填空题Oxford University once famously claimed to have been founded by Alfred the Great in the 9th Century, (1) , the University as we know it today began to take shape in the 12th Century when English Scholars were exiled from (2) and began to congregate at Oxford's Abbeys and Priories, which were (3) already established centers of learning. Today, 39 independent, (4) colleges are related to the University in a type of federal system. Each is (5) by a Head of House and a number of Fellows, who are academics specializing (6) disciplines. Across both the Arts and the Sciences, Oxford research consistently ranks top both (7) . As well as being in the forefront of scientific, medical and technological achievement, the University (8) research institutions and industrial concerns both in the United Kingdom and overseas. The University's great age also allows its (9) and research students to draw on a heritage of magnificent library and (10) . Students working for higher degrees are an important and valued part of Oxford University. They currently make up over (11) the total student body of 15,641, therefore the proportion of (12) is increasing. In all these fields, Oxford attracts scholars from (13) to join its teaching and research staff, and also values important role of (14) in providing intellectual stimulation and (15) academic links with colleges abroad. To gain entry into the University, students must first (16) by competitive examination at one of the colleges, which have their own (17) . The procedure for applications (18) according to the subject you propose to study. There are no final deadlines for most applications, unless specified in a particular subject section, but there are many more applications than (19) by both faculty board and college can take some time; early application is therefore (20) .

填空题In the past fifty years the invention of 1 devices and appliances has made housework much easier. Among these devices and appliances are 2 cleaners, electric irons, washing machines, and some others. Probably the most important piece of 3 equipment which has been widely used in the last twenty years is the 4 . Washing up by hand is not only 5 but also extremely boring. Dishwashers are of different sizes and 6 . Their capacity ranges from six to 7 place-settings. After the dishwasher is plumbed into the mains 8 supply, all you have to do is to load dirty dishes, glasses and 9 into the machine, pour in some special 10 , close the door and 11 it on. The machine will wash almost everything except the large 12 and dishes with scraps of 13 food. It also 14 the plates and glasses with its own heat. If your dishwasher is 15 or larger, probably you need to wash up only 16 a day. Of course this means you have to have 17 dishes, glasses and cutlery to last three or four 18 . Remember that dishwasher can be quite 19 , so you may prefer to use the machine just once a day, preferably 20 thing at night.

填空题Thank you for calling the Swedish travel telephone 1 . We have information about weather, transportation, 2 and 3 activities in Sweden. To hear more information about a special winter hotel in Sweden, 4 five. Probably the most interesting hotel in Sweden is called the Ice Hotel, which is made of ice and snow and 5 in the Arctic 6 . It sometimes reaches 40 degrees below 7 . On winter days there are sometimes only three hours of 8 . But 9 travelers will come to Sweden to stay at the Ice Hotel, in which there are guest rooms with 10 beds made of 11 and some other rooms. You can visit the bar and try some of the Swedish 12 . You can also look at some paintings in the art 13 . The hotel also has a small 14 that was built in 15 and some guests even come to get married there! To stay warm at night, you can 16 your sleeping bag with reindeer 17 . In the morning, you can even eat a hot breakfast while you"re in the 18 . After breakfast, you can try 19 sledding, enjoy the beautiful arctic 20 and go ice fishing on the frozen lake. Maybe you"ll catch some fish for your dinner! We hope you come to Sweden and visit the Ice Hotel.

填空题 Today, I want to discuss underground water. We wouldn't like to take out more than naturally comes into it. The {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}is that if you only take as much out as comes in, you're not going to {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}the amount of water that stores {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}there. Right? Wrong. That's the {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}called safe yield. We can {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}as much water out as naturally flows back in. And the recharge {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}doesn't change. So the {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}is we've reduced the amount of water that stores in the underground system. If you keep doing that long, if you {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}as much water out as naturally comes in, {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}the underground water level will {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}. In the underground systems there are natural discharge points. Well, a drop of water {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}can mean those discharge points will {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}dry up. Sustainability and safe yield are {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}, because what sustainability means is that it's sustainable for all systems that {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}on the water, for the people who use it, and for {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}water to the {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}, like some streams. So, if we are using a safe yield {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}, we're only {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}what we take out with what gets recharged, but don't forget water also flows out. Then the underground amount gradually gets reduced and that is going to lead to another problem, the {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}and streams are going to {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}up.

填空题 Every human being is fallible; we make mistakes. In America when a mistake has been made, it is considered fitting for the person{{U}} (1) {{/U}}to acknowledge his or her error and to apologize to anyone who has been inconvenienced. Even{{U}} (2) {{/U}}are expected to admit their mistakes and apologize for them. Trying to{{U}} (3) {{/U}}a mistake and denying your guilt are considered to be indicative of serious{{U}} (4) {{/U}}. If you make a mistake that{{U}} (5) {{/U}}a group of people, a public apology is considered the best method for{{U}} (6) {{/U}}. If the mistake was a serious one, or if some people were inconvenienced more than others, then the{{U}} (7) {{/U}}should follow the public apology with private ones to{{U}} (8) {{/U}}. It is especially important for executives and company heads to be able to admit their mistakes. Sometimes leaders are afraid that if they{{U}} (9) {{/U}}, they will lose the respect of their employees. Actually{{U}} (10) {{/U}}— if you are honest with your employees and yourself,{{U}} (11) {{/U}}, and show that you are willing to accept blame when you make a mistake, then your employees will be{{U}} (12) {{/U}}you. They will also be more likely to admit their own mistakes. If you{{U}} (13) {{/U}}one person, it is usually best to apologize to that person alone, unless your mistake{{U}} (14) {{/U}}by a large group of people. For example, if Leonard{{U}} (15) {{/U}}to Mr. Todd during a committee meeting, it would be{{U}} (16) {{/U}}for Leonard to apologize to Mr. Todd at the next committee meeting. If the{{U}} (17) {{/U}}created by the initial mistake is public, then the apology should be public. However, if Leonard raised his voice to Mr. Todd when only the two of them{{U}} (18) {{/U}}, he may apologize privately. Notice as well{{U}} (19) {{/U}}the apologies are. As soon as you realize you have made a mistake, you should{{U}} (20) {{/U}}.

填空题Today I would like to talk about the internship in the United Nations. Over the years, UN headquarters in New York City has hosted 1 from around the world. Hailing from diverse academic disciplines and backgrounds, 2 are given the opportunity to enhance their educational experience through 3 . At the same time, UN staff members gain from the insights, 4 that these young men and women bring to the job. The photographs in this yearbook highlight 5 among colleagues who have come from different parts of the world to work together 6 . It is a moving display. You have been working with the UN 7 . The earthquake in Haiti was devastating for the people of that country, and was the single 8 our Organization has ever experienced. Some of you may have 9 the rescue effort; others may have 10 or signed a condolence book. Whatever your contribution has been, I would like to thank you for 11 at this very sad time for the UN family. Your class of interns has 12 . You have witnessed, and perhaps even participated in, the temporary move out of the Secretariat building and into offices 13 . I hope you have seen that UN staff are working with 14 , wherever their offices are. 15 as you depart from the UN is this: Your generation has a special opportunity. You live at 16 in world history. Now that you have 17 into the work of the United Nations, I urge you to carry forth your knowledge, dedication and energy, and to continue making your contribution as 18 . I would like to take this opportunity to thank you for 19 and hard work over the past months. I trust you have had a rewarding and enjoyable experience, and I wish you the very best 20 .

填空题An artist(画家)went to a wonderful part of the country with a holiday，and stayed with a farmer． 79．______ Everyday he went out and painted from morning to 80．______ evening，and then he went back the farm and had a 81．______ good dinner before he went to bed． When his holiday finished，he wanted to give the 82．______ farmer some money，SO the farmer said，"No，I do not 83．______ want money but give me one of your picture．What is 84．______ money? In a week，it will all be finished，but your picture will always here．" 85．______ The artist was very happy and thanked the farmer for saying such things to his pictures． 86．______ The farmer answered，"It is not that．I have a son in London．He wants to become an artist．When he comes here，the next month，I will show him your picture87．______ and then he will want to be an artist any more，I think．" 88．______

填空题My topic for today's lecture is "Communication

填空题 Vitamin is an important topic on health and {{U}}(1) {{/U}}. Vitamins are natural {{U}}(2) {{/U}} substances that we need in order to stay healthy. To get enough vitamins, we must vary our {{U}}(3) {{/U}} with many types of meat, {{U}}(4) {{/U}}, fruits and such the like. {{U}}(5) {{/U}} of vitamins is not a great problem, except for Vitamin B and C. Vitamin A is important for {{U}}(6) {{/U}} and eyes, and people lacking this vitamin may suffer from {{U}}(7) {{/U}} problems. Vitamin B is actually a group of many vitamins called the Vitamin B {{U}}(8) {{/U}}. It is necessary for regulating the {{U}}(9) {{/U}} system of the body and without it you may encounter {{U}}(10) {{/U}} and confusion. Vitamin C helps maintain a {{U}}(11) {{/U}} within the body that assists in the formation of teeth and {{U}}(12) {{/U}}. It is also good for boosting the {{U}}(13) {{/U}} system and is needed to absorb {{U}}(14) {{/U}} into the blood. The body can produce Vitamin D, when it is exposed to {{U}}(15) {{/U}}. Vitamin E is known to be an essential {{U}}(16) {{/U}} in over 20 vertebrate species. It also helps to carry {{U}}(17) {{/U}} in the blood. We need vitamins to maintain a healthy {{U}}(18) {{/U}}, but there is still controversy over the real effect of multivitamins or vitamin {{U}}(19) {{/U}}, and {{U}}(20) {{/U}} of vitamins can be potentially harmful to human health.

填空题 Good afternoon, everybody. I'm pleased to be here with you, graduates of 2007. I'm a {{U}}(1) {{/U}}, and students often approach me with {{U}}(2) {{/U}}. You see, we are living in a society of great changes. With the presence of {{U}}(3) {{/U}}, the process of getting a job in today's world has changed for {{U}}(4) {{/U}}. Well, how can you use new technologies to help you7 First, let's look at how you {{U}}(5) {{/U}}. The traditional method of hunting for a job in the past required first, doing research on jobs that were {{U}}(6) {{/U}}, typically by looking in newspapers, periodicals and magazines, as well as TV ads, and {{U}}(7) {{/U}}. Then you decided where and for what post you were going to apply, put your resume {{U}}(8) {{/U}} in a stamped envelope, and waited anxiously for someone to {{U}}(9) {{/U}}. Well, today, maybe the job search and {{U}}(10) {{/U}} are very much the same, but the tools used are much more advanced, and they {{U}}(11) {{/U}}. In fact, technology has not so much changed the process as enhanced it. The benefit, both for {{U}}(12) {{/U}}, is that this makes the search more open to people of {{U}}(13) {{/U}} from all over the world. But as more people are involved, it becomes {{U}}(14) {{/U}} for the applicant than it ever was before. The {{U}}(15) {{/U}} for the working world today is learning these new and {{U}}(16) {{/U}} and combining them with the older methods people have been using for years. For example, {{U}}(17) {{/U}}, you can research employment not just in your city, but also in your state, your country, and {{U}}(18) {{/U}}. You can copy information from a web page and paste it into a Microsoft Word document that's easy to {{U}}(19) {{/U}} . In many ways, it's easier now. Just type your job application, click, and {{U}}(20) {{/U}}; it gets there in an instant.

填空题The US seems to be fighting a losing battle against the bulge, with a new report from the Trust for America"s Health showing that 1 have increased in 31 states. According to a report published recently by the Department of Health, there are now 2 where more than a quarter of the adult population is obese. Nevada is the only state that 3 in the percentage of obese adults compared to last year"s report. Obesity rates remained the same 4 . Overall, adult obesity rose from 15 percent in 1980 to 5 . Taken together, individuals who are either overweight or obese comprise 6 of the US adult population. 6 is increasing at an even more alarming pace, having 8 between 1980 and 2012. The report notes that obesity can lead to 9 including diabetes, stroke and cancer. The obesity epidemic in America 10 . The report is based on data from telephone interviews with 11 . The rates are based on averages calculated over a three-year period, from 2010 to 2012. Colorado 12 , at 16.9 percent of its adult population. Hawaii 13 , while Massachusetts ranked third. The five leanest states in the country are also 14 . However, despite lower rates in some areas, the general trend toward obesity is on the rise almost everywhere, affecting 15 . Poor nutrition and lack of exercise are at the root of America"s obesity epidemic, the report suggests. The report 16 for doing too little to combat obesity and offers a 20-step action plan. Among its recommendations are 17 on foods; supporting community-driven efforts to increase access to healthy foods in low-income areas; improving the nutritional content of foods and beverages 18 ; providing communities with more and better sidewalks, parks and bike paths; offering 19 in schools; and. promoting employer-sponsored programs to increase physical activity and to provide 20 for obesity prevention.

填空题Intelligence was believed to be a fix 1 , some ability of the mind which 2 in some way how much we can 3 . In the past, 4 tests could be used for 5 children according to ability. Today, we start to think 6 . There is considerable 7 now which shows the great influence of 8 both on achievement and intelligence. People also start to believe the view that we have to 9 between 10 intelligence and 11 intelligence. Instead of observing and 12 natural intelligence, we can check the effects of the 13 of whatever is inherited with whatever 14 has been received from the environment. Researches have been investigating what happens in the 15 . Two major findings have emerged from these researches. Firstly, the greater part of the development of intelligence occurs in the 16 years of life. Secondly, the most important factors in the environment are 17 and 18 aspects of the parent-child relationship. We now see intelligence as a set of 19 skills with which a person copes with any environment. Today, the idea that we can teach children to be intelligent in the same way that we can teach them reading or arithmetic is 20 by more and more people.

填空题In the United States, older people rarely live with their adult children. But in many other cultures children are expected to care for (1) . In some parts of Italy, the percentage of adult children who reside with their parents (2) . In Thailand, too, children are expected to care for their elderly parents; few Thai elderly (3) . What explains these differences in (4) across cultures? Modernization theory linked (5) household to low levels of economic development. In (6) , the elderly live with their children in large extended family units (7) . But with modernization, children move to urban areas, leaving old people behind in (8) . Yet modernization theory can't explain why extended family households (9) in the United States or England, or why families in Italy, which is (10) , maintain a strong tradition of intergenerational living. Clearly, economic development alone cannot explain (11) living arrangements. Another theory associated intergenerational living arrangements with (12) . In some cultures, the stem family pattern of inheritance predominates. (13) , parents live with a married child, usually the oldest son, who then (14) when they die. The stem family system was once common in Japan, but changes in inheritance laws, (15) broader social changes brought about by (16) and urbanization, have undermined the tradition. In 1960 about 80 percent of Japanese (17) lived with their children; by 1990 only 60 percent did—a figure that is still high by U.S. standards, but which has been (18) . In Korea, too, traditional living arrangements are eroding: (19) who live with a son declined from 77 percent in 1984 to 50 percent (20) .

填空题Einstein said in 1945, "Now everything has changed 1 our manner of thinking... We shall require a 2 new manner of thinking if mankind is 3 ." Then, what leadership is required today? The first requirement is a new kind of leadership 4 a new manner of thinking. From ancient times to the present, the most 5 leaders have been war leaders, many of them warriors themselves, 6 for their heroic deeds as in the ancient world, more commonly for heroic 7 in the modem world. Many were indeed great leaders, like Churchill, who through eloquence and force of 8 inspired the British people to stand against Hitler"s onslaught. But 9 , what was so great about Alexander the Great, who 10 the culture, politics, or religion of the ancient world, whose 11 was one of conquest, destruction, serf-aggrandizement, and savagery? The age of warrior kings and of warrior presidents has passed. The nuclear age 12 a different kind of leadership—a leadership of intellect, judgment, 13 , and rationality, a leadership committed to 14 , to world peace, and to the improvement of the human condition. Today we need a leadership that recognizes that the fundamental challenge in this nuclear hi-tech era is one of psychology and education 15 human relations. It is not the kind of problem that is likely to be resolved 16 —even the sophisticated expertise of our most gifted military thinkers, who 17 exotic weapon systems and strategic doctrines. The attributes 18 are the human attributes of compassion and common sense, of intellect and creative imagination, and of empathy and 19 . As Abraham Lincoln put it in his second 20 to Congress, during the worst days of the Civil War, "As our case is new, so we must think anew and act anew. We must disenthrall ourselves, and then we shall save our country. "

填空题The teaching sequence is intended to help learners 1 in writing short answers. It consists of three stages: 2 , the practice stage and the production stage. In the presentation stage, the language teacher first 3 of short-answer writing and 4 . The teacher also asks learners what they think makes a good "short answer": 5 would they look for and why? Then the teacher presents a 6 with a brief list of things that 7 in a good short answer. During the opening stage of the presentation, the teacher can 8 , on the hoard, points that learners make, and the teacher should 9 to the prepared handout. Some teachers may prefer to use 10 instead of the handout. During following 11 , the language teacher should prepare a handout that contains three or four question items from a recent test or from" 12 , several selected answers for each question item taken from students" work, with a list of points to look for when marking, and 13 , and information needed to answer each item. The marking scheme should be simple and it should 14 points to look for. Learners in the class may be 15 of four or five and they need to compare marks and try to 16 . When an item has been finished by all groups, the 17 are compared. The teacher may also tell groups how the answers are marked by the examiners. In the last 18 , learners will need three or four short-answer question items for each written assignment. The language teacher may set four or five assignments of this kind during the course or for 19 . The language teacher may find the job of marking such written assignments 20 .

填空题It is well that young men should begin at the beginning and occupy (1) Many of the leading businessmen of Pittsburgh had (2) thrust upon them at the (3) their career. They were introduced to the broom, and spent the first hours of their business lives (4) . I notice we have janitors and janitresses now in offices, and our young men unfortunately (5) of business education. But if by chance (6) is absent any morning, the boy who (7) of the future partner in him will not (8) his hand at the broom. The other day a (9) in Michigan asked a young man whether he had ever seen a lady sweep in a room (10) her Priscilla. He said no, he never had, and the mother was (11) , but then said he, after a pause, "What I should like to see her do is sweep out a room". It does not (12) to sweep out the office if necessary. I was one of those sweepers myself. (13) you have all obtained employment and are fairly started, my advice to you is " (14) ". I would not give a fig for the young man who does not already see himself the partner or the (15) . Do not rest content for a moment in your (16) , or foreman, or general manager in any concern, (17) . Say to yourself, "My place is at the top. " Be king in your dreams. And here is the (18) , the great secret: concentrate your energy, thought, and capital exclusively upon the business in which you are engaged. Having begun in one line, (19) on that line, to lead in it, adopt every improvement, (20) , and know the most about it.

填空题 Space was explored as early as the fourth century BC, through ancient astronomy. It was only in the twentieth-century that man sent out {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}to explore space. Space exploration, then, can be {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}: astronomy, unmanned probes, and manned probes. Although {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}just drawn, man is the explorer in all of these categories; it is {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}, technology, and understanding of science that forms the basis of all forms of space exploration. The exploration of space {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}, that is, man has "reason" to send men to the moon and to {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}, just to name a couple of such values. From ancient times to well into the twentieth-century, the {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}to explore space was astronomy, the studying of the millions of {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}, which invade night sky, as they have done for billions of years. The {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}and the ebbing of stars across the sky had originally {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}, but as man's understanding of the science of astronomy increased, {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}, and not dogma, took form. And, as a solid foundation was laid with {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}, man walked resolutely into the Space Age, upon the advent of {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Given this stepping stone of the liquid fueled rocket, man was able to enter the cosmic "ocean". {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}, during the Cold War era, allocated millions of dollars to the exploration of space, but {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}in the later part of the twentieth-century. {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}, as a function of government and public support, came {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}, with the Apollo program. The public has generally been more supportive of {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}, but the costs and the values at risk are malignant to the support of space exploration as a whole. Today, economic resources for space exploration are scarce and public, and thus {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}. The glorious Apollo missions are impossible to reconstruct, and instead there has been a steady trend {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}.

填空题How did the Olympic Games start? In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong ________ (1). Originally the Festival was held in honour of .Zeus, the supreme god in Greek Mythology. Eventually the Olympian athletic festival had lost its ________ (2) and became an international event. No one knows exactly ________ (3) the Olympic Games go, but some scholars recorded date from 776 B.C. According to some scholars, at first the only Olympic event was ________ (4), called a stadium and that was the only event until 724 B.C. After that, other ________ (5) were added and sixteen years later in ________ (6) the pentathlon was added and wrestling became part of the games. This pentathlon was a five-event match which ________ (7) running, wrestling, leaping, throwing the discus, and hurling the javelin. The games were held ________ (8) and after an uninterrupted history of 1170 years, the games ________ (9) in A.D. 394, the Christian era, because of their pagan origin. It was over ________ (10) before there was another such international athletics gathering. In 1896, the first of the modern ________ (11) opened in Athens, Greece. Nowadays, the Games are held in different countries ________ (12). The host country provides vast facilities such as stadiums and ________ (13).Many more sports are represented, including the very celebrated event: ________ (14). The Olympics start with the arrival in the stadium of a torch, ________ (15) on Mount Olympus by the sun's rays. The torch is carried by ________ (16) to the stadium. The Olympic flame symbolizes the ________ (17) of the ancient Greek athletic ideals, and it burns throughout the Games until ________ (18). The well-known Olympic flag, however, is ________ (19): the five interlocking rings symbolize the uniting of all five continents ________ (20).

填空题Successful people do those things which unsuccessful people think are a waste of time. We don"t know 1 , but it was provocative enough to make us dwell on it. Perhaps 2 that is one of many characteristics of successful people is 3 . There may be people who"ve enjoyed long-term success who don"t plan ahead, but 4 . Most who attain a high level of success in their occupation or profession think ahead, 5 . They conceptualize programs or methods that may not be activated for a long time. They test them, question them, look at them 6 . They"ll start work on the 2013 budget in August 2012. 7 . In the course of planning ahead they benefit from 8 . Unsuccessful people don"t really 9 for much of anything beyond the next 48 hours. They spend far more time 10 than the work that might be needed to be done tomorrow. Successful people 11 . They not only want to know what makes things and people tick, they want to 12 . Curiosity and the willingness to ask dumb questions have made more people 13 than almost any other trait. We once read about a top executive who virtually never made 14 . Nearly everything he said was in the form of a question. "What do you think of doing it this way?" or " 15 would you put on this task?" Successful people do not watch the clock. Hordes of people pour out of government or private office buildings at 3:58 p.m. or 16 , taking pride in beating the clock. They"re not headed for success, and most likely they have no desire for it. 17 is another major characteristic of successful people. They have 18 , know what the rules are, and are put out by those who don"t. Numbers don"t usually 19 . Executives in companies of any size have to understand financial data, production data and all sorts of numbers. They 20 , financial statements, bids, pricing and costs.

填空题My topic for today's lecture is communication, culture and work. When most people use the word culture, they think of people from different (1) . National cultures certainly do exist and they play an important role in shaping the way (2) . But there are other dimensions of culture too. Within a nation, (3) can exert a powerful influence on communication. New Yorkers and Alaskans may find one another's styles of behaving (4) that they might as well be from different countries. Race and ethnicity can also (5) . So can age, the customs, values and attitudes of a twenty-year-old girl may (6) from those of her parents who were raised in the (7) or her grandparents who lived through (8) and World War Ⅱ. Still, other differences can create distinctive cultures. Gender, sexual orientation, (9) religion and socio-economic background are just a few. All of these factors lead to a (10) of culture as a set of values, beliefs, norms, customs, rules and codes that lead people to define themselves as (11) giving them a sense of commonality. It's important to realize that culture is learned, (12) . A Korean-born infant adopted soon after her birth by American parents and raised in the United States will (13) differently than his or her cousins who grew up in Seoul. An African American who (14) in the inner city will view the world differently than he or she would if raised (15) or in a country like France where (16) has different significance than it does in the United States. The (17) we learn as part of our cultural conditioning shape the way we (18) and the way we interact with one another. In short, culture has such an (19) on communication that famous anthropologist Edward Hall once remarked, " (20) communication and communication is culture. /