口语表达the develpment of your home town

口语表达Describe a positive change in your life. Do old people like change? What do you think are the benefits and disadvantages (or, pros and cons) of change?

口语表达问家里一般传承和继承什么 传统的东西是否重要 旧的东西 旧建筑是否重要 人们喜欢旧建筑或是现代的 为什么之类的

口语表达An important letter

口语表达study 为什么会选择这个专业，家人在选择的过程中支持过你吗？ 　　从哪里来 　　relax-平时怎么使自己放松，认为放松是否重要，会用多长时间，休息的时候是会在家看电视还是和朋友出去玩

口语表达PART 3 Discussion topics :

口语表达hometown 等问题 an interesting job u heard or read 工作环境等

口语表达a park: where is it? what is it look like? what happened?

口语表达apartment 和 House fashion clothes shopping ,differences between

Questions 21-25 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

A New Ice Age: The Day After Tomorrow? A William Curry is a serious, sober climate scientist, not an art critic. But he has spent a lot of time perusing Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze's famous painting George Washington Crossing the Delaware, which depicts a boatload of colonial American soldiers making their way to attack English and Hessian troops the day after Christmas in 1776. 'Most people think these other guys in the boat are rowing, but they are actually pushing the ice away,' says Curry tapping his finger on a reproduction of the painting. Sure enough, the lead oarsman is bashing the frozen river with his boot. 'I grew up in Philadelphia. The place in this painting is 30 minutes away by car. I can tell you, this kind of thing just doesn't happen anymore.' B But it may again soon. And ice-choked scenes, similar to those immortalised by the sixteenth century Flemish painter Pieter Brueghel the Elder, may also return to Europe. His works, including the 1565 masterpiece Hunters in the Snow make the now-temperate European landscapes look more like Lapland. Such frigid settings were commonplace during a period dating roughly from 1300 to 1850 because much of North America and Europe was in the throes of a little ice age. And now there is mounting evidence that the chill could return. A growing number of scientists believe conditions are ripe for another prolonged cool down, or small ice age. While no one is predicting a brutal ice sheet like the one that covered the Northern Hemisphere with glaciers about 12,000 years ago the next cooling trend could drop average temperatures 5 degrees Fahrenheit over much of the United States and 10 degrees in the Northeast, northern Europe, and northern Asia. C 'It could happen in 10 years,' says Terrence Joyce, who chairs the Woods Hole Physical Oceanography Department. 'Once it does, it can take hundreds of years to reverse.' And he is alarmed that Americans have yet to take the threat seriously. D A drop of 5 to 10 degrees entails much more than simply bumping up the thermostat and carrying on. Both economically and ecologically, such quick, persistent chilling could have devastating consequences. A 2002 report titled Abrupt Climate Change: Inevitable Surprises produced by the National Academy of Sciences, pegged the cost from agricultural losses alone at $100 billion to $250 billion while also predicting that damage to ecologies could be vast and incalculable. A grim sampler: disappearing forests, increased housing expenses, dwindling freshwater, lower crop yields, and accelerated species extinctions. E Political changes since the last ice age could make survival far more difficult for the world's poor. During previous cooling periods, whole tribes simply picked up and moved south, but that option doesn't work in the modern, tense world of closed borders. 'To the extent that abrupt climate change may cause rapid and extensive changes of fortune for those who live off the land, the inability to migrate may remove one of the major safety nets for distressed people,' says the report. F Isn't the earth actually warming? Indeed it is, says Joyce. In his cluttered office, full of soft light from the foggy Cape Cod morning, he explains how such warming could actually be the surprising culprit of the next mini-ice age. The paradox is a result of the appearance over the past 30 years in the North Atlantic of huge rivers of freshwater—the equivalent of a 10-foot-thick layer—mixed into the salty sea. No one is certain where the fresh torrents are coming from, but a prime suspect is melting Arctic ice, caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that traps solar energy. G The freshwater trend is major news in ocean-science circles. Bob Dickson, a British oceanographer who sounded an alarm at a February conference in Honolulu, has termed the drop in salinity and temperature in the Labrador Sea—a body of water between northeastern Canada and Greenland that adjoins the Atlantic—'arguably the largest full-depth changes observed in the modern instrumental oceanographic record'. H The trend could cause a little ice age by subverting the northern penetration of Gulf Stream waters. Normally, the Gulf Stream, laden with heat soaked up in the tropics, meanders up the east coasts of the United States and Canada. As it flows northward, the stream surrenders heat to the air. Because the prevailing North Atlantic winds blow eastward, a lot of the heat wafts to Europe. That's why many scientists believe winter temperatures on the Continent are as much as 36 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than those in North America at the same latitude. Frigid Boston, for example, lies at almost precisely the same latitude as balmy Rome. And some scientists say the heat also warms Americans and Canadians. 'It's a real mistake to think of this solely as a European phenomenon,' says Joyce. I Having given up its heat to the air, the now-cooler water becomes denser and sinks into the North Atlantic by a mile or more in a process oceanographers call thermohaline circulation. This massive column of cascading cold is the main engine powering a deep water current called the Great Ocean Conveyor that snakes through all the world's oceans. But as the North Atlantic fills with freshwater, it grows less dense, making the waters carried northward by the Gulf Stream less able to sink. The new mass of relatively freshwater sits on top of the ocean like a big thermal blanket, threatening the thermohaline circulation. That in turn could make the Gulf Stream slow or veer southward. At some point, the whole system could simply shut down, and so quickly. 'There is increasing evidence that we are getting closer to a transition point, from which we can jump to a new state. Small changes, such as a couple of years of heavy precipitation or melting ice at high latitudes, could yield a big response,' says Joyce. J 'You have all this freshwater sitting at high latitudes, and it can literally take hundreds of years to get rid of it,' Joyce says. So while the globe as a whole gets warmer by tiny fractions of one degree Fahrenheit annually, the North Atlantic region could, in a decade, get up to 10 degrees colder. What worries researchers at Woods Hole is that history is on the side of rapid shutdown. They know it has happened before. —Discover Magazine

The Sun—A Mixed Blessing A. People in Western countries have very mixed feelings about the sun. On the one hand it evokes memories of beaches, summer holidays and playful times. Children"s books often personify the sun as a smiling, happy face—typically contrasted with angry, moody rain clouds. In fact, the sun has such positive connotations that the descriptor "sunny" refers not only to a state of weather but also to "cheery, cheerful, or joyous" moods and dispositions amongst humans. On the other hand, many people fear the sun because of its association with cosmetic degeneration that can cause people to look much older than they actually are. Even more seriously, many people see the sun as a killer—this is because excessive sun exposure can lead to skin cancer which has a very high mortality rate. So is the sun our friend or a foe? The answers are complex and contradictory. B. Let"s start with the worst news about the sun. It is a carcinogen. As the National Toxicology Program Report on Carcinogens from the Department of Health and Human Services reports, broad-spectrum UV radiation and solar radiation (what is known as "sun rays") are thought to contribute to most of the estimated 1.5 million skin cancers diagnosed in the United States each year. This gives the sun the unfavourable distinction of being the leading carcinogen in the United States—ahead of genetic mutations, bad diets, cigarettes, alcohol, chemical exposure and other lifestyle factors. Of these diagnoses, 8,000 sufferers will perish from the condition. The primary cause of this mortality is metastic melanoma—moles that become cancerous and then spread mutated cells into the lymph nodes and eventually through the rest of the body. C. Even if you are lucky enough to avoid skin cancer, the sun can still have damaging effects on your skin. This is known as premature aging, so-called because sun damage mimics the skin"s natural aging process, but does so at a much earlier age. The sun causes premature aging by breaking down and mutating collagen—a fibrous, "glue"-like substance that supports and connects tissue and is responsible for the firmness, suppleness, elasticity and overall appearance of the skin. Skin"s collagen production slows and eventually stops due to aging anyway, but sun exposure accelerates this process. It also mutates collagen cells, producing visible abnormalities on the skin. The slowing collagen production appears as wrinkles, sagging and fine lines, while the mutated cells can take the form of a leathery skin texture, facial ruddiness and blemishes known as liver spots. Together these can dissolve signs of youth and vitality from a person"s looks—an image that contrasts starkly with the smooth, tanned and youthful-looking models we often associate with summer! D. The sun does have a lot of positive things to offer humans, however. Firstly, it staves off Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), an appropriate acronym for a mood disorder caused by insufficient exposure to light—as such, it is typically associated with winters and is sometimes called "winter blues" or "winter depression". SAD, once treated with scepticism by health experts but now widely acknowledged to be a legitimate condition, can create a number of distressing problems. Sufferers may oversleep and find it difficult to be roused in the morning, crave "comfort foods" high in carbohydrates, lack energy, find it difficult to concentrate and may withdraw from social exposure. Together these symptoms can lead to depression, pessimistic feelings of hopelessness and an inability to find pleasurable activities. Researchers are not yet sure of the exact physical mechanism that causes SAD, but they do know that exposure to bright life is an effective remedy. The sun definitely has a palliative effect here. E. In other ways, the health-improving effects of the sun can be even more powerful. These effects typically relate to Vitamin D, of which the sun is a great source for two reasons. Firstly, it is completely free, and secondly, our bodies have natural mechanisms that prevent an overdose from internally-generated Vitamin D from the sun. Although this vitamin can be sourced from milk, cod liver oil and supplements, solar radiation is still the primary source for most humans. It"s preventative role is important: Vitamin D seems to protect against prostate, breast, colon, kidney and ovarian cancers, benefit bone health, as well as reduce overall mortality and the occurrence of cardiovascular events—mortality from strokes and heart attacks is up to forty percent higher in some countries during winter months, a connection linked to lack of sun exposure. In fact, skin cancer rates rise with proximity to the equator amongst light-skinned people, but the prognosis of most other cancers is exactly the opposite. Indeed, the overall benefits of sun exposure outweigh the risks when it comes to cancer, even though the sun is a well-documented carcinogen. F. Ultimately, moderation and protection may be the key when it comes to sun exposure. This is true of other carcinogens such as alcohol as well—studies suggest that binge drinkers and teetotallers experience higher levels of many health problems than people who drink moderate amounts of alcohol on social occasions. Healthy access to the sun involves wearing broad-spectrum sunscreen before every exposure (even in winter)and not staying in the sun any longer than is necessary, which is about five minutes for adequate Vitamin D exposure. With these simple steps, the sun once again becomes our friend and not our foe.

Neurologiststendtodividetheexperienceofloveintothreedistinctcategories:attraction,lustandattachment.Thecombinationofallthreecanmakeforanintoxicatingandlastingbond,buttheyarenotalwaysexperiencedtogether.Frequently,forexample,welustafterthosewithwhomwehavenodesireofhavingalong-termrelationship;atothertimes,wefeel"attached"topeopleinthesenseofbeingdrawntothememotionallyorspiritually,butnotdrawntothemphysically.Itisaccuratetodescribetheseas"stages"oflove—lusttendstocomefirst,thenattraction,whichlastsformonthsoryears,andfinallyattachment,whichcankeeppeopletogetherfordecades.Theseareseparatechemicalsubstrates,sotheycanoverlap;however,evidencesuggeststhatattractionhasalimitedlifespan.Lustistypicallyexperiencedsoonafterpuberty.Thisiswhenestrogenandtestosterone—theunderlyingchemicalsubstratesforlustinwomenandmenrespectively—activatethemselvesinourbodiesforthefirsttime.Theprimarypurposeoflustisbelievedtobeprocreation,andtheexperienceisoneoffeelingphysicallydrawn,oreven"pulled"towardsanotherperson.Pheromones,physicalattractivenessandoursocialisedpredispositionsforwhatweseekinamatearethefactorsthatactivatethesensationoflust.Despitethestrengthitcanhaveoverourpsyche,lustonitsownisaveryfleetingexperience.Itcanfirmlysteerpeopletogetherfortheirinitialencounters,butithasnopowertokeepthemthere.Iftherelationshipistolast,somethingcalledattractionmusttakeplace.Attractionistheintoxicatingsensationexperiencedintheinitialperiodofknowingsomeone.The"symptoms"includedizziness,flushedskin,andalossofappetiteandsleep.ThesearearesultofachemicalcocktailofdopamineandnorepinephrinethatPEA—atransmitterchemical—unleashesintothebloodstreamwhenattractiontakesplace.Dopamineisresponsiblefortheblissfulfeelingsofself-confidence,joyandmotivationthatnewlovebringsabout;norepinephrine,similartoadrenaline,bringsaboutpalpitationsandanxiety.Attractionhasmorestayingpowerthanlust;whileitsintensityfadesafterafewweeks,theeffectofthePEAtransmissioncancontinueforsometimebetweeneighteenmonthsandfouryears.Afterthat,ourbodiesbuildupanaturaltolerance.Atthisstage,atransitiontoaphasecalledattachmentcanoccur.The"rush"ofattractionisreplacedbyendorphinslikeoxytocinandvasopressinthatfeellikeagentle,warmsortofpleasantness—asafefeelingthatcalmsthemind,numbspainandsoothesanxiety.Thisisamuchmorepleasantfeelinginwhichtospendanextendedperiodoftime—potentially,forty,fiftyormoreyears,dependingonwhenyoumeetyourpartner.Itallowsyoutoliveyourlifewithsomeone,withouttheirbeingthecentralobsessionofyourlife.Unfortunately,thereisnoguaranteethatPEAtransmissionwillevolveintotheendorphinstage—inmanyinstances,itwillbereplacedbyafeelingofemptinessanddissatisfaction.Itisnotacoincidencethatpeakdivorceratesoccuratbetweenfourandsevenyears,asPEAtransmissionwearsawayandattachmentdoesnotmaterialiseinmanypeople"sbrains.Evenneurologistsagreethatchemistryisn"teverything.Therearenumerousotherfactorssuchascultureandpersonality,forwhichsciencemayneverhaveanexplanation.Whiledopamineisbliss,however,ignoranceisnot—neurologyhasmuchtocontributetosatisfactioninourpersonallives.ItmaynotbeagoodideatocommittomarriageorspendingtherestofyourlifewithsomeoneifyoustillfeeltheblissfulrushofPEAtransmission,forexample.Onceyourbrainhassuccumbedtothewarmingopiatesofoxytocinandvasopressin,thiswillbeasafercommitment.Attachmentbringsotherneedstotheforeground,however;whilepeopleenjoythesecuritythatattachmentbringsabout,theydonotlosetheirdesiresforeitherlustorattraction.LosingtheabilitytogiveyourpartnertherushofPEAtransmission,whileknowingthathemayfeelthisforotherpeople,canbringaboutjealousyandanxietyinpeople.Acknowledginganddiscussingtheseinsecuritiescanalleviatethemasitislikelythat,tosomeextent,bothpartnerswillbefeelingthem.

According to the text, {{B}}FIVE{{/B}} of the following statements are true. Write the corresponding letters in answer boxes 18 to 22 in any order. A. The fight over the Rospuda valley is the biggest wildlife issue in Europe.B. Primeval forests have not been destroyed by people.C. The Via Baltica has almost been completed.D. The Polish government is emphasising policies that aid transport links.E. There are no musk orchids outside Poland.F. A recent protest almost became violent.G. Several Polish wildlife sites are protected under the Natura scheme.H. Via Baltica may damage other protected areas.

According to the text, FIVE of the following statements are true. Write the corresponding letters in answer boxes 18 to 22 in any order. A. The presence of MRSA in British hospitals contributed to an election being held.B. S.aureus likes living up people's noses.C. Methicillin is ineffective against MRSA.D. Only a few antibiotics are expensive.E. Producing antibiotics is not very profitable.F. Vaccines help reduce the amount of antibiotics needed to fight superbugs.G. Cardiac surgery greatly increases the risk of getting MRSA.H. Response rates to vaccines often depend on what is wrong with the patient.

{{B}}SECTION 1: QUESTIONS 1-10{{/B}} Listen to two students talking about libraries in Australia. Questions 1-2 Choose the correct letter from A-D for each answer.

Which is correct about the Nile crocodile?

The Biology and Psychology of Crowding in Man and Animals A Of the great myriad of problems which man and world face today, there are three significant trends which stand above all others in importance: the unprecedented population growth throughout the world—a net increase of 1,400,000 people per week—and all of its associations and consequences; the increasing urbanisation of these people, so that more and more of them are rushing into cities and urban areas of the world; and the tremendous explosion of communication and social contact throughout the world, so that every part of the world is now aware of every other part. All of these trends are producing increased crowding and the perception of crowding. B It is important to emphasise at the outset that crowding and density are not necessarily the same. Density is the number of individuals per unit area or unit space. It is a simple physical measurement. Crowding is a product of density, communication, contact, and activity. It implies a pressure, a force, and a psychological reaction. It may occur at widely different densities. The frontiersman may have felt crowded when someone built a homestead a mile away. The suburbanite may feel relatively uncrowded in a small house on a half-acre lot if it is surrounded by trees, bushes and a hedgerow, even though he lives under much higher physical density than did the frontiersman. Hence, crowding is very much a psychological and ecological phenomenon, and not just a physical condition. C A classic crowding study was done by Calhoun (1962), who put rats into a physical environment designed to accommodate 50 rats and provided enough food, water, and nesting materials for the number of rats in the environment. The rat population peaked at 80, providing a look at cramped living conditions. Although the rats experienced no resource limitations other than space restriction, a number of negative conditions developed: the two most dominant males took harems of several female rats and occupied more than their share of space, leaving other rats even more crowded; many females stopped building nests and abandoned their infant rats; the pregnancy rate declined; infant and adult mortality rates increased; more aggressive and physical attacks occurred; sexual variation increased, including hyper-sexuality, inhibited sexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality. D Calhoun's results have led to other research on crowding's effects on human beings, and these research findings have suggested that high density is not the single cause of negative effects on humans. When crowding is defined only in terms of spatial density (the amount of space per person), the effects of crowding are variable. However, if crowding is defined in terms of social density, or the number of people who must interact, then crowding better predicts negative psychological and physical effects. E There are several reasons why crowding makes us feel uncomfortable. One reason is related to stimulus overload—there are just too many stimuli competing for our attention. We cannot notice or respond to all of them. This feeling is typical of the hurried mother, who has several children competing for her attention, while she is on the phone and the doorbell is ringing. This leaves her feeling confused, fatigued and yearning to withdraw from the situation. There are strong feelings of a lack of privacy—being unable to pay attention to what you want without being repeatedly interrupted or observed by others. F Field studies done in a variety of settings illustrate that social density is associated with negative effects on human beings. In prison studies, males generally became more aggressive with increases in density. In male prison, inmates living in conditions of higher densities were more likely to suffer from fight. Males rated themselves as more aggressive in small rooms (a situation of high spatial density), whilst the females rated themselves as more aggressive in large rooms (Stokols et al. 1973). These differences relate to the different personal space requirements of the genders. Besides, Baum and Greenberg found that high density leads to decreased attraction, both physical attraction and liking towards others and it appears to have gender differences in the impact that density has on attraction levels, with males experiencing a more extreme reaction. Also, the greater the density is, the less the helping behaviour. One reason why the level of helping behaviour may be reduced in crowded situations links to the concept of diffusion of responsibility. The more people that are present in a situation that requires help, the less often help is given. This may be due to the fact that people diffuse responsibility among themselves with no-one feeling that they ought to be the one to help. G Facing all these problems, what are we going to do with them? The more control a person has over the crowded environment the less negatively they experience it, thus the perceived crowding is less (Schmidt and Keating). The ability to cope with crowding is also influenced by the relationship the individual has with the other people in the situation. The high density will be interpreted less negatively if the individual experiences it with people he likes. One of the main coping strategies employed to limit the impact of high density is social withdrawal. This includes behaviours such as averting the gaze and using negative body language to attempt to block and potential intrusions. —The Ohio Journal of Science