填空题Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage. Every year, malaria (疟疾) (47) about five hundred million people. More than one million of them die, mostly young children and pregnant women in Africa. For several years in sub-Saharan Africa, the Global Fund and other groups have been (48) for bed nets treated with long-lasting insect poison. Malaria is (49) by mosquito bites. The groups have also invested in anti--malaria drugs for A. C. T. , artemisinin-based combination therapy (青蒿素的组合疗法) . Recently, a team from the World Health organization visited Ethiopia (埃塞俄比亚) , Ghana (加纳) , Rwanda (卢旺达) and Zambia (赞比亚) . These countries were the first to (50) the bed nets and medicine. The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis (结核) and Malaria requested a study to see if the interventions were (51) . The researchers found that the answer is yes. They looked at records of children (52) five. They found that malaria deaths fell (53) sixty-six percent in Rwanda between two thousand five and two thousand seven. Deaths fell by fifty-one percent in Ethiopia, thirty-four percent in Ghana and thirty-three percent in Zambia. The team reported that limited supplies of bed nets could help (54) the more limited (55) in Zambia and Ghana. But the findings in Ghana were more difficult to explain, because deaths from causes other than malaria fell more (56) .A) byI) distributeB) mostlyJ) inC) sickens K) spreadD) paying L) effectsE) explain M) overF) receiving N) underG) helping O) causesH) sharply

填空题Reports ______ (基于这些事实基础上的) have been put on the front page of newspapers and mused the great interest of the public.

填空题Ancient Egyptians mummify their dead bodies and provide them with tombs with all the daily necessities, for they think they would restart their lives in the tomb.

填空题Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Even Google Won't Be Around Forever, Let Alone Facebook In the world of Internet technology a company can go from zero to hero in a very short time. A．Some years ago, when the Google Books project, which aims to digitise all of the world's printed books, was getting under way, the two co-founders of Google were having a meeting with the librarian of one of the universities that had signed up for the plan. At one point in the conversation, the Google boys noticed that their collaborator had suddenly gone rather quiet. One of them asked him what was the matter. "Well," he replied, "I'm wondering what happens to all this stuff when Google no longer exists." Recounting the conversation to me later, he said: "I've never seen two young people looking so strained (震惊的): the idea that Google might not exist one day had never crossed their minds." And yet, of course, the librarian was right. He had to think about the next 400 years. But the number of commercial companies that are more than a century old is vanishingly small. Entrusting the world's literary heritage to such transient (短暂的) organisations might not be entirely wise. B．Compared with nay librarian friend, we have the attention span of newts. We are constantly overawed (使敬畏) by the size, wealth and dominance of whatever happens to be the current corporate giant. At the moment, the four leading monsters are Apple, Google, Facebook and Amazon. Yet 18 years ago, Apple was weeks away from extinction, Amazon had just launched, Google was still three years away from incorporation and Facebook lay nine years into the future. C．At one level, all this proves is that in the technology world one can go from zero to hero in a very short time. (Or, in Apple's case, from hero to zero and back to hero again in 36 years). Some of the industry's greatest executives understood this very well. Andy Grove, for instance, who led Intel for 11 years, was famous for his mantra "Only the paranoid survive". For many years — when he led Microsoft and before he embarked on saving the world — Bill Gates appeared to have the same sentiment tattooed on his forehead. And in both cases they turned out to be right: though Intel and Microsoft are still significant companies, their dominance has ended. The processors that dominate the market for mobile devices are designed by ARM, a Cambridge company, not by Intel; and Microsoft's monopolistic (垄断的) grip on the desktop computing market turned out to be a wasting asset. D．We understand pretty well the factors that determine the fortunes of companies that make things people buy — which is why, for example, one can predict that Apple won't be able indefinitely to sustain its huge profit margins on its iDevices. Likewise, it's pretty easy to predict where Amazon is headed: it aims to be the Wal-Mart of the web, and is therefore likely to be around for quite a while. Google has a well understood and currently profitable business model and a huge technical infrastructure but ultimately is vulnerable (难预防的) to a well-resourced competitor armed with better search technology. E．This leaves Facebook, a company that has one billion products (called users) and earns its living by selling information about them to advertisers. Given that holders of Facebook accounts don't pay for the service — and are therefore free to depart at any point — you'd have thought that its long-term durability would be questionable. And yet lots of informed and canny (精明的) investors disagree. They appear to regard the company as a sure-fire bet. F．The two key factors that will determine Facebook's future are the power of network effects and the "stickiness" of its service — ie, the extent to which it can dissuade users from leaving. A network effect comes into play when the value of a product or service is dependent on the number of people using it. A telephone network with a million subscribers is infinitely more valuable than one with only I0. In technological ecosystems, network effects are very powerful: they explain, for example, how Microsoft came to dominate the market for desktop operating and office systems. G．In the early days of online social networking there were a range of different, incompatible (不兼容的) networks — Friendster, Orkut, MySpace and Facebook. But, over time, Facebook won out by attracting more users and growing more quickly than the others. And the more quickly it grew, the more powerful the network effect became, with the result that it is now the de facto (实际上存在的) standard for social networking. In fact, it is now so dominant that millions of people around the world think that Facebook is the Internet. H．If you put your faith in network effects, therefore, Facebook looks like a good investment because it'll be around for the long term. If people want to do social networking, then it'll be the only game in town. Facebook users will constitute a captive market and will be correspondingly exploited. And the company will be regulated as a monopoly. I．Which is where "stickiness" comes in. How much exploitation will users tolerate before they decide to quit? We know a lot about network effects but relatively little about this, which is why a new study by three scientists at the Swiss university ETH Zurich makes interesting reading. They examined several social networking services, seeking to identify what makes them resilient and what could cause them to decline. And they performed an empirical autopsy on a failed service — Friendster — using data gathered just before it closed. The key determinants of success or failure were (i) the average number of friends that users have and (ii) whether the difficulty of using the site comes to outweigh the perceived benefits. Facebook is doing OK on the first of these criteria but — in my experience — becoming increasingly vulnerable on the second as the company tries to "monetise (货币化)" its users. If Mark Zuckerberg's empire can't square this circle then not even the power of network effects will save it in the long run.

填空题Social reasons for trigging depression are ______.

填空题It is these disadvantages ______(导致了我们的失败)．

填空题 A hobby can be almost anything a person likes to do in his {{U}}(36) {{/U}}time. Hobbyists raise pets, build {{U}}(37) {{/U}}ships, weave baskets, or carve soap {{U}}(38) {{/U}}. They watch birds, hunt animals, climb {{U}}(39) {{/U}}, raise flowers, fish, ski, skate, and swim. Hobbyists also paint pictures {{U}}(40) {{/U}}concerts and plays, and perform on musical {{U}}(41) {{/U}}. They collect everything from books to {{U}}(42) {{/U}}, and from shells to stamps. People take up hobbies because these activities offer enjoyment, friendship, knowledge, and {{U}}(43) {{/U}}. Sometimes they even yield financial profit.{{U}} (44) {{/U}}. Hobbies also offer interesting activities for persons who have retired. Anyone, rich or poor, old or young, sick or well, can follow a satisfying hobby, regardless of his age, position, or income. {{U}} (45) {{/U}}. Doctors have found that hobbies are valuable in helping patients recover from physical or mental illnesses. Hobbies give bedridden or wheel-chair bound patients something to do, and provide interests that keep them from thinking about themselves.{{U}} (46) {{/U}}.

填空题The adoption of a new politically ascendant culture as the characteristic of the development of Anglo-Saxon England is that of the ______.

填空题committee, commitment, commission

填空题Not Seeing the Forest for the Dollar Bills A. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has finally declared the spotted owl an endangered species. The decision will, if the administration enforces the law of the land, drastically cut back logging in the owl"s habitat—old-growth forest in the Pacific Northwest. B. The logging companies are fighting back. They will go to court to "dispute the science" behind the finding. Knowing that the science is not on their side, they have also leaned on the administration not to enforce the law. And they are trying to get the law changed. C. The law in question is the Endangered Species Act. The companies want it to take into account economic considerations. If it did, they say over and over to the press, the politicians, and the public, we would never choose to sacrifice 28,000 jobs for an owl. D. That is not the choice at all, of course. The choice is not between an owl and jobs, but between a forest and greed. E. The spotted owl is, like every other species, the holder of a unique genetic code that is millions of years old and irreplaceable. Even more important, the owl is a canary, in the old miners" sense—a sign that all is well. It is an indicator species, a creature high up the food chain that depends upon a large area of healthy land for its livelihood. Every thriving family of spotted owls means that 4,000 acres of forest are well. The trees are living their full lives and returning stored nutrients to the soil when they die. Two hundred other vertebrates that live in the forest are well, as are 1,500 insects and spiders and untold numbers of smaller creatures. The spongy soil under the trees is storing and filtering rain, controlling floods and droughts, keeping the streams clear and pure. F. When old-growth is clear-cut, the trees and the owls disappear and so does everything else. Burned slash release to sky nutrients that have been sequestered and recycled by living things for 500 years. What"s left of the soil bleeds downhill as from an open wound. Waters cloud and silt, flood and dry up. The temperature goes up, and the humidity goes down. It will take hundreds of years to regather the nutrients, rebuild the soil, and restore the complex system of intact forest, if there is still old-growth forest to recolonize, and it forest companies stay away. G. There are unlikely to stay away. On their own land, they replant with a single, commercially valuable, fast-growing species and call it a forest. It bears as much resemblance to a 500-year-old natural forest as a suburb of identical ticky-tacky houses bears to Renaissance cathedral. Ecologists call such plantations "cornfields". It"s not at all certain how many cycles of these cornfields will be possible, given the loss of soil and nutrients when they are cut every fifty years or so. H. In the past ten years, 13,000 forest-related jobs were lost in Oregon alone, though the annual cut increased. Jobs were lost to automation and to moving mills offshore, not to the Endangered Species Act. I. The forest companies are interested not in jobs or forests, but in multiplying money. Old-growth forests make higher profit than second-growth plantations. Therefore 85 percent of the old-growth is already gone. The companies have stripped it from their own lands. Nearly all that remains is on federal land, owned by you and me. In Washington and Oregon, 2.4 million acres of old-growth are left of which 800,000 are protected in national parks. The rest, in national forests, is marked for cutting. J. Our elected representatives are selling off old-growth logging rights in national forests at a rate of about 100,000 acres per year, and at a loss. Taxpayers are subsidizing this process. At the present cutting rate, all but the last protected bits will be gone in about twenty years. The owls will be on their way out—the 800,000 acres remaining will be too fragmented to sustain them. The jobs will be gone, not because of owls, but because of rapacious forestry. K. If loggers and their communities cannot be sustained by second-growth cutting on private lands, then they were in trouble anyway. A compassionate nation would look for a dignified way to help them build a viable economy. It wouldn"t sacrifice the biological treasure of intact forest to keep them going twenty more years. That"s the kind of behavior we are righteously telling the Brazilians to stop. L. The Endangered Species Act should not take into account economic considerations. Economics doesn"t know how to value a species or a forest. Its logic drives people to exploit resources to the point of extinction. The Endangered Species Act tells us that extinction is morally unacceptable. It was enacted by a Congress and President in a wise mood, to express a higher value than a bottom line. It should not be weakened. It should be enforced.

填空题According to the evolutionary theory of sleep, evolution{{U}} (36) {{/U}}us with a regular pattern of sleeping and waking. The theory does not{{U}} (37) {{/U}}that sleep provides some important restorative functions. It merely says that{{U}} (38) {{/U}}has programmed us to perform those functions at a time when activity would be{{U}} (39) {{/U}}and. possibly dangerous. However, sleep protects us only from the sort of{{U}} (40) {{/U}}we might walk into; it does not{{U}} (41) {{/U}}us from trouble that comes looking for us. So we sleep well in a{{U}} (42) {{/U}}, safe place, but we sleep lightly, if at all, when we fear that bears will{{U}} (43) {{/U}}into the tent.{{U}} (44) {{/U}}. Why do cats, for instance, sleep so much, while horses sleep so little?{{U}} (45) {{/U}}. But cats can afford to have long periods of in activity because they spend little time eating and are unlikely to be attacked while they sleep. Horses must spend almost all their waking hours eating, because what they eat is very low in energy value. Moreover,{{U}} (46) {{/U}}.

填空题____________________.(医生告诉他不要吸烟), Mr Smith carried neither matches nor cigarettes.

填空题As for air quality indoors, Australians suffer a higher concentration of pollutants than people in other regions.

填空题She did well at school, though she ______(时不时得兼职).