influence of the environment upon the individual (G. L. L. Buffon), or by the inherited effects of efforts and the use and disuse of parts (J. B. P. Lamarck). The second believes that natural selection produced the result and afterwards maintained it by the survival of the best concealed in each generation. The former suggestion breaks down when the complex nature of numerous special resemblances is appreciated. Thus the arrangement of colors of many kinds into an appropriate pattern requires the cooperation of a suitable shape and the rigidly exact adoption of a certain elaborate attitude. The latter is instinctive and thus depends on the central nervous system. The cryptic effect is due to the exact cooperation of all these factors; and in the present state of science, the only possible hope of an interpretation lies in the theory of natural selection, which can accumulate any and every variation which tends toward survival. A few of the chief types of methods by which concealment is effected may be briefly described. The colors of large numbers of vertebrate animals are darkest on the back and become gradually lighter on the sides, passing into white on the belly. Abbot H. Thayer has suggested that this gradation obliterates the appearance of solidity, which is due to shadow. The color harmony, which is also essential to concealment, is produced because the back is of the same tint as the environment (e. g. earth), bathed in the cold blue-white of the sky, while the belly, being cold blue-white and bathed in shadow and yellow earth reflections produces the same effects. This method of neutralizing shadow for the purpose of concealment by increased lightness of tint was first suggested by E. B. Poulton in the case of a larva and a pupa, but he did not appreciate the great importance of the principle. In an analogous method an animal in front of a background of dark shadow may have part of its body obliterated by the existence of a dark tint, the remainder resembling, e. g. , a part of a leaf. This method of rendering invisible any part which would interfere with the resemblance is well known in mimicry.

单选题Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following conversation.