UniversityLibrarytoMakeChangesSomeofthelibrarysbooksareusedonlyinfrequently.Beginningnextsemester,booksthathavenotbeenborrowedinthepastfiveyearswillberemovedfromthelibraryshelves.Accordingtotheheadlibrarian,thegoalistocreatespacefornewbooksthatthelibraryexpectstoacquireinthefuture.Theremovedbookswillbedigitized-theirpageswillbescannedandmadeavailableelectronicallythroughthelibrarysWebsite.Studentswhowishtoaccessthesebooksforanyreasonwillbeabletoviewthecompletetexteasilyonacomputer.

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ClutchSizeinBirdsEachyeartheemperorpenguinlaysoneegg,thepigeonlaysoneortwoeggs,thegulltypicallylaysthreeeggs,theCanadagoosefourtosixeggs,andtheAmericanmergansertenoreleveneggs.Whatdeterminesclutchsizeinbirds?Theultimatefactorsthatdetermineclutchsizearetherequirementsforlong-term(evolutionary)survival.Clutchsizeisviewedasanadaptationunderthecontrolofnaturalselection.Naturalselectionwillfavorthosebirdsthatleavethemostdescendantstofuturegenerations.Atfirstthoughtwemighthypothesizethatnaturalselectionfavorsaclutchsizethatisthephysiologicalmaximumthebirdcanlay.Wecantestthishypothesisbytakingeggsfromnestsastheyarelaid.Whenwedothis,wefindthatsomebirds,suchasthecommonpigeon,aredeterminatelayers;theylayagivennumberofeggs,nomatterwhat.Thepigeonlaystwoeggs,ifyoutakeawaythefirst,itwillincubatethesecondeggonly.Ifyouaddathirdegg,itwillincubateallthree.Butmanyotherbirdsareindeterminatelayers;theywillcontinuetolayeggsuntilthenestisfull.Ifeggsareremovedoncetheyarelaid,thesebirdswillcontinuelaying.Whenthissubterfugewasusedonamallardfemale,shecontinuedtolayoneeggperdayuntilshehadlaid100ofthem.Evidencefromother,similarexperimentssuggeststhatmostbirdsundernormalcircumstancesdonotlaytheirphysiologicallimitofeggsbutthatovulationisstoppedlongbeforethislimitisreached.TheBritishornithologistDavidLackwasoneofthefirstecologiststorecognizetheimportanceofevolutionarythinkinginunderstandingadaptationsinlifehistorytraits.[■A]In1947Lackputforwardtheideathatclutchsizeinbirdswasdeterminedbythenumberofyoungthatparentscanprovidewithfood.[■B]Ifhishypothesisiscorrect,thetotalproductionofyoungoughttobehighestatthenormalclutchsize.[■C]Andifoneexperimentallyincreasedclutchsizebyaddingeggstonests,increasedclutchesshouldsuffergreaterlossesbecausetheparentscouldnotfeedtheextrayounginthenest.[■D]Onewaytothinkaboutthisproblemofoptimumclutchsizeistouseasimpleeconomicapproach.Everythinganorganismdoeshassomecostsandsomebenefits.Thebenefitsoflayingmoreeggsareveryclear--moredescendantsinthenextgeneration.Thecostsarelessclear.Thereisanenergycosttomakeeachadditionalegg,andthereisafurthercosttofeedeachadditionalnestling.Iftheadultbirdsmustworkhardertofeedtheiryoung,thereisalsoapotentialcostinadultsurvival-theadultsmaynotliveuntilthenextbreedingseason.Ifadultsareunabletoworkharder,thereisariskofreductioninoffspringquality.Modelsofthistypeareusefulbecausetheyhelpusthinkaboutthecostsandbenefitsforaparticularecologicalstrategy.Noorganismhasaninfiniteamountofenergytospendonitsactivities.Thereproductiverateofbirdscanbeviewedasonesectorofabirdsenergybalance,andtheneedsofreproductionmustbemaximizedwithintheconstraintsofotherenergyrequirements.Thetotalrequirementsinvolvemetabolicmaintenance,growth,energyusedforpredatoravoidance,competitiveinteractions,andreproduction.AccordingtoLackshypothesis,ifenoughadditionaleggsareplacedinabirdsnest,reproductiveenergyrequirementsescalateandthewholebroodwillsufferfromstarvationsothat,infact,feweryoungbirdswillfledgefromnestscontaininglargenumbersofeggs.InEngland,thebluetitnormallylaysaclutchofninetoeleveneggs.Whatwouldhappenifbluetitshadabroodoftwelveorthirteen?Aresearcherartificiallymanipulatedbroodsathatchingbyaddingorsubtractingchicksandfoundthatthesurvivaloftheyoungbluetitsinmanipulatedbroodswaspoor.Bluetitsfeedoninsectsandapparentlycannotfeedadditionalyoungadequately,somoreoftheyoungstarve.Consequently,itwouldnotbenefitabluetitintheevolutionarysensetolaymoreeggsandtheresultsareconsistentwithLackshypothesis.Individualbirdsappeartoproducetheclutchsizethatmaximizestheirreproductivepotential.

Directions:Youhave20minutestoplanandwriteyourresponse.Yourresponsewillbejudgedonthebasisofthequalityofyourwritingandonhowwellyourresponsepresentsthepointsinthelectureandtheirrelationshiptothereadingpassage.Typically,aneffectiveresponsewillbe150to225words.Summarizethepointsmadeinthelecture,beensuredtoexplainhowtheyChallengethespecifictheoriespresentedinthereadingpassage.

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Directions:Youhave20minutestoplanandwriteyourresponse.Yourresponsewillbejudgedonthebasisofthequalityofyourwritingandonhowwellyourresponsepresentsthepointsinthelectureandtheirrelationshiptothereadingpassage.Typically,aneffectiveresponsewillbe150to225words.Summarizethepointsmadeinthelecture,beingsuretoexplainhowtheychallengethespecificpointsmadeinthereadingpassage.

Enclothed CognitionResearchers have known for some time that wearing a particular kind of clothing can affect how people perceive themselves. Recently, however,researchers have discovered that clothing may affect more than just how we feel about ourselves.The clothes people wear may also change their ability to process information and perform tasks, a phenomenon known as enclothed cognition. Certain clothing can have a particular meaning or association,and wearing this clothing may cause people to think and act in a way that reflects this association. Question：Explain how the example from the professors lecture illustrates the concept of enclothed cognition.

Question：Usingpointsandexamplesfromthelecture,explaintwocharacteristicsofeffectivefeedback.

PayTheaterAssistantsCurrently,theassistantswhohelpwiththeproductionofplaysoncampusarestudentvolunteerswhoarenotpaidorfullytrained.Isuggestthatthetheaterdepartmentpaytheassistantswhohelpoutwithplaysandalsogivethemspecialtraining.Assomeonewhohasbeenincampusproductions,Iknowthatusingvolunteersdoesntworkbecausetheyoftenarrivelateforrehearsals,ornotatall,andtheydontknowalotaboutoperatingstageequipment.However,paidassistantswouldbemoremotivatedtoprovidereliablehelp.Theywouldalsobeabletooperatestageequipmentmoreeffectivelybecausetheywouldhavebettertraining.Sincerely,SallySmith

单选题《复合题被拆开情况》 THE RISE OF MOSCOW 1 The rise of Moscow during medieval times was a fundamental development in Russian history. Moscow began with very little and for a long time could not be compared to su

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单选题《复合题被拆开情况》 THE RISE OF MOSCOW 1 The rise of Moscow during medieval times was a fundamental development in Russian history. Moscow began with very little and for a long time could not be compared to su

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单选题What is the main purpose of the lecture?

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