Adhesions are ______ formed within the body in response to inflammation or injury.

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{{B}}Sections Three：Reading Comprehension{{/B}}

The Sun, the Moon, and Earth have magnetic fields, and______evidence that the stellar that extend through vast regions galaxies have fields of space.

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The ancestors of the horse lived ______ and were about half a meter tall.

{{B}}Section One：Listening Comprehension{{/B}}

After 1785, the production of children's books in the Untied States increased but remained largely reprints of British books, often those published by John Newbery, the first publisher to produce books aimed primarily at diverting a child audience. Ultimately, however, it was not the cheerful, commercial-minded Newhery, but Anglo-Irish author5 Maria Edgeworth who had the strongest influence on this period of American children's literature. The eighteenth century had seen a gradual shift away from the spiritual intensity of earlier American religious writings for children, toward a more generalized moralism. Newbery notwithstanding, Americans still looked on children's books as vehicles for instruction, not amusement, though they would accept a moderate amount of fictional10 entertainment for the sake of more successful instruction. As the children's book market expanded, then, what both public and publishers wanted was the kind of fiction Maria Edgeworth wrote: stories interesting enough to attract children and morally instructive enough to allay adult distrust of fiction, American reaction against imported books for children set in after the War of 181215 with the British. A wave of nationalism permeated everything, and the self-conscious new nation found foreign writings (particularly those from the British monarchy) unsuitable for the children of a democratic republic, a slate of self-governing, equal citizens. Publishers of children's books began to encourage American writers to write for American children. When they responded, the pattern established by Maria Edgeworth was at hand, attractive20 to most of them for both its rationalism and its high moral tone. Early in the 1820's, stories of willful children learning to obey, of careless children learning to take care, of selfish children learning to "tire for others," started to flow from American presses, successfully achieving Edgeworth's tone, though rarely her lively style. Imitative as they were, these early American stories wee quite distinguishable from their British25 counterparts. Few servants appeared in them, and if class distinctions had by no means disappeared, there was much democratic insistence on the worthiness of every level of birth and work. The characters of children in this fiction were serious, conscientious. self-reflective, and independent-testimony to the continuing influence of the earlier American moralistic tradition in children's books.

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{{B}}Sections Two：Structure & Written Expression{{/B}}

The planet Neptune is about 30 times ______ from the Sun as Earth is.

In 1978 the united States National Air and Space Administration selected Sally Ride______ the first woman astronaut.

Lichens. probably the hardiest of all plants, live where virtually nothing else can---not just on rugged mountain peaks but also on sunbaked desert rocks. They are usually the first life to appear on a mountainside that has been scraped bare by an avalanche. Unlike other members of the plant kingdom, lichens are actually a partnership between5 two plants. The framework of a lichen is usually a network of minute hairlike fungus that anchors the plant, The other component is an alga (similar to the green film of plant life that grows on stagnant pools) that is distributed throughout the fungus. Being green plants, algae are capable of photosynthesis--that is, using energy from the Sun to manufacture their own food. The fungi arc believed to supply water, minerals, and physical support to10 the partnership. Lichens are famous for their ability to survive ~ water shortage. When water is scarce (as is often the case on a mountain), lichens may become dormant and remain in that condition for prolonged periods of time. Some lichens can even grow where there is no rain at all, surviving on only occasional dew--the moisture that condenses on the surface15 of the plants at night, And unlike most other plants, lichens are little affected by the strong ultraviolet rays in the mountains. Lichens use little energy, for they grow slowly. Some grow so slowly and are so old that they are called "time stains." You may find lichens that are centuries old; certain of these lichen colonies have been established for an estimated 2,000 years.20 For decades, scientists wondered how the offspring of an alga and a fungus got together to form a new lichen, it seemed unlikely that they would just happen lo encounter one another. It was finally discovered that in many cases the two partners have never been separated. Stalklike "buds" that form on certain lichens are broken off by the wind or by animals; these toll or are blown to a new location

Next to its sheer size, the profound isolation of its many small islands is the most distinctive feature of the Pacific Ocean. Over 25,000 islands are scattered across the surface of the Pacific, more than in all the other oceans combined, but their land area adds up to little more than 125,000 square kilometers, about the size of New York State,5 and their inhabitants total less than two million people, about a quarter of the number that live in New York City. The oceanic islands of the Pacific are some of the most isolated places on Earth. Many are uninhabitable, by virtue of their small size and particular characteristics, but even the most favored are very isolated fragments of land, strictly circumscribed by the ocean, strictly limited in terms of the numbers of people they can10 support. This basic fact of environmental circumstance has been the most pervasive influence in determining the social arrangements, and cultural practices of the people that settled in the Pacific Islands. The peopling of the Pacific Islands has been described as the greatest feat of maritime colonization in human history. Contrary to the conclusions of Thor Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki15 expedition of 1946, the evidence of plant dispersal, archaeology, linguistics, and genetics now shows quite conclusively that the Pacific Islands were not populated from tile east by South Americans who drifted on balsa-wood rafts and the prevailing wind and current, but from the west, by groups from mainland Asia who gradually spread from island to island out into the Pacific. The process began over 40,000 years ago and reached Easter Island20 the most isolated place on Earth-about 1.500 years ago. It ended about 1,000 years ago, when people first settled in Hawaii and New Zealand. Simply surviving those ocean crossings of indeterminate length, in open canoes, to arrive on the shores of uninhabited and hitherto unknown islands, was a formidable achievement. But having found an oasis of land in a watery wilderness, crossed its reef,25 and landed, on its shores, the survivors then faced a series of pressing problems for which solutions had to be found quickly if the small group was to become a vigorous, self- sustaining island population.

Any acid can, in principle, neutralize any base, although ______ between some of the more reactive compounds.

Not until the 1850's ______ a few public-spirited citizens and state legislatures seek to rescue historic buildings in the United States from destruction or alteration.

阅读理解According to the passage, all of the following are true about prints EXCEPT that they

阅读理解Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?

阅读理解Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as North American entrepreneurs 　　　 increased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories. These innovations 　　　 in manufacturing boosted output and living standards to an unprecedented extent; the 　　　 average per capita wealth increased by nearly 1 percent per year―30 percent over (5) the course of a generation. Goods that had once been luxury items became part of 　　　 everyday life. 　　　 The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made 　　　 goods, since the 1790''s, North American entrepreneurs―even without technological 　　　 improvements―had broadened the scope of the outwork system that mace manufacturing (10) more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a 　　　 single step of the production process. For example, during the 1820''s and 1830''s the shoe 　　　 industry greatly expanded the scale and extend of me outwork system. Tens of thousands 　　　 of rural women, paid according to the amount they produced, fabricated the "uppers" of 　　　 shoes, which were bound to the soles by wage-earning journeymen shoemakers in dozens (15) of massachusetts towns, whereas previously journeymen would have made the enure 　　　 shoe. This system of production made the employer a powerful "shoe boss" and eroded 　　　 workers'' control over the pace and conditions of labor. However, it also dramatically 　　　 increased the output of shoes while cutting their price. 　　　 For tasks that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even (20) more important new organization, the modem factory, which used power-driven machines 　　　 and assembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods. As early 　　　 as 1782 the prolific Delaware inventor Oliver Evans had buiit a highly automated, 　　　 laborsaving flour mill driven by water power. His machinery lifted the grain to the top of 　　　 the mill, cleaned it as it fell into containers known as hoppers, ground the grain into flour, 25) and then conveyed the flour back to the top of the mill to allow it to cool as it desended 　　　 into barrels. Subsequently, manufacturers made use of new improved stationary steam 　　　 engines to power their mills. This new technology enabled them to build factories in the 　　　 nation''s largest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations of inexpensive labor, 　　　 good transportation networks, and eager customers.

阅读理解Electricity from Wind Since 1980, the use of wind to produce electricity has been growing rapidly