填空题 GLLOBAL WARMING-THE BEGINNING OF THE END Increased social debate regarding complex issues such as the greenhouse effect and global warming has definitely increased our environmental awareness. However, such debates are often emotive rather than informative. One can be forgiven, for example, for believing that the greenhouse effect is something we should be trying to eradicate! Short-wave radiation, in the form of visible ultra-violet (UV) light from the Sun, penetrates Earth's atmosphere to warm the surface of the planet. Because all matter is warmer than space, it radiates heat, and part of the sun's energy is re-radiated out by the Earth's surface. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap some of this infrared radiation causing the Earth's surface and lower atmospheric layers to warm up to a higher temperature than would otherwise be the case. Without these greenhouse gases, Earth would be a frozen, hostile environment with an average global temperature of about -15℃ to -19℃, where no life could be sustained. A thermal balance of energy exists where the Earth radiates about the same amount of energy into space as long-wave radiation that it absorbs from the sun. Our atmosphere allows the balance to be achieved because the trace gases trap and absorb heat. Other interactions are at play that may affect the Earth's albedo or balance of energy. The amount or type of cloud cover, for instance, can alter the amount of energy being exchanged. Cirrus clouds reflect more of the sun's radiation than absorb radiation from the earth. Cumulus clouds do the opposite where the proportion of energy retained is larger than that reflected. The detected increase in carbon dioxide in our atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution will also affect the albedo. Not only has there been an increase in carbon dioxide identified. Other greenhouse base gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluorocarbons have all increased. It is thought that the latter of these minor greenhouse gases may have a stronger impact on global warming than carbon dioxide levels. The largest contributing factor to the increase of greenhouse gases has been the burning of fossil fuels. Carbon in the fuel we burn is oxidised and released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Compounding the problem, deforestation that has taken place over the last 50-100 years reduces the number of trees that are necessary for absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Short-term solutions for regional economic survival means the importance of rainforests in this gas exchange has been ignored. Even a layman can see how the greenhouse effect has earned its bad reputation. An out-of- control greenhouse effect is often quoted using the example of Venus, where heat is trapped by thick clouds and a dense carbon dioxide atmospheric element, making the surface temperature as high as 500℃. Scientists don't always agree on their predictions. Whilst they agree that an increase in greenhouse gases will cause the Earth's temperature to rise, they disagree on what may happen next. Some believe that the subsequent increase in water vapour may help to reduce the temperature. Others believe it will increase the temperature. The collection of meteorological data from observation satellites and a study of samples taken from glaciers and trees for example, support what many of planet Earth's inhabitants notice for themselves. The globe is warming up. It is generally agreed that by about 2030/2040, the average global temperature (presently +15℃) will have risen by anything up to 5℃ causing polar ice-caps and mountain glaciers to melt and changes to ocean currents and circulation patterns causing coastal waters to rise. New weather patterns and extremes are anticipated. Scientists do not know if the increase in average global temperature is just a cycle because of the absence of long-term meteorological data. Comparing climate epochs is complex because so many atmospheric and surface features of land and ocean are different. All of the elements that make up climate are continually changing and dynamically interacting. Knowing therefore, that the Earth cooled during past ice ages and warmed during interglacial periods, has limited worth in predictions for our future. Moreover, records of past climatic epochs are not as reliable or detailed as those records developed in recent decades. General Circulation Models (GCMs) are designed to describe basic behaviour patterns of the atmosphere. Used on super-computers, the system still cannot represent all countries and has to rely on spatial representation of the earth. This means that specific consequences of climate change-like predicting the daily weather for specific climatic regions-are more difficult to predict than the global reality of the Greenhouse Effect. The computers are much more accurate in showing these broader climatic conditions and predicting global effects than more localized phenomena. Many experts conclude that failure to take action in order to limit the impact of human activity is taking a dangerous risk. Others argue that nature will save itself from our apparent inability or disinterest in protecting the planet and that adaptation will, once again, be the key to survival. As these debates continue and governments refuse to act, it is becoming more likely that we will be able to see for ourselves whether or not the dire predictions of global warming are overstated as early as the middle of this century. Questions 28-31 Complete the sentences below with words taken from the passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 28-31 on your Answer Sheet.

填空题Questions 35-36 Choose TWO letters from A-E. Write your answers in boxes 35-36 on your answer sheet. The list below gives some descriptions from the passage. Tigers are in a danger status mainly because of A. over-hunting B. lack of food C. low birth rate D. loss of habitat E. serious pollution problem

填空题You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. Does water have memory? The practice of homeopathy was first developed by the German physician Samuel Hanuman. During research in the 1790s, Hahnemann began experimenting with quinine, an alkaloid derived from cinchona bark that was well known at the time to have a positive effect on fever. Hahnemann started dosing himself with quinine while in a state of good health, and reported in his journals that his extremities went cold, he experienced palpitations, an "infinite anxiety", a trembling and weakening of the limbs, reddening cheeks and thirst—" in short", he concluded, "all the symptoms of relapsing fever presented themselves successively..." Hahnemann's main observation was that things which create problems for healthy people cure those problems in sick people, and this became his first principle of homeopathy: simila s/m/1/bus (with help from the same). While diverging from the principle of apothecary practice at the time—which was contraria contraries (with help from the opposite)—the efficacy of simila similibus was reaffirmed by subsequent developments in the field of vaccinations. Hahnemann's second principle was minimal dosing—treatments should be taken in the most diluted form at which they remain effective. This negated any possible toxic effects of simila similibus. In 1988 the French immunologist Jacques Benefits took minimal dosing to new extremes when he published a paper in the prestigious scientific journal Nature in which he suggested that very high dilutions of the anti-leg antibody could affect human basophile granulocytes, the least common of the granulocytes that make up about 0.01% to 0.3% of white blood cells. The point of controversy, however, was that the water in Benveniste's test had been so diluted that any molecular evidence of the antibodies no longer existed. Water molecules, the researcher concluded, had a biologically active component that a journalist later termed "water memory". A number of efforts from scientists in Britain, France and the Netherlands to duplicate Benveniste's research were unsuccessful, however, and to this day no peer-reviewed study under broadly accepted conditions has been able to confirm the validity of "water memory". The third principle of homeopathy is "the single remedy". Exponents of this principle believe that it would be too difficult, if not impossible, to ascertain the potential effects of multiple homeopathic remedies delivered simultaneously. If it did work, they suggest, one could not know quite why it worked, turning homeopathy into an ambiguous guessing game. If it did not work, neither patient nor practitioner would know whether the ingredients were all ineffective, or whether they were only ineffective in combination with one another. Combination remedies are gaining in popularity, but classical homeopaths who rely on the single remedy approach warn these are not more potent, nor do they provide more treatment options. The availability of combination remedies, these homeopaths suggest, has been led by consumers wanting more options, not from homeopathic research indicating their efficacy. Homeopathy is an extremely contentious form of medicine, with strong assertions coming from both critics and supporters of the practice. "Homeopathy: There's nothing in it" announces the tagline to 10:23, a major British anti-homeopathy campaign. At 10.23 a.m. on 30 January 2010, over 400 supporters of the 10:23 stood outside Boots pharmacies and swallowed an entire bottle each of homeopathic pills in an attempt to raise awareness about the fact that these remedies are made of sugar and water, with no active components. This, defenders of homeopathy say, is entirely the point. Homeopathic products do not rely on ingredients that become toxic at high doses, because the water retains the "memory" that allows the original treatment to function. Critics also point out the fact that homeopathic preparations have no systematic design to them, making it hard to monitor whether or not a particular treatment has been efficacious. Homeopaths embrace this uncertainty. While results may be less certain, they argue, the non-toxic nature of homeopathy means that practitioner and patient can experiment until they find something that works without concern for side effects. Traditional medicine, they argue, assaults the body with a cocktail of drugs that only tackles the symptoms of disease, while homeopathy has its sights aimed on the causes. Homeopaths suggest this approach leads to kinder, gentler, more effective treatment. Finally, critics allege that when homeopathy has produced good results, these are exceedingly dependent on the placebo effect, and cannot justify the resources, time and expense that the homeopathic tradition absorbs. The placebo effect is a term that describes beneficial outcomes from a treatment than can be attributed to the patient's expectations concerning the treatment rather than from the treatment itself. Basically, the patient "thinks" himself into feeling better. Defenders suggest that homeopathy can go beyond this psychological level. They point to the successful results of homeopathy on patients who are unconscious at the time of treatment, as well as on animals.Questions 27-32 Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-K, below. Write the correct letter, A-K, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet. A．avoid the unpredictable outcomes of combining many remedies at once. B．explain the success of 18th century apothecary medicine. C．produce fever-like symptoms in a healthy person. D．keep antibody molecules active in parts as low as 0.01%. E．support the notion official similibus. F．offer more remedial choice. G．produce a less effective dose. H．recreate the original results. I．retain qualities of an antibody to which they were previously exposed. J．satisfy the demand of buyers. K．treat effectively someone with a fever.

填空题{{B}}Questions 21-26{{/B}}Complete the sentences using {{B}}NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS{{/B}} for each gap.

填空题Listen to the statement and fill out the table below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each blank.

填空题Questions 10-14 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1 ? In boxes 10-14 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

填空题Declining Oil Industry

填空题Using __________ to explain specific terms is the most usual in essay writing.

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填空题Complete the form below.Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.Tourism SurveyExample AnswerName: Robert GoddardDestination: MelbourneTotal number of visits: 【L1】______Best thing about the city: 【L2】______Favourite attraction: 【L3】______Best thing aboutthe destination's dining options: 【L4】______ of foodMethod of transportto destination: by 【L5】______Age group: 【L6】______Income level: 【L7】______Purpose of visit: on business【L8】______Occupation: 【L9】______ writer for a travel magazineOpinion of cost of accommodation: 【L10】______

填空题 Questions 31-35 Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. History of weather forecasting Early methods Almanacs connected the weather with the positions of different, {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}at particular times. Invention of weather instruments A huygrometer showed levels of {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}(Nicholas Cusa 1450) Temperature variations first measured by a thermometer containing {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}(Golileo Galilei 1595) A barometer indicated air pressure (Evangelista Torricelli 1645) Transmitting weather information The use of the {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}allowed information to be passed around the world. Dailu {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}were, produced, by the French from 1865. Questions 36-40 Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. Producing a weather forecast

填空题Questions 6-10 Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

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填空题If celebrities co-operate with agencies and photographers, they ______ with regard to which photographs of them are published.

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填空题The number of ______ is decreasing because fewer people are studying physics at university.

填空题Questions17-20Labelplanbelow.ChooseyouranswersfromtheboxbelowandwritethelettersA-Hnexttoquestions17-20.A．AvocadoPackingShedB．CarParkC．CartonManufacturingShedD．CoolRoomE．GiftShopF．GardenShopG．MacadamiaDe-huskingShedH．Museum

填空题Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

填空题 Questions 19-27 Complete the summary below by using words taken from Reading Passage 2. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 19-27 on your Answer Sheet. Initially, doctors believed that Valium was a comparatively {{U}}(19) {{/U}} drug for a number of reasons: it worked quickly, patients could take it but give it up easily and it didn't create any unpleasant {{U}}(20) {{/U}} However, about thirty years ago some disturbing facts became apparent. Doctors found that Valium was {{U}}(21) {{/U}} in the short term and users needed to {{U}}(22) {{/U}} the dosage in order to get the same effect. They also found that even users who took a {{U}}(23) {{/U}} dose became addicted very quickly. In addition to this, one of the most worrying concerns about Valium use was that it was extremely {{U}}(24) {{/U}} for users to give up the drug because it had a long half-life. Doctors are now aware that patients who take Valium merely receive a short-lived feeling of {{U}}(25) {{/U}}. Therefore, guidelines have been developed to make sure that it is used only when it is {{U}}(26) {{/U}} More caution needs to be exercised. Doctors need to talk about patients' stress levels and advise them of {{U}}(27) {{/U}} . Finally, patients need to be more aware of the medications they take.

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