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Elements of the Philosophy of Newton, published by Voltaire in 1738, was an early attempt to popularize the scientific ideas of Isaac Newton. In the book's frontispiece, Voltaire is seen writing at his desk, and over him a shaft of light from heaven, the light of truth, passes through Newton to Voltaire's collaborator Madame du Châtelet; she reflects that light onto the inspired Voltaire. Voltaire's book commanded a wide audience, according to Feingold, because 'he was neither a mathematician nor a physicist, but a literary giant aloof from the academic disputes over Newtonian ideas.' In other words, Voltaire's amateurism in science 'was a source of his contemporary appeal, demonstrating for the first time the accessibility of Newton's ideas to nonspecialists.'

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ForeachofQuestions1to5,compareQuantityAandQuantityB,usingadditionalinformationcenteredabovethetwoquantitiesifsuchinformationisgiven,Selectoneofthefollowingfouranswerchoicesandfillinthecorrespondingovaltotherightofthequestion.A.QuantityAisgreater.B.QuantityBisgreater.C.Thetwoquantitiesareequal,D.Therelationshipcannotbedeterminedfromtheinformationgiven.

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Questions1through3arebasedonthispassage.　RogerWilliamswasadissenterfromanearlyage,havingrebelledagainsthisownfatherasayoungboytofollowthepathofthePuritans.HestudiedatCambridgeandbecameacleric,butwasnotableevenasayoungchaplainforhisstrongbeliefinfreedomofworship.AfterayearortwoofbuttinghisheadagainstthestrictHighChurchadministration,Williamstookhiswife,Mary,anddepartedforBoston,arrivingin1631.Eveninthisnewworld,hisradicalideasabouttheseparationofchurchandstateandtheseizureofnativelandalmostledtohisdeportation,andin1636heestablishedhisowncolony-ProvidencePlantation,withafewlike-mindedfollowers.

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Animal signals, such as the complex songs of birds, tend to be costly. A bird, by singing, may forfeit time that could otherwise be spent on other important behaviors such as foraging or resting. Singing may also advertise an individual's location to rivals or predators and impair the ability to detect their approach. Although these types of cost may be important, discussions of the cost of singing have generally focused on energy costs. Overall the evidence is equivocal: for instance, while Eberhardt found increases in energy consumption during singing for Carolina wrens, Chappell found no effect of crowing on energy consumption in roosters. To obtain empirical data regarding the energy costs of singing, Thomas examined the relationship between song rate and overnight changes in body mass of male nightingales. Birds store energy as subcutaneous fat deposits or 'body reserves'; changes in these reserves can be reliably estimated by measuring changes in body mass. If singing has important energy costs, nightingales should lose more body mass on nights when their song rate is high. Thomas found that nightingales reached a significantly higher body mass at dusk and lost more mass overnight on nights when their song rate was high. These results suggest that there may be several costs of singing at night associated with body reserves. The increased metabolic cost of possessing higher body mass contributes to the increased overnight mass loss. The strategic regulation of evening body reserves is also likely to incur additional costs, as nightingales must spend more time foraging in order to build up larger body reserves. The metabolic cost of singing itself may also contribute to increased loss of reserves. This metabolic cost may arise from the muscular and neural activity involved in singing or from behaviors associated with singing. For example, birds may expend more of their reserves on thermoregulation if they spend the night exposed to the wind on a song post than if they are in a sheltered roost site. Thomas's data therefore show that whether or not singing per se has an important metabolic cost, metabolic costs associated with singing can have an important measurable effect on a bird's daily energy budget, at least in birds with high song rates such as nightingales.

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单选题. ①Catherine Stimpson calls for a reassessment of literary merit based on affective standards—on how literary works make readers feel—rather than on the aesthetic standards traditionally used to define the canon, the body of literary works generally accepted as "great". ②Stimpson advocates an alterative para canon for literary works, such as Louisa May Alcott's Little Women, because she believes such works have been unjustifiably neglected by unsympathetic scholars. ③According to Stimpson, a paracanonical work may or may not have literary value by traditional standards; rather, its worth consists in its "capacity to inspire love." ①Elizabeth Barnes criticizes Stimpson's approach as subjective and therefore uncritical. ②"Although Stimpson never actually defines 'love,' she implies that a lovable work is one that so engages the reader that its worldview becomes inseparable from the reader's own" (Stimpson acknowledges that the values reflected in Little Women may have subconsciously influenced her invention of the para canon). ③For Barnes, the conflation of ethics and aesthetics implicit in Stimpson's approach (in which "good" can refer to something morally sound and/or above average in quality) demonstrates the ambiguity inherent in such concepts as goodness and love.1. According to the passage, Stimpson advocated the creation of a paracanon because she ______