单选题 In 1948, Seattle authorities feared that a race riot would break out in a run-down housing area. A thousand families—300 of them black—were jammed into temporary barracks built for war workers. Tension was in the air, rumors rife, a stabbing reported. The University of Washington, called on for advice, rushed 25 trained interviewers to the scene. The interviewers went from door to door, trying to discover the extent of racial hatred. They were surprised to find very little. Ninety percent of the whites and blacks interviewed said that they felt "about the same" of "more friendly" toward the other group since moving into the area. What, then, was eating them? These families were angry about the ramshackle buildings, the back-firing kitchen stoves and the terrible roads inside the property. Many were worried about a strike at Boeing Airplane Co. In short, a series of frustrations from other causes had infected the whole community, and could have resulted in a race riot. This case is a dramatic application of a challenging theory about human behavior exhaustively demonstrated by a group of Yale scientists in an old book, Frustration and Aggression, which has become a classic. Since reading it some years ago, I have met many of my personal problems with better understanding, and gained fresh insight into some big public questions as well. A common result of being frustrated, the Yale investigator have shown, is an act of aggression, sometimes violent. To be alive is to have a goal and pursue it—anything from cleaning the house, or planning a vacation, to saving money for retirement. If someone or something blocks goal, we begin to feel pent up and thwarted. Then we get mad. The blocked goal, the sense of frustration, aggression action—this is the normal human sequence. If we are aware of what is going on inside us, however, we can save ourselves a good deal of needless pain and trouble. The aggressive act that frustration produces may take a number of forms. It may be turned inward against oneself, with suicide as the extreme example. It may hit back directly at the person or thing causing the frustration. Or it may be transferred to another object—what psychologists call displacement. Displacement can be directed against the dog, the parlor furniture, the family or even total strangers. The classic pattern of frustration and aggression is nowhere better demonstrated than in military life. GIs studied by the noted American sociologist Samuel A. Stouffer in the last war were found to be full of frustration due to their sudden loss of civilian liberty. They took it our verbally on the brass, often most unjustly. But in combat, soldiers felt far more friendly toward their officers. Why? Because they could "discharge their aggression directly against the enemy". Dr. Karl Menninger, of the famous Menninger Foundation at Topeka, pointed out that children in all societies are necessarily frustrated, practically from birth, as they are broken into the customs of the tribe. A baby's first major decision is "whether to holier or smaller"—when it discovers that the two acts cannot be done simultaneously. Children have to be taught habits of cleanliness, toilet behavior, regular feeding, punctuality; habits that too often are hammered in. Grownups with low boiling points, said Dr. Menninger, probably got that way because of excessive frustration in childhood. We can make growing up a less difficult period by giving children more love and understanding. Parents in less "civilized" societies, Menninger observes, often do this. He quotes a Mohave Indian, discussing his small son. "Why should I strike him? He is small, I am big. He cannot hurt me." When we do experience frustration, there are several things we can do to channel off aggression. First, we can try to remove the cause which is blocking our goal. An individual may be able to change his foreman, even his job or his residence, if the frustration is a continuing one. If this cannot be done, then we can seek harmless displacements. Physical outlets are the most immediately helpful. Go out in the garden and dig like fury. Or take a long walk, punch a bag in the gym, make the pins fly in a bowling alley, cut down a tree. The late Richard C. Tolman, a great physicist, once told me that he continued tennis into his 60s because he followed it so helpful in working off aggressions. But perhaps the best way of all to displace aggressive feelings is by hard, useful work. If both body and mind can be engaged, so much the better.

单选题Questions 11～15 Only a few hundred people live in Yvoire, but the small village on the southern shores of Lake Geneva has a lot to offer. It even enjoys the reputation of being one of the prettiest places in all of France-thanks to its medieval buildings, the unusually scenic view of the lake and its countless flowers which in summer months decorate many of the town's houses. Yvoire is no longer a secret tip. On the contrary, many visitors who have set up their quarters nearby either in France or Switzerland, come to the town. And for many vacationers travelling southwards, Yvoire is an ideal stopping-off point. During some days of the main season the parking lots near the town center are filled up, while excursion boats bring in loads of tourists from across the lake. Now, in autumn, the atmosphere is tangibly quieter and the visitors are no longer tripping over each others' feet. For a tour around the town, one should set aside a bit of time. Many shops will be selling the usual tourist souvenirs ranging from coffee mugs to lapel pins. But there are also a number of galleries offering paintings, sculptures and all kinds of hand-made artifacts, while in other shops there are high-quality porcelain items and clothing. Those who during their stroll through the streets happen to look up Will discover the entire glory of the flowers decorating the houses. The grey of the natural stone of which the houses are built lets the riot of reds shine even more brightly. Yvoire's gastronomy scene is a modest one, but on the road along the lakeshore visitors have a number of opportunities to find top-level cuisine. Those seeking a bit of luxury will find what they are looking for in Evian-les-Bains, about a half-hour drive to the east. There, at the home of the world-famous mineral water of the same name, there is to this day the summer-residence flair of the nobility and upper classes. In Yvoire the path quickly leads down to the shore, where in a small harbour yachts are bobbing in the water and a few fishermen are defending their space against all the tourists. What is left of an erstwhile castle is quickly circled and leads to the docks for the excursion boats. It can be crowded on the boats and there really isn't that much to see. So one quickly climbs the hill back up to town for a stroll again through the narrow streets. They lead to a small, tree-lined square located in front of a pretty church, dedicated to St Pankratius and its construction dating back to the llth century. Just why precisely at the tip of the Leman Peninsula a strongly-fortified town was built back in the Middle Ages is easily explained. The location on the transit point between the larger and smaller part of Lake Geneva was an ideal one for the ruler to secure his claim to power. And so there evolved at the start of the 14th century a formidable fortification. Over the course of time the ownership and power equations would change, and a few hundred years later the town sank back into military insignificance. The historical architecture survived over time, until modern-day tourism after World War Ⅱ woke Yvoire up from its slumber and lent it new importance again.

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单选题Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following talk.

单选题Hundreds of thousands of American mothers descended on Washington and about 60 other U.S. cities yesterday to voice their support for stricter gun laws, making one of the country"s biggest demonstrations for many years. The Million Morn March was focused on the capital, where a huge crowd of women, along with large numbers of men and children, gathered to mark Mothers" Day on the Mall, the green strip which leads to the Capitol building housing Congress. At the other end, below the Washington Monument, about 2,000 people calling themselves the Armed Informed Mothers staged a counter-protest against gun control. President Clinton threw his weight behind the Million Mom March, holding a morning reception on the lawn of the White House for the rally"s leaders and the mothers of children killed by guns. "One of the things your mother teaches you when you grow up is that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure," he told the crowd. But he pointed out that a string of gun-control measures had been stalled in congress for more than a year by the opposition of the gun lobby. Violent crime has been falling in the U.S. for eight years, but the impact of firearms remains far higher than in other modern industralised countries. Every year 32,000 Americans—including 12 children and teenagers each day—die from gunfire through murders, accidents and suicides. Among the speakers at the gun-control rally in Washington were three women whose daughters died in the Dunblane massacre. Those murders triggered the Snowdrop Campaign, which eventually led to a ban on handguns in Britain. Before the rally one of the Dunblane mothers, Allison Crozier, said she believed that the Million Morn campaign could ultimately outweigh the entrenched power of the gun lobby. "There are more mums who want something done. We did it in Scotland, they can do it here if they just stand up and do something about it," she told the BBC. The counter-rally may have been tiny by comparison, but the progun demonstrators represent a powerful constituency. According to a survey published yesterday, 45% of U.S. households own a gun, and one in four Americans has been threatened with a gun. The gun-control lobbyists want child-proof trigger locks to be mad compulsory, and a 72-hour "cooling-off periods" for would-be buyers at weekend gun shows. Their opponents say those restrictions are only the first step towards a total ban. One of the Armed Informed Mothers coordinators, Debra Collins, said her life was saved 16 years ago when she used a gun to defend herself against her violent ex-husband. "Thank God, my firearm was unencumbered by a trigger lock," she said. Organisers of the Million Morn March hoped that the turnout nationally would top a million. The final figure was unclear yesterday afternoon, but May Leigh Blek, one of the movement"s founders, said enough people had shown up to put gun control on the legislative agenda in congress. She said: "I hope when legislators see so many mothers, it will give them the courage to do the right thing."

单选题 A good marriage is good for the heart, according to new research supported by the Heart and Stroke Foundation. "There's little question that a harmonious state of matrimony gives a healthy edge when it comes to medical matters of the heart," says Dr. Brian Baker, Heart and Stroke Foundation researcher. But he doesn't prescribe wedding bells for his patients because, as he points out, not all marriages are happy. The study is being presented today at the Canadian Cardiovascular Congress 2001, hosted by the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada and the Canadian Cardiovascular Society. The three-year study included 118 men and women with mild high blood pressure (hypertension). One third of the participants were women, two thirds were men. All were married, although there were no spousal couples in the study. At the beginning and the end of the three-year study, participants completed a questionnaire designed to measure how happy or unhappy—they were in their marriages. They also had their blood pressure measured, and underwent echocardiography to measure their hearts. "People with thicker heart walls tend to have higher blood pressure. Thinner heart walls indicate lower blood pressure," explains Dr. Baker, a psychiatrist specializing in cardiovascular medicine. For one 24-hour period the participants wore a device that monitored the daily fluctuations of their blood pressure while they went about their normal working lives. In the group whose marriages were under strain, heart wall thickness increased by an average of 8%. In the group who defined themselves as happily married, heart wall thickness actually decreased 5%. Also the unhappily married group showed higher mean blood pressures both over the 24-hour monitoring and over the entire three year period. "In a marriage that is not under strain, commitment and satisfaction are higher," says Dr. Baker. "But, in order to get the cardio protective effect, you have to have lots of contact. We found that when you have both satisfaction and are able to spend time together, then the blood pressure goes down. In a good marriage you spend more time together. Those people who felt they had strong marital support spent nearly twice as much time with their partners." "When the marriage is in trouble, you tend to avoid your partner." Such a marriage appears to encourage high blood pressure and unhealthy lifestyles, risk factors for heart disease and stroke. Dr. Anthony Graham, spokesperson for the Heart and Stroke Foundation says, "This study adds to the growing body of evidence indicating that there is a physiological dimension to unhappiness and stress. Living well should mean more than just physical fitness, important though that is. Feeling good about yourself and your relationships may also be good medicine."

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单选题 Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined. C. R. Barnes has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick a brick building. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water. The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root. They are carried to all parts of the growing plant and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state. The carbon dioxide from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf before it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars—the base material from which the plant body is mainly built. Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percent water. Structural parts of plants, such as woody stems no longer actively growing, may have much less water than growing tissues. The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time, however, is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development. The processes of photosynthesis, by which carbon dioxide and water are combined-in the presence of chlorophyll and with energy derived from light-to form sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant. This occurs mainly in the leaves. The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings, through which the carbon dioxide enters. The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf, however, permits another gas—water vapor—to be lost from it. Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 10,000 parts of air) and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80°F, saturated air would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10,000 parts of air), the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake. Actually, because of wind and other factors, the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases. Also, not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates.

单选题 Most of us are taught to pay attention to what is said—the words. Words do provide us with some information, but meanings are derived from so many other sources that it would hinder our effectiveness as a partner to a relationship to rely too heavily on words alone. Words are used to describe only a small part of the many ideas we associate with any given message. Sometimes we can gain insight into some of those associations if we listen for more than words. We don't always say what we mean or mean what we say. Sometimes our words don't mean anything except " I'm letting off some steam. I don't really want you to pay close attention to what I'm saying. Just pay attention to what I'm feeling. " Mostly we mean several things at once. A person wanting to purchase a house says to the current owner, "This step has to be fixed before I'll buy. " The owner says, " It's been like that for years." Actually, the step hasn't been like that for years, but the unspoken message is.. " I don't want to fix it. We put up with it. Why can't you?" The search for a more expansive view of meaning can be developed of examining a message in terms of who said it, when it occurred, the related conditions or situations, and how it was said. When a message occurs can also reveal associated meaning. Let us assume two couples do exactly the same amount of kissing and arguing. But one couple always kisses after an argument and the other couple always argues after a kiss. The ordering of the behaviors may mean a great deal more than the frequency of the behavior. A friend's unusually docile behavior may only be understood by noting that it was preceded by situations that required an abnormal amount of assertiveness. Some responses may be directly linked to a developing pattern of responses and defy logic. For example, a person who says "No!" to a series of charges like "You're dumb," "You're lazy," and "You're dishonest," may also say "No!" and try to justify his or her response if the next statement is "And you're good looking. " We would do well to listen for how messages are presented. The words, "It sure has been nice to have you over," can be said with emphasis and excitement or ritualistically. The phrase can be said once or repeated several times. And the meanings we associate with the phrase will change accordingly. Sometimes if we say something infrequently it assumes more importance; sometimes the more we say something, the less importance it assumes.

单选题Pop stars today enjoy a style of living which was once the prerogative only of Royalty. Wherever they go, people turn out in their thousands to greet them. The crowds go wild trying to catch a brief glimpse of their smiling, colorfully dressed idols. The stars are transported in their chauffeur driven Rolls-Royces, private helicopters or executive airplanes. They are surrounded by a permanent entourage of managers, press agents and bodyguards. Photographs of them appear regularly in the press and all their comings and goings are reported, for, like Royalty, pop stars are news. If they enjoy many of the privileges of Royalty, they certainly share many of the inconveniences as well. It is dangerous for them to make unscheduled appearances in public. They must be constantly shielded from the adoring crowds which idolize them. They are no longer private individuals, but public property. The financial rewards they receive for this sacrifice cannot be calculated, for their rates of pay are astronomical. And why not? Society has always rewarded its top entertainers lavishly. The great days of Hollywood have become legendary, famous stars enjoyed fame, wealth and adulation on an unprecedented scale. By today"s standards, the excesses of Hollywood do not seem quite so spectacular. A single gramophone record nowadays may earn much more in royalties than the films of the past ever did. The competition for the title "Top of the Pops" is fierce, but the rewards are truly colossal. It is only right that the stars should be paid in this way. Don"t the top men in industry earn enormous salaries for the services they perform to their companies and their countries? Pop stars earn vast sums in foreign currency--often more than large industrial concerns—and the taxman can only be grateful for their massive annual contributions to the exchequer. So who would begrudge them their rewards? It"s all very well for people in humdrum jobs to moan about the successes and rewards of others. People who make envious remarks should remember that the most famous stars represent only the tip of the iceberg. For every famous star, there are hundreds of others struggling to earn a living. A man working in a steady job and looking forward to a pension at the end of it has no right to expect very high rewards. He has chosen security and peace of mind, so there will always be a limit to what he can earn. But a man who attempts to become a star is taking enormous risks. He knows at the outset that only a handful of competitors ever get to the very top. He knows that years of concentrated effort may be rewarded with complete failure. But he knows, too, that the rewards for success are very high indeed: they are the recompense for the huge risks involved and if he achieves them, he has certainly earned them. That"s the essence of private enterprise.

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单选题We must not get discouraged ______ such a minor setback. [A] because [B] because of [C] owing [D] since

单选题 It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modem life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is ail very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver's seat is another matter altogether. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a "Be Kind to Other Drivers" campaign, otherwise it may get completely out of hand. Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too, It takes the most coolheaded and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modem traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of politeness are ail too rare today. Many drivers nowadays don't even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it. However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to. It always amazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies. A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modem motorists can't even learn to drive, let alone master the subtler aspects of roadsmanship. Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.

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单选题 Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear several short talks and conversations. After each of these, you will hear a few questions. Listen carefully because you will hear the talk or conversation and questions ONLY ONCE. When you hear a question read the four answer choices and choose the best answer to that question. Then write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. Questions 11-14

单选题My children went to private school, and given the way things are in our education system I am glad they did; but I wish I had not been presented with the choice between the state and private sectors, for I believe that one of the worst things about this country is the chasm in our education system. It is not exclusive to Britain, but it is uniquely divisive here. The difference in quality between state and private schools is particularly large; the division between the two is based almost entirely on money rather than (as in France) religious preferences; the private sector is unusually large and powerful. The consequences for our society are therefore heinous. The private/state divide exacerbates the class consciousness that lurks beneath our relationships, poisons our politics and distorts our decisions. It leads people to hire, argue with and vote for each other for the wrong reasons. It clouds our judgment. It"s not like this in America, mainland Europe or indeed anywhere else in the civilised world, I promise you. So I was relieved when, a few weeks ago, my twin daughters moved on from the class-stratified secondary school system to what I assumed would be the socialist republic of university. When I went to university, it had much in common with the Soviet Union. You had to queue for hours for awful food, people banged on about ideology a lot and, everybody seemed to be pretty much on an equal footing, socially and economically. It doesn"t seem to be that way these days, according to reports from my daughters and their friends. At Edinburgh, Durham, Bristol and Exeter, the private school kids seem to hang out mostly with the private school kids and the state school kids with the state school kids. The twain do meet a bit, at lectures and tutorials, through societies and in pubs and clubs. But most of their social lives seem to be conducted in bubbles similar to those in which they spent their secondary school lives. This has happened not because young people are more tribal than older ones but because universities have been marketised. In the old days they got their income from the state; now they are quasi-businesses. This leads them to behave like profit-maximising firms and offer a range of products to their customers. They can make more money from selling their Finest accommodation to the well-off and Value to the hard-up than if they offered their Value product across the board. So these days the upscale student does not have to queue for tepid showers: if she wants a double bed and ensuite bathroom, she will get it. There are, therefore, big price differences between halls of residence at these universities, the most expensive accommodation costs up to three times the price of the cheapest. Not surprisingly, social stratification follows the money. At Edinburgh (30% private overall), you can pay ￡7,444 at Chancellors Court (70% private). That compares with ￡2,324 for the cheapest non-catered shared room the university offers. At Exeter (33% private overall), you can pay ￡200-plus a week at Holland Hall (60% private) or ￡104 at St David"s (5% private). At Bristol (40% private overall), Churchill Hall (70% private) cost ￡186 a week; Favell House (22% private) costs ￡127 a week. At Durham things seem more mixed. Although there is a wide range of prices the university is divided into Oxbridge-style colleges, which students end up in partly by choice and partly by random allocation. That may be why my daughter studying at Durham says a quarter of her friends are from state school, while my daughter at Edinburgh says 5% of hers are. I am not a Stalinist. I do not believe in the forced break-up of communities. I have no desire to destroy the bonds of affection that tradition and habit have created. I understand that people are tribal and that social stratification is natural. But university is an unnatural experience. That is the whole point of it. It is why we send these near-adults away from home for the third phase of their education. They have jumped through the same hoops to get there, they have been judged to be as clever as each other, and they should be living as equals. University should not let people slip into familiar grooves. Students are there to encounter ideas and people they did not come across at school. They are meant to be stretched—to be pushed, in that ghastly but useful phrase, outside their comfort zone. That"s not going to happen if they spend three or four years in the company of people just like them. They will return to the real world with their prejudices unshaken and horizons unwidened. There is a simple and practical solution= universities should charge everybody the same and allocate rooms by lottery. There would be a cost, which somebody—the students or taxpayer—would have to pay. But I reckon that if it helped to dissipate some of the miasma of class consciousness that still pervades our society, it would be worth it.

单选题 {{B}}Questions 23-26{{/B}}

单选题Whatdoesthemanoffertodo?[A]Toseethewomanattheairport.[B]Tovisitthewomanatherhotelat8:30a.m.[C]Topickupthewomananddrivehertotheairport.