阅读理解Crosby''s recent study of American historical demography is blithely based on the reconstitution of the records of single parishes, a method that often excludes migrants. Moreover, it is troublesome for historians to obtain information on the birthdates of people who relocated to the parish, and equally difficult to follow those who had migrated to new places of residence. Thus, the exclusion of migrants also followed from the way spatial units were once conceived by the parishioners themselves, a stable and unchanging pre-modern countryside of interchangeable towns unlike "modern" flows to cities. 　　As a result, migration was improperly assumed to be irrelevant because the small units in the countryside were interchangeable and migrants into a parish could thus stand as a proxy for those who had left. In any case, it was thought that migration in the countryside was repetitive and occurred only in response to life course events, such as finding a spouse, and thus, like the parishioners themselves, Crosby complacently equates the demographics of migrants to those of more sedimentary populations.

阅读理解Most words are "lexical words", i.e. nouns signifying "things", the majority of which are abstract concepts rather than physical objects in the world; only "proper nouns" have specific and unique referents in the everyday world. The communicative function of a fully-functioning language requires the scope of reference beyond the particularity of the individual instance. While each leaf, cloud or smile is different from all others, effective communication requires general categories or "universals". Anyone who has attempetd to communicate with people who do not share their language will be familiar with the limitations of simply pointing to things, given that the vast majority of lexical words in a language exist on a high level of abstraction and refer to classes of things such as "buildings" or to concepts like "construction". 　　We lose any one-to-one correspondence of word and thing the moment we group instances into classes. Other than lexical words, language consists of "function words" or grammatical words, such as "only" and "under" which do not refer to objects in the world at all, and many more kinds of signs other that simple nouns. The notion of words as labels for concepts assumes that ideas exist independently of words and that ideas are established in advance before the introduction of linguistic structure. Clearly, language is not limited to naming things existing in the physical world, but includes non-existent objects and ideas well.　The nomenclaturist stance, in viewing words as labels forpre-existing ideas and objects, attempts unsuccessfully to reduce language to the purely referential function of naming things. Things do not exist independently of the sign systems which we use; "reality" is created by the media which seem simply to represent it. Language does not simply name pre-existing categories; categories do not exist in "the world" . e. g. "where are the boundaries of a cloud; when does a smile begin". Such an emphasis on reality as invariably perceptually seamless may be an exaggeration; our referential categories do seem to bear some relationship to certain features which seem to be inherently salient. Within a language, many words may refer to "the same thing" but reflect different evaluations of it. For example, ''one person''s ''hovel'' is another person''s '' home''" 　　Meanwhile, the signified of a word is subject to historical change. In this sense, "reality" or "the world" is created by the language we use: this argument insists on the primacy of the signifier. Even if we do not adopt the radical stance that "the real world" is a product of our sign systems, we must still acknowledge the lack of signifiers for many things in the empirical world and that there is no parallel correlation between most words and objects in the known world at all. Thus, all words are "abstractions", and there is no direct correspondence between words and "things" in the world.

阅读理解Scientists studying the effect of large volcanic eruptions on global climate have long focused on the major quantities of carbon dioxide (C02), a gas known to contribute to the greenhouse effect, produced by these eruptions. It is well observed that such greenhouse gases trap heat radiated from the surface of the earth, thereby forming a type of insulation around the planet. The greenhouse effect is essential for ecological equipoise because it maintains the temperature of the planet within habitable parameters, but there is growing concern that man-made production of gases such as CO[,2] from the burning of fossil fuels may be threatening the system''s tolerance, and have resulted in excessive warming on a global scale. While volcanic eruptions indubitably metabolize and accumulate C0[,2] in the atmosphere, it has been recently discovered that their impact is virtually trivial compared to the quantity produced by human activities, especially heavy industry. In reality, the more substantive climatic effect from volcanoes results from the production of atmospheric haze, whereby large eruption columns inject ash particles and sulfur-rich gases into the troposphere and stratosphere, clouds that circumscribe the globe within weeks of the volcanic activity. Ash and aerosol clouds from large volcanic eruptions disseminate quickly through the atmosphere, and the small ash particles decrease the amount of sunlight reaching the surface of the earth and lower average global temperatures, while the sulfurous gases combine with water in the atmosphere to form acidic aerosols that also absorb incoming solar radiation and scatter it back out into space. 　　There is evidence that volcanoes'' stratospheric ash clouds has a lesser effect on global temperatures than aerosol clouds, given that the major Mt. St. Helens eruption had lowered global temperatures by about 0.1 degree C, while two years later the much smaller eruption of El Chico had, by contrast, three to five times the global cooling effect worldwide. Despite its smaller ash cloud, El Chico emitted more than 40 times the volume of sulfur-rich gases produced by Mt. St. Helens, revealing that the formation of atmospheric sulfur aerosols has a more substantial effect on global temperatures than simply the volume of ash produced during an eruption. Sulfate aerosols appear to necessitate several years to settle out of the atmosphere, one of the reasons their effects are so widespread and enduring. This corroborates the opinion of those scientists who argue that without the cooling effect of major volcanic eruptions such as El Chico, global warming effects caused by human activities would be far more substantial. It should be noted that major volcanic eruptions have additional climatic effects beyond global temperature decreases and acid rain, for ash and aerosol particles suspended in the atmosphere scatter light of red wavelengths, often resulting in brilliantly colored sunsets and sunrises around the world.

阅读理解Since her own era, Christina Rossetti''s devout Christianity has often been seen as a characteristic setting her apart from the other avowedly non-Christian members of the Pre-Raphaelite circle. In designating their movement a form of"aesthetic mysticism", one established critic, Alice Law described the place Pre-Raphaelitism holds in the development of Victorian artistic culture as a movement away from a predominantly religious and moralizing function toward a culture of aestheticism―precisely what Rossetti''s work has long been thought to reject. The Pre-Raphaelites'' attention to picturesque detail, the medievalist atmosphere and settings, the pervasive melancholy of their works, and their awareness of their art''s primarily Christian literary and pictorial origins―all these have been traditionally downplayed in their similarity to the characteristics of Christina Rossetti''s poetry. 　　This belief persists, despite the distinctly religious "atmosphere" of much of the work produced by both generations of Pre-Raphaelites: its employment of biblical images and typology; of religious figural language; and, more especially and pervasively, of medievalist backgrounds and settings that were seen by their early audiences to have clearly devotional, if not dangerously "Romanist", associations. When discussing Pre-Raphaelitism as an historical movement, we must remember that the first brotherhood was inspired largely by a sacramental aesthetic that tended to alienate Victorian society, which generally abhorred the notion of sacrifice. It is true that Rossetti''s traditional solution to the Romantic and Victorian literary problem of alienation from nature and the more characteristically Victorian problem of despair at life''s meaninglessness, was fundamentally Christian. But with few exceptions, Rossetti relied on the colloquial and angst-ridden language of both generations of Pre-Raphaelites. Even Swinburne, the Pre-Raphaelite whose anti-orthodoxy and iconoclasm seem to conflict most profoundly with Rossetti''s values, enthusiastically hailed her. 　　That most Victorians themselves perceived Christina Rossetti as unequivocally Pre-Raphaelite in her poetic affinities is clear, for throughout her poetry and much of her prose Christina Rossetti demonstrated true and deep affinities with Pre-Raphaelite aesthetic values, in both innovative and traditional ways. We must not forget her "pictorial" modes of representation, the medieval atmosphere and settings that appear repeatedly in her poems, her appreciation of the world''s physical beauty and its expression in lush images, the intensity of her poems, which seems inseparable from their "sincerity", and not least her preoccupation with love. To a greater extent than figures more peripheral to the Pre-Raphaelite circle, Christina Rossetti produced works that appear to be dominated by the same aesthetic consciousness and literary values that make Pre-Raphaelitism the central movement which unintentionally spawned the aestheticism of the 1880s and 1890s. Pre-Raphaelitism, in fact, influenced aesthetic thought in a way that made the movement central to the transition from the sentimental moral idealism of the Victorian mainstream to the variously nihilistic, skeptical, and ironic value systems that dominate modern poetry.

单选题Analogies

单选题 k ak pk 1 100 0.10 2 200 0.25 3 300 0.20 4 400 0.25 5 500 0.20 If in an experiment the probabilities of obtaining the values a1，a2，a3，a4， and a5are p1，P2，P3，P4 and P5，respectively，then the expected value is defined as a1p1+a2p2+a3p3+a4p4+a5p5．For the values and their corresponding probabilities in the table above，what is the expected value? A. 350 B. 320 C. 300 D. 270 E. 250

单选题If a particular vaccine is produced only by one company at a single facility, there is a possibility that the supply of vaccine could grow ------- if the company decides to cease production.

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单选题IMMEDIATE:

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单选题Childhood memoirs often gain their poignancy through a sense of displacement: each lesson in experience is accompanied by a loss of-------.

单选题xpercentof24is12

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单选题The author regards the idea that gendering stems from a composer's "practical consciousness" of how musical expression works with(A) serious caution(B) strong indignation(C) marked indifference(D) moderate amusement(E) sharp derision

单选题 Body language involves a combination of multiple facial (i) ______ and various physical positions to convey its unique (ii) ______ message. 　Blank(i) 　　　　　Blank(ii) terminology oral expressions strident appearance nonverbal

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单选题FORESTALL:

单选题The author suggests that all of the following is true concerning the cloning process EXCEPT

单选题Questions14-15refertothefollowingdefinition.a,brepresentstheremainderwhenaisdividedbyb.