Nine times as many Americans died in the farmlands near Antietam Creek in the fall of 1862 than died on the beaches of Normandy on D-Day, the so-called longest day of World War II. The bloodiest single day of war in the nation's history came when General Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army undertook its first engagement on northern soil. According to the Antietam National Battlefield park service, when the fighting had subsided, more than 23,000 soldiers lay dead or wounded, more than all of the dead or wounded Americans in the Revolutionary War, War of 1812, Mexican War, and Spanish-American War combined. Just a week after his army's victory in the Second Battle of Bull Run, Lee resolved to advance the front into Northern territory. The vast farm fields of western Maryland were ready for harvest, and Lee saw in them an opportunity to nourish his soldiers, replenish his supplies, and turn the residents of the undecided border state to his cause.

The evolution of culture is dependent upon the development of the tools of civilization. Civilized cultures exhibit a high degree of ingenuity. It is the concept of humans as toolmakers and modifiers that differentiates us from other animals and, some would say, makes us civilized. A monkey might use a stick to remove termites from a log, but that stick will never be reworked into a fork or other eating utensil. Monkeys have never devised a spoken language, written a book, composed a melody, built a house, or paved a street. To claim that birds build nests and beavers construct dams is to miss the mark. Man once lived in caves, but our imagination and creativity have allowed us to progress toward true civilization.

Thousands, perhaps even millions, of people around the world are afflicted with a neurological condition called synesthesia. The word synesthesia comes from the Greek words syn, which means "together," and aisthesis, which means "perception or sensation." Those affected by the disorder experience an involuntary, simultaneous joining of two senses; for example, some synesthetes--people with synesthesia-- perceive words as colors. Researchers do not know the causes of synesthesia, nor do they fully understand the mechanisms of the disorder. However, some scientists believe that synesthesia results from crossed connections in the brain; synapses that are traditionally associated with one sensory system have somehow crossed over into another sensory system, which leads to a juxtaposition of two, typically unrelated senses. Synesthetic perceptions are idiosyncratic, and are as varied as the perceivers themselves. Theoretically, the number of types of synesthesia is bound only by the sensory pairings themselves, such as the color/sound pairing mentioned previously. Researchers estimate that there could be as many as 35 different broad pairings-- sound/touch, taste/hearing, and so on--each characterized by many permutations and unique features. Indeed the variations could be endless, with each synesthete perceiving a slightly different color or sensation, for example. Although the perceptions vary among individuals, according to Dr. Richard Cytowic, a leading synesthesia expert, the lifelong inter-sensory associations of the synesthetes remain stable, no matter what senses are joined in a given synesthete.

Epiphytes, or air plants, may develop roots for attachment to host plants or objects (i) ______ for the movement of nutrients. Instead of using roots, they (ii) ______ their nutrition from the air or from rain, often collecting moisture in (iii) ______ structures. Blank (i) A. on behalf of B. as well as C. rather than Blank (ii) D. eliminate E. obtain F. restore Blank (iii) G. formalized H. authorized I. specialized

For Question 13, select one entry from the corresponding column of choices for each blank. Fill all blanks in the way that best completes the text. During the Elizabethan era of the mid and late 1500s, __(i)__ were common, including Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare, and tragedies were by far the most popular type of performance, despite their __(ii)__ endings. A. journalists B. playwrights C. biographers D. unanticipated E. exultant F. heartrending

Undersea life decreases with ______ depth; in very deep waters, light levels, salinity, and amount of oxygen tend to limit the number of species available.

Sending a robot into space to gather information is a viable option, but should only be regarded as that--an option. Even the most technologically advanced robots cannot and should not replace manned missions to outer space. Certainly it is cheaper and less dangerous to launch a computer probe that can gather reams of data, but often the information obtained by a machine only serves to produce more questions than it answers. Therefore, the space program should allow manned missions to follow up on those initial information-gathering robotic ventures. While manned missions are more costly than are unmanned missions, they are also more successful. Robots and astronauts use much of the same equipment in space, but a human is more capable of calibrating those instruments correctly and placing them in appropriate and useful positions. A computer is often neither as sensitive nor as accurate as a human in managing the same terrain or environmental circumstances. Robots are also not as equipped as humans to solve problems as they arise, and robots often collect data that is not helpful or even desired. A human, on the other hand, can make instant decisions about what to explore further and what to ignore.

The composer of our national anthem was just an amateur poet; his real ______ was the law.

There were four Hiram Binghams, each more exceptional than the last. The first two were among the earliest Hawaiian missionaries. Hiram Bingham II had a son, Hiram III, who went to the mainland for his education. He was teaching South American history at Yale when he traveled to Peru and, with the help of locals, rediscovered the lost city of Machu Picchu. He later became governor of Connecticut for a single day, for he was also elected senator to fill a vacancy just a month after the November election. He married a Tiffany heiress, and they had seven sons. The first son, Hiram IV, would be a hero of World War II, secretly helping Jewish refugees to escape from Nazi-occupied France in his position as vice-consul in Marseille.

Average expected family contribution (EFC) for dependent students, by family income: Academic year 1995-96

The Blacksmith Institute issues annual reports on the world"s worst-polluted places, ______ of life-threatening hot spots all over the globe.

For Questions 5 to 7, select one entry from the corresponding column of choices for each blank. Fill all blanks in the way that best completes the text.

By any measure, computers are among the most influential and powerful tools of the modern age. They represent the high-tech revolution that has transformed the ways in which human beings interact with each other and with the world at large. Seemingly, computers are the very definition of the modern era. Although modern computers have only been a part of our everyday world for a few decades, a discovery made just over a century ago found that the concept behind them is far older than anyone could have imagined. In fact, according to the experts who have studied an ancient Greek shipwreck, one particular "computer" dates back more than 2,000 years. Made of metal, this mechanism is approximately the size of a shoebox. It was found in 1901 by divers working off the isle of Antikythera. Uncertain of the mechanism's function, the divers naned it after the island near which it was found. At the time, the Antikythera was in terrible shape from being underwater for so long. Its pieces had merged into a broken mass and all experts could deduce was that it had something to do with astronomy. Recently, thanks to a combination of advanced imaging methods and x-ray computer tomography, scientists have been able to re-create the possible design of the apparatus. The Antikythera mechanism once had at least 30 bronze gears with as many as 225 hand-cut teeth. Scientists believe it was designed to compute eclipses of the sun and moon a number of years into the future, as well as show the motions of the planets. While experts are still uncertain as to why the device was made, there is no doubt that its technology was at least 1,000 years ahead of its time.

Coffee seems to be one of the world"s biggest and most enduring passions, as coffee houses continue to pop up on every corner, each one sporting beans from multiple exotic and sometimes completely unfamiliar locations. Although usually referred to as coffee beans, they are actually closer to berries, which grow on bushes found on slopes several thousand feet above sea level in places like Brazil. The berries are soaked, dried, sorted, and finally roasted for various amounts of time, depending on how strong and dark the consumer prefers his coffee. Which of the following can be inferred from the overall process involved in preparing coffee beans?

Over the years there have been countless fans of the classic Hanna-Barbera cartoon character Yogi Bear. The cartoon series enjoyed by young and old alike revolved mostly around the misadventures of this loveable bear and his sidekick Boo-Boo as they attempted to snag "pic-a-nic" baskets in the made-up land of Jellystone Park. It"s not often that people think about where the ideas for these cartoons characters came from, which brings up an interesting point: do bears actually search for food left in picnic baskets and unattended campsites? Anyone who has watched an episode of the classic cartoon can see that the bears" behavior goes far beyond the limits of what is natural. The thing that must be explored, then, is which of those humorous antics were license on the part of Hanna-Barbera, and which were actually based on a bear"s normal behaviors. The passage implies which of the following about the cartoon character Yogi Bear?

Coffee seems to be one of the world's biggest and most enduring passions, as coffee houses continue to pop up on every corner, each one sporting beans from multiple exotic and sometimes completely unfamiliar locations. Although usually referred to as coffee beans, they are actually closer to berries, which grow on bushes found on slopes several thousand feet above sea level in places like Brazil. The berries are soaked, dried, sorted, and finally roasted for various amounts of time, depending on how strong and dark the consumer prefers his coffee.

Lifeexpectancyamongadults45and65yearsofagebyfamilyincome,sex,andrace:UnitedStates,averageannual1979-89

For Questions 5 to 7, select one entry from the corresponding column of choices for each blank. Fill all blanks in the way that best completes the text.