Fake holiday villa websites prompt warning [A]. During the British winter, the thought of two weeks in a coastal villa (别墅) with soul-stirring views of the sea and a huge pool to enjoy is enough to offset (抵消) the labor until the holidays start. For a growing number of people, however, their yearly break is turning into a nightmare as they find that the property they have paid thousands for does not exist and the website through which they booked it has disappeared. [B]. Consumers have been warned to be aware of the potential for deception in this market, which is far from uncommon. In 2017 there were 1,632 cases of reported "villa fraud (诈骗)", with victims losing an average of f2,052, according to Action Fraud, the national center for reporting such frauds. "Millions of pounds are lost each year by holidaymakers,"says Sean Tipton of the Association of British Travel Agents（ABTA）. [C]. The problem has ballooned in the last 10 years，with frauds becoming more and more sophisticated.The fake websites have authentic-sounding names involving a mix of keywords，typically including the place name，"summer"，"villas"or“rentals".Details of legitimate（合法的）villas are often stolen from other sites."When the fraudsters first started it was unsophisticated-the websites looked amateur and there wasnt a lot of effort，"says Tipton."Now they are clever.They extensively rip off legitimate websites and use a different website name.Theyll have pictures of a sales team and it might be a poor actor in New York that is down as their head of sales." [D]. Fraudsters target popular seaside destinations for British tourists visiting Spain where prices can soar if demand exceeds supply. Prices are kept within reasonable ranges to avoid arousing suspicion. "A villa might cost E5,000 elsewhere and they will offer it at say f3,500. But a bit of a giveaway is that the villa will be cheaper than on other websites and theres unlimited availability,"says Tipton. Fraudsters also invest in pay-per-click advertising to feature at the top of search engines when people type in phrases such as "Spanish seaside villas". [E]. With such a degree of professionalism, how can consumers find out if the website they re looking to book with is trustworthy? "When people book holiday villas they are doing so through rose-colored glasses,"says Tony Neate, chief executive of Get Safe Online. "They should be Googling the property, and looking on websites like Google Maps and StreetView to see if its there. Also, speak to the person you re booking the villa with on a landline phone, as fraudsters tend to only use mobiles."He also suggests asking someone not going on theholiday to have a look at the website. "They might spot problems you dont spot."Another potential red flag is being asked to pay by bank transfer. "The problem is that when the money leaves your account its in theirs straightaway and its very hard to track it,"says Barclayshead of digital safety, Jodie Gilbert. "We generally recommend other forms of payment, like credit card." [F]. Little seems to be known about these fraudsters. "There is no way to definitely know who they are,"says Neate. "It could be anyone. It could be your next-door neighbor or organized crime in Russia."Action Fraud says people should ensure the company renting the villa is a member of a recognized trade body such as ABTA. [G]. "By working with industry partners such as ABTA and Get Safe Online, we are able to issue alerts about the latest threats they should be aware of. If you believe you have fallen victim to fraud or cyber-crime, please report it to Action Fraud,"it adds. ABTA says it is trying to combat the issue by running public awareness campaigns. "Its a growing problem and people cant stop fraudsters being dishonest,"says Tipton. "They re still going to do it. Its not impossible to stop but as its internet-based its harder to pursue." [H]. Nick Cooper, the founder and co-owner of villa booking company Villa Plus, estimates his company has uncovered more than 200 fake villa websites over the past two years, and doesnt believe enough is being done. "It is hopeless to report fake villa websites to the internet giants who host them,"he says. "I found it impossible to speak to anyone. Also, once one bank account gets reported, they simply use another." [I]. For now the only way to stop fraudsters appears ultimately to lie in the hands of the consumer. "When people book their holidays they get so emotionally involved, and when they find that villa at a good price with availability in peak season, they are an easy target,"says Cooper. "The public has to learn to be far more aware they are a target for these sort of frauds."But its not just the financial cost. "A family will turn up at villa and find out it doesnt exist or the owner doesnt know who you are,"says Tipton. "The problem then is you have to find accommodation at short notice. It can be incredibly expensive but its the emotional cost, too." [J]. Carla O Shaughnessy from Sydenham was searching last year for a good deal to book a villa in Majorca for a summer break for the family. I was comparing prices online and found one on that came in a bit cheaper than others,"says O Shaughnessy. She emailed the company via its website, asking how far the villa was from the airport and about local restaurants. "Theycame back with plausible answers; it was all very friendly and professional,"she says. Happy with the responses, O Shaughnessy paid the full amount of f3,000 via bank transfer into the travel agents account and then forgot about it until a month before the booking. [K]. "I tried logging on to the website and couldnt,"she recalls. "I Googled the agents name and there were lots of complaints about him being a fraudster. If only Id Googled before but I never thought of it."Although she found another villa in time for their holiday, she admits she was much more cautious. "I paid through a secure third-party site and had phone conversations with the agent. But I wasnt able to relax until we turned up and I had the keys."

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay titled "Do violent video games lead to violence? ". The statement given below is for your reference. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. A growing body of research finds that violent video games can make kids act aggressively in their real world relationships, causing an increase in violence.

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You might think of your teeth as tools, like built-in knives and forks. But if they are mere tools, why do teeth feel pain and wouldnt it be better if they could just __26__ under any conditions? In spite of our __27__discomfort, it turns out theres a good reason our teeth are so sensitive. Tooth pain is a __28__ mechanism that ensures when a tooth is being damaged. We ll notice and do something about it.If you eat something too hot or too cold, or if the tooth is wom down enough where the tissue __29__ is exposed, all of those things cause pain, and then the pain causes the person not to use that tooth to try to protect it a little bit more. So its really a protective mechanism more than anything else. If teeth didnt feel pain, we might __30__ to use them in situations that damage them. And for humans, damaging __31__ teeth is a problem because, unlike crocodiles, we cant __32__ them.Teeth have three layers, only one of which—the innermost layer of the tooth hurt, as thatlayer of the tooth __33__ both blood vessels and nerves. Pain is the only feeling to which the nerves in that layer respond. Whereas people with tooth sensitivity may complain, for example, of tooth pain __34__ by heat or cold, the nerves in the inner layer dont sense temperature. Rather, they feel pain, which may be __35__ with, say, drinking something very cold.

If youve ever looked at the ingredients list while grocery shopping, chances are youve seen the term“natural flavors". But have you taken a __26__ to consider what these natural flavors actually are?Most of us might think that“natural flavors" are, well, naturally good for us. A recent study in the journal Appetite found that when the word“natural" appears on packaging, people __27__ that the food within is indeed healthier. In truth, natural flavors do not __28__ much, at least chemically speaking, from their flavor-boosting __29__ : artificial flavors. Both can be made in a lab by trained flavorists, but artificial flavors use chemicals to give a producta __30__ smell or taste.Natural flavors come from plant or animal __31__, like fruit, vegetable, meat, fish or milk that is then processed or refined in some way. In short, natural flavors are __32__ from plants and animals to create specific flavors for processed foods. But that doesn’t __33__ make it easier to tell what’s really in your food. Because the Food and Drug Administration (FD

Nowadays you can't buy anything without then being asked to provide a rating of a company's performance on a five-star scale. I've been asked to rate my "store 26 "on the EFTPOS terminal before I can pay. Even the most 27 activities, such as calling Telstra or picking up a parcel from Australia Post, are followed by texts or emails with surveys asking, "How did we do?" Online purchases are 28 followed up by a customer satisfaction survey. Companies are so 29 for a hit of stars that if you delete the survey the company sends you another one. We're 30 to rate our apps when we've barely had a chance to use them. One online course provider I use asks you what you think of the course after you've only completed 31 2 per cent of it. Economist Jason Murphy says that companies use customer satisfaction ratings because a 32 display of star feedback has become the nuclear power sources of the modern economy. However, you can't help but 33 if these companies are basing their business on fabrications (捏造的东西). I 34 that with online surveys I just click the 35 that's closest to my mouse cursor (光标) to get the damn thing off my screen. Often the star rating I give has far more to do with the kind of day I'm having than the purchase I just made.

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the following question. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Suppose a foreign friend of yours is coming to visit China, what is the first place you would like to take him/her to see and why?

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In the coming era of budget cuts to education, distance learning could become the norm. The temptation for those in charge of education budgets to trade teachers for technology could be so strong that they ignore the disadvantages of distance learning. School facilities are expensive to build and maintain, and teachers are expensive to employ. Online classes do not require buildings and each class can host hundreds of people simultaneously resulting in greater savings, thus increasing the temptation of distance education for those concerned more about budgets than learning. But moving away from a traditional classroom in which a living, breathing human being teaches and interacts with students daily would be a disaster. Physically attending school has hidden benefits: getting up every morning interacting with peers, and building relationships withteachers are essential skills to cultivate in young people. Moreover, schools should be more than simple institutions of traditional learning. They are now places that provide meals. They are places where students receive counseling and other support.Those policy-makers are often fascinated by the latest technology in education and its potential to transform education overnight. But online education does not allow a teacher to keep astruggling student after class and offer help. Educational videos may deliver academic content, but they are unable to make eye contact or assess a student´s level of engagement. Distance education will never match the personal teaching in a traditional classroom. In their firstl8 years of life, American children spend only 9% of their time in school. Yet teachers are expected to prepare them to be responsible citizens, cultivate their social skills, encourage successful time management, and enhance their capacity to flourish in an increasingly harsh labor market. Given these expectations, schools should not become permanently "remote".The power of the classroom is rooted in the humanity of the people gathered in the same place, at the same time. Personal teaching is about teachers´ showing students a higher path and about young people going through the process together. Technology, no matter how advanced, should simply be a tool of a good teacher.

Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessaybasedonthepicturebelow.Youshouldstartyouressaywithabriefaccountoftheincreasinguseofthemobilephoneinpeople´slifeandthenexplaintheconsequencesofoverusingit.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.Peoplearecrossingthestreetlookingattheircellphonesandusingwalkingsticksinordertosee.

Online classes began to be popularized just a few decades ago. They are advertised as a way for adults to finish their education and students to leam the material at their own pace -it is far more compatible for people with busy schedules.But after being enrolled in an online course last fall semester, I came to realize online classes were merely a means to fulfill course requirements.First of all, students lack the desire to learn and they simply complete their assignments to receive credit for a passing grade rather than genuinely engage with the course material.As online courses tend to have more than 100 students, most of the assignments are short and simple. They are not designed for students to interact with the material in depth but designed to be graded easily to accommodate such a large number of students.Perhaps the biggest disadvantage of taking an online class is the absence of face-to-face interaction between the teacher and their students. Live sessions are infrequent and are often scheduled during the middle of the day when students have to attend other classes or work. Theoffice hours of the professor may also be during inconvenient times for many students as well. Most interaction with the professor has to be through email which is often impersonal. It is nearly impossible for students to build a relationship with their professor.There is also little interaction amongst students. It can be harder for students to create study groups and form relationships with their peers.Online classes also require either a computer or laptop and a reliable internet connection. Not all students have access to these types of resources, whether it is for financial or other reasons, and some students can be put at a disadvantage.Offering online classes certainly helps students who would otherwise not be able to attend classroom sessions. However, they fail to provide a genuine education with an emphasis on convenience rather than critical thinking. We need restructured online classes in which students can have a leaming experience that will actually provide quality education.

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay titled "Are people becoming addicted to technology? ". The statement given below is for your reference. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Numerous studies claim that addiction to technology is real and it has the same effect on the brain as drug addiction.

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In the age of the internet, theres no such thing as a private debate. But is that bad for science? Some scientists have had concems. When debates in any sector move beyond the halls of universities and government agencies, there is potential for information to be used incorrect leading to public confusion: yet, open debate can also promote communication between scientific community and the public. Recent open debates on scientific research, health, and policy have aroused greater public attention and encouraged more diverse voices. If this trend spurs scientists to agree more quickly about the best solutions to our problems -and at the same time helps the public observe the process of scientific discourse more clearly -then this is good for everyone, including scientists. A recent debate published in The New York Times discussed the question of how quickly medicine should be developed and produced. Issues such as safety of the product and perception of the public were examined and considered. But some experts worried that such public speculation might lead people to believe that disagreement about the details meant a lack of adequate scientific consensus over the safety and efficiency of modem-day vaccine. The anxiety seems misplaced. Gone are the days of going to a conference and debating about scientific issues, and thats good because those gatherings were not diverse enough and excluded many important voices. These days, the public can access debates about science regardless of where they take place.For many scientists, public debate is a new frontier and it may feel like a place with few restrains or rules, but rather than avoiding such conversations, let the debates be transparent and vigorous, wherever they take place. If the public is to understand that science is an honorably self-correcting process, the idea that science is a fixed set of facts in a textbook needs to be dismissed. With the validity of science coming under attack, theres a need for scientific debates to be perceived as open and true to life. Let everyone see the noisy, messy deliberations that advance science and lead to decisions that benefit us all.

阅读理解Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage

阅读理解Questions 71 to 80 are based on the following passage

阅读理解As many office workers adapt to remote work, cities may undergo fundamental change if offices remain under-utilized. Who will benefit if working from home becomes the norm? Employers argue they make considerable savings on real estate when workers shift from office to home work. However, these savings result from passing costs on to workers. Unless employees are fully compensated, this could become a variant of parasitic (寄生的) capitalism, whereby corporate profits increasingly rely on extracting value from the public—and now personal—realm, rather than on generating new value. Though employers are backed by a chorus of remote work advocates, others note the loneliness, reduced productivity and inefficiencies of extended remote work. If working from home becomes permanent, employees will have to dedicate part of their private space to work. This requires purchasing desks, chairs and office equipment. It also means having private space dedicated to work: the space must be heated, cleaned, maintained and paid for. That depends on many things, but for purposes of illustration, I have run some estimates for Montreal. The exercise is simple but important, since it brings these costs out of the realm of speculation into the realm of meaningful discussion. Rough calculations show that the savings made by employers when their staff works from home are of similar value to the compensation workers should receive for setting up offices at home. What does this mean for offices in cities? One of two things may happen: Employers pass these costs onto employees. This would be a form of expropriation (侵占), with employees absorbing production costs that have traditionally been paid by the employer. This represents a considerable transfer of value from employees to employers. When employees are properly compensated, employers’ real estate savings will be modest. If savings are modest, then the many advantages of working in offices—such as lively atmosphere, rapidity of communication, team-building and acclimatization (适应环境) of new employees—will encourage employers to shelve the idea of remote work and, like Yahoo in 2013, encourage employees to work most of the time from corporate office space.

阅读理解Questions 81 to 90 are based on the following passage

阅读理解Questions 51 to 60 are based on the following passage