填空题A disaster of Titanic proportions
At 11.39 p.m. on the evening of Sunday 14 April 1912, lookouts Frederick
Fleet and Reginald Lee on the forward mast of the Titanic sighted an eerie,
black mass coming into view directly in front of the ship. Fleet picked up the
phone to the helm, waited for Sixth Officer Moody to answer, and yelled
“Iceberg, right ahead!”The greatest disaster in maritime history was about to be
set in motion. Thirty-seven seconds later, despite the efforts
of officers in the bridge and engine room to steer around the iceberg, the
Titanic struck a piece of submerged ice, bursting rivets in the ship's hull and
flooding the first five watertight compartments. The ship's designer, Thomas
Andrews, carried out a visual inspection of the ship's damage and informed
Captain Smith at midnight that the ship would sink in less than two hours. By
12.30 a.m., the lifeboats were being filled with women and children, after Smith
had given the command for them to be uncovered and swung out 15 minutes earlier.
The first lifeboat was successfully lowered 15 minutes later, with only 28 of
its 65 seats occupied. By 1.15 a.m., the waterline was beginning to reach the
Titanic's name on the ship's bow, and over the next hour every lifeboat would be
released as officers struggled to maintain order amongst the growing panic on
board. The closing moments of the Titanic's sinking began
shortly after 2 a.m., as the last lifeboat was lowered and the ship's propellers
lifted out of the water, leaving the 1,500 passengers still on board to surge
towards the stern. At 2.17 a.m., Harold Bride and Jack Philips tapped out their
last wireless message after being relieved of duty as the ship's wireless
operators, and the ship's band stopped playing. Less than a minute later,
occupants of the lifeboats witnessed the ship's lights flash once, then go
black, and a huge roar signaled the Titanic's contents plunging towards the bow,
causing the front half of the ship to break off and go under. The Titanic's
stern bobbed up momentarily, and at 2.20 a.m., the ship finally disappeared
beneath the frigid waters. What or who was responsible for the
scale of this catastrophe? Explanations abound, some that focus on very small
details. Due to a last minute change in the ship's officer line-up, iceberg
lookouts Frederick Fleet and Reginald Lee were making do without a pair of
binoculars that an officer transferred off the ship in Southampton had left in a
cupboard onboard, unbeknownst to any of the ship's crew. Fleet, who survived the
sinking, insisted at a subsequent inquiry that he could have identified the
iceberg in time to avert disaster if he had been in possession of the
binoculars. Less than an hour before the Titanic struck
the iceberg, wireless operator Cyril Evans on the Californian, located just 20
miles to the north, tried to contact operator Jack Philips on the Titanic to
warn him of pack ice in the area. "Shut up, shut up, you're jamming my signal",
Philips replied. "I'm busy." The Titanic's wireless system had broken down for
several hours earlier that day, and Philips was clearing a backlog of personal
messages that passengers had requested to be sent to family and friends in the
USA. Nevertheless, Captain Smith had maintained the ship's speed of 22 knots
despite multiple earlier warnings of ice ahead. It has been suggested that Smith
was under pressure to make headlines by arriving early in New York, but maritime
historians such as Richard Howell have countered this perception, noting that
Smith was simply following common procedure at the time, and not behaving
recklessly. One of the strongest explanations for the severe
loss of life has been the fact that the Titanic did not carry enough lifeboats
for everyone on board. Maritime regulations at the time tied lifeboat capacity
to ship size, not to the number of passengers on board. This meant that the
Titanic, with room for 1,178 of its 2,222 passengers, actually surpassed the
Board of Trade's requirement that it carry lifeboats for 1,060 of its
passengers. Nevertheless, with lifeboats being lowered less than half full in
many cases, and only 712 passengers surviving despite a two and a half hour
window of opportunity, more lifeboats would not have guaranteed more survivors
in the absence of better training and preparation. Many passengers were confused
about where to go after the order to launch lifeboats was given; a lifeboat
drill scheduled for earlier on the same clay that the Titanic struck the iceberg
was cancelled by Captain Smith, in order to allow passengers to attend
church.Questions 1-6
Complete the table below. Choose NO
MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
Time
Person/s
Position
Action
11.39p.m.
{{U}} (1) {{/U}}
{{U}} (2) {{/U}}
Reported sighting of iceberg
{{U}} (3) {{/U}}
Andrews
Ship's designer
Reported how long the Tianic could stay afloat
12.15a.m.
Smith
Captain
Ordered {{U}} (4) {{/U}}to be released
2.17a.m.
Bride & philips
{{U}} (5) {{/U}}
Relayde final {{U}} (6) {{/U}}
填空题The percentage of Gross National Product spent on education generally reflects the level of attainment in mathematics.
填空题Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.Reflective Journal Assignment
填空题Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-J, below. Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes on your answer sheet. A.is the way most people around the world get fluoride. B.is a threat to public safety. C.can occur as a result of mishaps in adding fluoride to water. D.can be regarded as nutritious. E.is a widespread health issue in developed countries. F.is not as common in infants. G.is the best protection against tooth decay. H.is required to sustain our material survival and biological growth. I.is visible as faint lines across the teeth. J.is difficult to achieve amongst poorer people.
填空题Which part of the clock was broken?
填空题 Question 34-35
Choose the correct answer from A-D.
填空题Questions 1-5 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1 ? In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
填空题Questions 6-8 Complete the sentences below with words taken from Reading Passage 1. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 6-8 on your answer sheet.
填空题One child policy
填空题{{B}}Questions 35-40{{/B}} Complete the notes
below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A
NUMBER for each answer. Developments in social
websites Changes in the way people represent
themselves. Early websites: ·
Chat rooms —use of fictitious names · Games—use of {{U}}
{{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} Current
websites: · Social networking—use of real names and
{{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}} ·
MySpace—interaction usually with {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}}
{{/U}} Networking by scientists Began working
online at beginning of the {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}
Number of blogs increasing Blogs used to
link: · scientists with scientists ·
scientists with {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}
Likely future developments Increase in {{U}} {{U}}
10 {{/U}} {{/U}}websites, e.g. Facebook, LinkedIn
Establishment of meta-network
填空题Amazon began by selling books online.
填空题This is an advertisement on the radio.
填空题{{B}}SECTION 3 Questions 21-30{{/B}}
{{B}}Questions 21-25{{/B}}Answer the following questions using {{B}}NO MORE
THAN THREE WORDS{{/B}} for each answer.
填空题a sustainable and profitable manner
填空题an inaccurate forecast regarding the reading habits of children
填空题Better by Design: Battling the Throwaway
Culture A Jonathan Chapman, a senior
lecturer from the University of Brighton, UK, is one of a new breed of
"sustainable designers". Like many of us, they are concerned about the huge
waste associated with our consumer culture, and the damage this does to the
environment. They also stress the urgent need to reconsider how we apportion the
Earth's limited resources among a growing human population. What sets them
apart, however, is their belief that we can design our way out of our profligate
ways. Some, like Chapman, aim to design objects we will want to keep rather than
discard. Others are working to create more efficient or durable consumer goods,
or goods designed with recycling in mind. Their shared goal is nothing less than
to redesign society to help us ditch our throwaway culture.
B The consequences of our fickle ways can be found in landfills
everywhere. Americans use and throw away 2.5 million plastic bottles an hour.
The British produce enough garbage to fill the Albert Hall every 2 hours.
According to the authors of "Natural Capitalism", Paul Hawken, Amory Lovins and
Hunter Lovins, only one per cent of all materials flowing through the US economy
end up in products still being used six months after manufacture. The waste
entailed in our fleeting affairs with consumer durables is colossal.
C Take the average domestic power tool. However much DIY we plan on
doing, the truth is we throw these away after using them, on average, for just
10 minutes. Most will serve "conscience time", gathering dust on a shelf in the
garage. We use them for a very short time and keep them to justify buying them,
but the end is inevitable: thousands of years mouldering underground. A power
tool consumes many times its own weight of resources in its design, manufacture,
packaging, transportation and disposal, all for a shorter active lifespan than
that of the adult mayfly. D For most of human history we
had an intimate relationship with the objects we used or treasured. Often we
made them ourselves, or family members passed them on to us. For more specialist
objects, we relied on expert manufacturers living close by, whom we would know
personally. All this gave objects a history—a "narrative"—and an emotional
connection that today's mass-produced goods cannot possibly match. "No wonder we
are dissatisfied," says Chapman. E Without these personal
connections, consumerist culture instead idolizes novelty. We know we can't buy
happiness, but the chance to remake ourselves with glossy, box-fresh products
seems irresistible. When the novelty fades we simply renew the excitement by
buying more new stuff: what John Thackara of Doors of Perception, a network for
sharing ideas about the future of design, calls the "schlock of the new". "As a
sustainable designer, I was growing frustrated with the wasteful superficiality
of design, in its nurturing of endless cycles of desire and disappointment with
consumers," Chapman says. His solution is what he calls "emotionally durable
design", creating things we want to keep. F That may
sound like a tall order, but it can be surprisingly straightforward. Think about
your favourite old jeans. They just don't have the right feel until they have
been worn and washed a hundred times, do they? It is like they are sharing your
life story. You can fake that look, but it isn't the same. G
Chapman says that the gradual unfolding of a relationship like this transforms
our interactions with objects into something richer than simple utility. Swiss
industrial analyst Walter Stahel, visiting professor at the University of
Surrey, UK, calls it the "teddy bear factor". No matter how ragged and worn a
favourite teddy becomes, we don't rush out and buy another one. As adults, our
teddy bear connects us to our childhoods, and this protects it from
obsolescence. Stahel argues that this is what sustainable design needs to do
with more products. H It is not simply about making durable
items that people will want to keep, though. Sustainable design is also a matter
of properly costing the whole process of production, energy use and disposal.
"People who are into sustainable design don't see themselves simply as product
designers any more," says Tim Cooper, from the Centre for Sustainable
Consumption at Sheffield Hallam University in the UK. "They are interested in
the design of systems, the design of culture." He thinks sustainable design has
been "surprisingly slow to take off", but says looming environmental crisis and
resource depletion are now pushing it to the top of the agenda. Last year, a new
product was launched every 3.5 minutes. Given that 80 per cent of the
environmental impact of a product, service or system is determined at the design
stage, Cooper believes sustainable design deserves far more attention than it
has received. I Thackara agrees. For him, the roots of
impending environmental collapse can be summarized in two words: weight and
speed. We are making more stuff than the planet can sustain and using vast
amounts of energy moving more and more of it around ever faster. "Our natural,
human and industrial systems, which evolve slowly, are struggling to adapt,"
Thackara writes. "Laws and institutions that we might expect to regulate these
flows have not been able to keep up." J On the day you
read this the same volume of trade will take place as occurred in the whole of
1949. We now make as many phone calls in a day as were made in the whole of
1983. The information age was supposed to lighten our economies and reduce our
impact on the environment, but in fact the reverse seems to be happening. We
have simply added information technology to the industrial era and speeded up
the developed world's metabolism, Thackara argues. K Once you
grasp that, the cure is hardly rocket science: minimize waste and energy use,
stop moving stuff around so much and use people more. Achieving this is not so
easy, however. Growing numbers of people may be choosing to opt out by
downsizing or embracing the ideology of the "slow movement", which seeks to
reverse the frenetic pace of living, but a return to pre-industrial ways will
never be a global solution. "We cannot stop tech," Thackara says, "and there's
no reason why we should. It's useful. But we need to change the innovation
agenda in such a way that people come before tech." Questions
28-33 Look at statements 28-33 and the list of
people. Match each statement with the correct person.
Write your answers in boxes 28-33 on your answer sheet.
N.B. You may use any person more than once. Chapman
Hawken, A. Lovins and H. Lovins Thackara
Cooper Stahel
填空题Peter Andre and Katie Price were becoming more successful when they met.
填空题
The lecturer says that he will first look at how some cultural values
influence 31 ______ and that then he will 32 ______ demonstrating that
approaches to learning in one culture may not be considered suitable in
others.
填空题annual mating cycle
填空题America's ______ has more than tripled since 1980.