填空题{{B}}SECTION 1 Question 1-10{{/B}} {{B}}Questions 1-4{{/B}}Complete the following information. Surname 1 ______ Given name Garba Local address 2 ______ Home address Lagos,Nigeria Date of birth 3 ______ Course 4 ______

填空题A University of Rhode Island (URI) Psychology Professor Mark Wood, a nationally recognised alcohol researcher, wants parents to be aware that this is a time when teens tend to increase their alcohol consumption. The URI expert advises parents to monitor their children—know where they are, whom they are with and what they are doing. "This type of monitoring, particularly in combination with an emotionally supportive parenting style, is associated with less drinking and fewer alcohol-related problems across numerous studies,' Wood said. 'It is also important for parents to express clear disapproval of alcohol use and to provide clear and fair consequences associated with breaking the rules. Research shows this combination of factors decreases alcohol use and problems through adolescence and into college,' continued Wood who helps create interventions to reduce alcohol related-harm, particularly among college-age students. Results of his recent study bear this out. B Is Wood advocating that parents become helicopter parents—ones who hover over their children and their problems or experiences, especially when they are in college? 'We live in a era when students are texting and talking to parents, sometimes many times a day. Although the term helicopter parent does have a negative connotation, I think conversations about drinking are good whenever and wherever they occur,' said the researcher. But is it too late for parents to begin monitoring teenagers after they have already graduated from high school? 'Most American teenagers begin to drink by age 15. By the time they go off to college, most have considerable drinking experience,' explained Wood. 'Ideally, parents should be having conversations about alcohol throughout high school. But it's never too late to begin an ongoing dialogue about drinking with teens.' It's estimated that more than 1,800 college students die each year in car accidents and more than 750,000 are involved in alcohol related physical or sexual assaults. Adolescents tend to increase their alcohol use the summer before entering college and during their first semester at college. This is also true of children who have been consistently monitored and emotionally supported. However, these children don't increase consumption to the levels of kids who didn't have that kind of parental involvement in high school. 'The protective effects that parents exert in high school continue to be influential into college even at a time when the kids have left the home. It's the internalisation of those values, attitudes, expectations that seem to continue to exert an effect,' said Wood. C Wood and his team applied some of their research findings to an intervention to reduce the increases in drinking and the negative consequences that typically occur during matriculation and into college. Results of the study were published in the June 2010 issue of the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. In this study, which began in 2004, they recruited and randomly assigned 1,000 incoming freshmen to receive either a Brief Motivational Intervention (BMI) or a parent-based intervention. The motivational intervention is considered to be the most effective individual alcohol prevention approach with college students. In contrast to other BMI studies that have focused on heavier drinkers, the URI study recruited students whether they drank or not. In fact, about 28 per cent of the 1,000 students in the study didn't drink when they came to college. D Students met with an intervention provider who went over a tailored report compiled from information provided by the students about a range of factors, including their alcohol use patterns, consequences associated with use, and family history of alcohol problems. Students were recognised as responsible adults, and weren't preached to or told not to drink. Among other things, the report showed the student how his or her drinking compared to others of the same age and gender, correcting misperceptions students have about how much other students are drinking. For example, students often overestimate how much their peers are drinking, and correcting these misconceptions as part of motivational interventions has resulted in lower levels of alcohol use and problems. E "A message that we would give a student who told us her father was an alcoholic is that we know that alcohol problems run in families. But it's also important for you to know that this doesn't mean that you're destined to become an alcoholic. It just means that you have an increased risk of drinking problems based on family history,' says Wood. The message is different with non-drinkers: 'Congratulations, you've made the safest choice in terms of alcohol use at this point. One of the things we want to tell you is that there are more students like you than you think. We'd like to talk to you about ways that you can continue to make the safe choice around drinking now that you're in an environment where there is more drinking.' F URI researchers followed up with the students in the spring of their freshman and sophomore years. The team found the intervention was successful for non- drinkers and drinkers. Students who received the BMI were significantly less likely to transition into heavy drinking or begin experiencing alcohol-related problems. For those who were already drinking, the BMI reduced heavy drinking and alcohol problems indirectly by altering students' misperceptions about alcohol use. —Science Daily

填空题Which company has just invested heavily in an unpublished children's book?

填空题Philosophy

填空题Businesses involved in environmentally-friendly power have rising ______.

填空题You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. Cats Show Perfect Balance Even in Their Lapping It was known that when cats lap, they extend their tongues straight down towards the bowl with the tip of the tongue curled backwards like a capital 'J' to form a ladle, so that the top surface of the tongue actually touches the liquid first. We know this because another MIT engineer, Dr. Edgerton, who first used strobe lights in photography to stop action, filmed a domestic cat lapping milk in 1940. But recent high-speed videos made by this team clearly revealed that the top surface of the cat's tongue is the only surface to touch the liquid. Cats, unlike dogs, aren't dipping their tongues into the liquid like ladles after all. Instead, the cat's lapping mechanism is far more subtle and elegant. The smooth tip of the tongue barely brushes the surface of the liquid before the cat rapidly draws its tongue back up. As it does so, a column of milk forms between the moving tongue and the liquid's surface. The cat then closes its mouth, pinching off the top of the column for a nice drink, while keeping its chin dry. The liquid column is created by a delicate balance between gravity, which pulls the liquid back to the bowl, and inertia, which in physics, refers to the tendency of the liquid or any matter, to continue moving in a direction unless another force interferes. The cat instinctively knows just how quickly to lap in order to balance these two forces, and just when to close its mouth. If it waits another fraction of a second, the force of gravity will overtake inertia, causing the column to break, the liquid to fall back into the bowl, and the cat's tongue to come up empty. While the domestic cat averages about four laps per second, with each lap bringing in about 0.1 millilitres of liquid, the big cats, such as tigers, know to slow down. They naturally lap more slowly to maintain the balance of gravity and inertia. Roman Stocker of MIT's Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE), Pedro Reis of CEE and the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sunghwan Jung of Virginia Tech and Jeffrey Aristoff of Princeton used observational data gathered from high-speed digital videos of domestic cats, including Stocker's family cat, and a range of big cats (a tiger, a lion and a jaguar) from the Boston-area zoos, thanks to a collaboration with Zoo New England's mammal curator John Piazza and assistant curator Pearl Yusuf. And, in what could be a first for a paper published in Science, the researchers also gathered additional data by analysing existing YouTube.com videos of big cats lapping. With these videos slowed way down, the researchers established the speed of the tongue's movement and the frequency of lapping. Knowing the size and speed of the tongue, the researchers then developed a mathematical model involving the Froude number, a dimensionless number that characterises the ratio between gravity and inertia. For cats of all sizes, that number is almost exactly one, indicating a perfect balance. To better understand the subtle dynamics of lapping, they also created a robotic version of a cat's tongue that moves up and down over a dish of water, enabling the researchers to systematically explore different aspects of lapping, and ultimately, to identify the mechanism underpinning it. 'The amount of liquid available for the cat to capture each time it closes its mouth depends on the size and speed of the tongue. Our research—the experimental measurements and theoretical predictions—suggests that the cat chooses the speed in order to maximise the amount of liquid ingested per lap,' said Aristoff, a mathematician who studies liquid surfaces. 'This suggests that cats are smarter than many people think, at least when it comes to hydrodynamics.' Aristoff said the team benefited from the diverse scientific backgrounds of its members: engineering, physics and mathematics. 'In the beginning of the project, we weren't fully confident that fluid mechanics played a role in cat's drinking. But as the project went on, we were surprised and amused by the beauty of the fluid mechanics involved in this system,' said Jung, an engineer whose research focuses on soft bodies, like fish, and the fluids surrounding them. The work began three-and-a-half years ago when Stocker, who studies the fluid mechanics of the movements of ocean microbes, was watching his cat lap milk. That cat, eight-year-old CuttaCutta, stars in the researchers' best videos and still pictures. And like all movie stars (CuttaCutta means 'stars stars' in an Australian aboriginal language), he likes being waited on. With their cameras trained on CuttaCuttas bowl, Stocker and Reis said they spent hours at the Stocker home waiting on CuttaCutta...to drink. But the wait didn't dampen their enthusiasm for the project, which very appropriately originated from a sense of curiosity. 'Science allows us to look at natural processes with a different eye and to understand how things work, even if that's figuring out how my cat laps his breakfast,' Stocker said. 'It's a job, but also a passion, and this project for me was a high point in teamwork and creativity. We did it without any funding, without any graduate students, without much of the usual apparatus that science is done with nowadays.' 'Our process in this work was typical, archetypal really, of any new scientific study of a natural phenomenon. You begin with an observation and a broad question, "How does the cat drink?" and then try to answer it through careful experimentation and mathematical modeling,' said Reis, a physicist who works on the mechanics of soft solids. 'To us, this study provides further confirmation of how exciting it is to explore the scientific unknown, especially when this unknown is something that's part of our everyday experiences.' —Science Daily

填空题The students already have a printed ______ to help them with their dissertations.

填空题Look at the following statements(Questions 8-11)and the list of people below. Match each statement with the correct person, A, B, CorD. Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 8-11 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once.List of People A Ian Redmond B Valerie Kapos C Ray Townsend D Chris Stapleton

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填空题Flying without Wings A The airship may well prove the solution to some pressing transport issues today. One reason is that the airship is more environmentally friendly than other airborne vehicles. It obtains most of its lift from lighter-than-air gas, usually ultra-safe helium. The engines therefore drive the vehicle through the air, rather than lifting it off the ground, resulting in considerable fuel economy. B The fascinating story of the airship began in the 13th century, when Roger Bacon, the Franciscan friar with a predilection for experimenting with gunpowder, first considered buoyant flight. He thought it could be achieved by filling a thin-walled metal sphere with rarefied air or liquid fire. C In 1670, Francesco Lana de Terzi, an Italian, calculated that four such spheres would be needed to lift a boat. But it was a French Engineer Corps officer, Jean-Baptiste-Marie Meusnier, who developed the first practical airship concept, in 1784, by devising an elongated balloon driven by airscrews. D It never got off the ground, but it did inspire Britain's first aeronautical scientist, Sir George Cayley, who in 1816, took the Frenchman's design one step further to create an egg-shaped balloon with steam-powered propellers. But France won the race, achieving the first steam-powered airship flight in 1852, when the three horsepower, hydrogen-filled Aerial Steamer, designed by Henri Giffard, flew in Paris, zipping along at a glorious 7 mph. E A motor driven by electricity was next, and the pioneers were Charles Renard and Arthur Krebs, who built La France, a 60-metre-long airship fitted with a huge wooden propeller at the front, the first that could be steered accurately, calm weather permitting. It was also considerably faster than its steam-powered predecessor 32 years earlier-reaching a magnificent 12 mph. F But all these pioneers soon made way for the master, a German aristocrat and army cavalry officer named Ferdinand von Zeppelin. He designed a large military airship, with internal gas bags in a rigid, cigar-shaped, aluminium structure. It was turned down. Zeppelin resigned and established the Zeppelin Airship Corporation in 1898 to build his first airship. The LZ-1 was successfully launched from its floating hangar on Lake Constance on 2 July, 1900, its petrol engine taking it on a 17-mile flight at an average speed of 13 mph. The age of airship travel had begun. G During the First World War, nearly 300 British airships protected allied convoys from submarine attack, while the Zeppelin undertook several successful bombing raids on Britain. But they made a large target themselves and were filled with explosive hydrogen. Around 40 were destroyed. H The airship reached its zenith in 1929 when the Graf Zeppelin circumnavigated the globe, travelling 25,000 miles at an impressive 45 mph. But the destruction by fire of the famous Hindenburg in 1937 brought to an end the golden age of the airship and the prospect of further long-haul, lighter-than-air aviation. I Unlike their predecessors, modern airships, or "blimps", are non-rigid, maintaining their shape solely through the pressure of inert, non-flammable helium in the main body of the ship, without use of any internal skeleton. At the rear end of the airship, a large vertical rudder is used to steer it left and right by means of pedals in the cockpit, and the flat movable fin protruding from the side enables upward or downward movement of the ship. At the lowest point of this part of the blimp, a small tail-wheel protects it from contact with the ground when landing or moored. J Directly under the body of the airship is the gondola: the cabin containing the cockpit, engine compartment, and facilities for crew, passengers, and cargo. Trailing from the front of the ship are the mooring lines, which hang free in flight but are used to control it when taking off or landing. These are attached to the spindle: the narrow pointed component right at the front, which in turn is held by the rounded, flattened nose cone, covering the extreme forward part of the ship. K The gondola can be more spacious than any modern aircraft. The airships can also stay airborne for long periods. While fixed-and rotary-wing aircraft measure flight time in hours, an airship can stay aloft for days, hovering silently. At sea, airships provide over-the-horizon observation coverage up to 130 nautical miles against small radar targets, such as cruise missiles. Airships are also employed in civil operations to catch drug smugglers, and to transmit television images of sport and outdoor concerts as they happen. L Airship holidays are many and varied. For a tranquil experience, you can cruise the spectacular landscape of Swiss mountains and lakes. In Africa, you can catch a glimpse of the wildlife on ecologically sound, danger-free "airship safaris". And if you want to experience Las Vegas without losing your shirt in the casinos, an American tour operator offers weekday trips with breathtaking views of the world-famous Las Vegas Strip from a 165-foot-long, nine-seater airship. M Finally, you could have caught the opening of the last Olympic Games, with an airship travel company that offered aerial surveillance of the action. You would have had a truly Olympian view of the torch's final journey as it climbed those last few steps to ignite the flame. Questions 14-17 Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet. Designer(s) Year Power Type Speed Giffard 1852 steam {{U}}{{U}} 1 {{/U}}{{/U}} Renard and Krebs 1884 {{U}}{{U}} 2 {{/U}}{{/U}} 12 mph (maximum) {{U}}{{U}} 3 {{/U}}{{/U}} 1900 {{U}}{{U}} 4 {{/U}}{{/U}} 13 mph (average)

填空题A description of how invasive species in nature are different from other ones.

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填空题What is the shortest time lost items are kept by the office?

填空题Burying greenhouse gases under the sea is not possible.

填空题Smokers' cardiovascular systems adapt to the intake of environmental smoke.

填空题A merger of different varieties of the language took place.

填空题Some scientists want to change the way clouded leopards are classified into species and subspecies.

填空题Increasingly common crime.

填空题Don't wait!

填空题Questions 16-20 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.