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New Yorkers are gradually getting used to more pedaling passengers on those shining blue Citi Bikes. But what about local bike shops? Is Citi Bike rolling up riders at their expense? At Gotham Bikes in Tribeca, manager W. Ben said the shop has seen an increase in its overall sales due to the bike-share program. "It's getting more people on the road, more people learning about the sport and getting involved," he said. An employee at Danny's Cycles in Gramercy also said Citi Bike is a good option for people to ease into biking in a city famed for its traffic jams and aggressive drivers. " They can try out a bike without committing to buying one," he said. Rentals are not a big part of the business at either Gotham Bikes or Danny's Cycles. But for Frank's Bike Shop, a small business on Grand St. , the bike-share program has been bad news. Owner Frank Arroyo said his rental business has decreased by 90 percent since Citi Bike was rolled out last month. Arroyo's main rental customers are European tourists, who have since been drawn away by Citi Bikes. However, Ben said the bike-share is good for bike sales at his shop. " People have used the bike-share and realized how great it is to bike in the city, then decide that they want something nicer for themselves," he noted. Christian Farrell of Waterfront Bicycle Shop, on West St. just north of Christopher St., said initially he was concerned about bike-share, though, he admitted, "I was happy to see people on bikes. " Farrell's early concerns were echoed by Andrew Crooks, owner of NYC Velo, at 64 Second Ave. "It seemed like a great idea, but one that would be difficult to implement," Crooks said of Citi Bike. He said he worried about inexperienced riders' lack of awareness of biking rules and strong negative reaction from non-cyclists. However, he said, it's still too early to tell if his business has been impacted. While it's possible bike-share will cause a drop in business, Crooks allowed that the idea is a positive step forward for New York city.

Acid rain, which is a form of air pollution, currently becomes a subject of great debate because of widespread environmental damage for which it has been blamed. It forms when oxides of sulfur (硫) and nitrogen (氮) combine with atmospheric moisture to yield sulfuric and nitric acids, which may then be carried long distances from their source before they drop in the form of rain. The pollution may also take the form of snow or fog or fall down in dry forms. In fact, although the term "acid rain" has been in use for more than a century—it is derived from atmospheric studies that were made in the region of Manchester, England—the more accurate scientific term would be "acid deposition". The dry form of such deposition is just as damaging to the environment as the liquid form. The problem of acid rain originated with the Industrial Revolution, and it has been growing ever since. The severity of its effects has long been recognized in local settings, as exemplified by the spells of acid smog in heavily industrialized areas. The widespread destructiveness of acid rain, however, has become evident only in recent decades. One large area that has been studied extensively is northern Europe, where acid rain has eroded structures, injured crops and forests, and threatened life in freshwater lakes. In 1984, for example, environmental reports indicated that almost half of the trees in Germany's Black Forest had been damaged by acid rain. The northeastern United States and eastern Canada have also been particularly affected by this form of pollution. Damage has also been detected in other areas of these countries and other regions of the world. Industrial emissions have been blamed as the major cause of acid rain. Because the chemical reactions involved in the production of acid rain in the atmosphere are complex and as yet little understood, industries have tended to challenge such assessments and to stress the need for further studies and because of the cost of pollution reduction, governments have tended to support this attitude. Studies released by the USA government in the early 1980s, however, strongly indicated industries as the main source of acid rain, in the eastern USA and Canada.

How to Make Attractive and Effective PowerPoint PresentationsA)Microsoft PowerPoint has dramatically changed the way in which academic and business presentations are made. This article outlines few tips on making more effective and attractive PowerPoint presentations.The TextB)Keep the wording clear and simple. Use active, visual language. Cut unnecessary words—a good rule of thumb is to cut paragraphs down to sentences, sentences into phrases, and phrases into key words. Limit the number of words and lines per slide. Try the Rule of Five-five words per line, five lines per slide. If too much text appears on one slide, use the AutoFit feature to split it between two slides. Click within the placeholder to display the AutoFit Options button(its symbol is two horizontal lines with arrows above and below), then click on the button and choose Split Text between Two Slides from the submenu.C)Font size for titles should be at least 36 to 40, while the text body should not be smaller than 24. Use only two font styles per slide—one for the title and the other for the text. Choose two fonts that visually contrast with each other. Garamond Medium Condensed and Impact are good for titles, while Garamond or Tempus Sans can be used for the text body.D)Embed the fonts in your presentation, if you are not sure whether the fonts used in the presentation are present in the computer that will be used for the presentation. To embed the fonts:(1)On the File menu, click Save As.(2)On the toolbar, click Tools, click Save Options, select the Embed TrueType Fonts check box, and then select Embed characters in use only.E)Use colors sparingly: two to three at most. You may use one color for all the titles and another for the text body. Be consistent from slide to slide. Choose a font color that contrasts well with the background.F)Capitalizing the first letter of each word is good for the title of slides and suggests a more formal situation than having just the first letter of the first word capitalized. In bullet point lines, capitalize the first word and no other words unless they normally appear capped. Upper and lower case lettering is more readable than all capital letters. Moreover, current styles indicate that using all capital letters means you are shouting. If you have text that is in the wrong case, select the text, and then click Shift+F3 until it changes to the case style that you like. Clicking Shift+F3 toggles the text case between ALL CAPS, lower case, and Initial Capital styles.G)Use bold or italic typeface for emphasis. Avoid underlining, it clutters up the presentation. Don't center bulleted lists or text. It is confusing to read. Left align unless you have a good reason not to. Run "spell check" on your show when finished. The BackgroundH)Keep the background consistent. Simple, light textured backgrounds work well. Complicated textures make the content hard to read. If you are planning to use many clips in your slides, select a white background. If the venue of your presentation is not adequately light-proof, select a dark-colored background and use any light color for text. Minimize the use of "bells and whistles" such as sound effects, "flying words" and multiple transitions. Don't use red in any fonts or backgrounds. It is an emotionally overwhelming color that is difficult to see and read. The ClipsI)Animations are best used subtly: too much flash and motion can distract and annoy viewers. Do not rely too heavily on those images that were originally loaded on your computer with the rest of Office. You can easily find appropriate clips on any topic through Google Images. While searching for images, do not use long search phrases as is usually done while searching the web-use specific words.J)When importing pictures, make sure that they are smaller than two megabytes and are in a jpg format. Larger files can slow down your show. Keep graphs, charts and diagrams simple, if possible. Use bar graphs and pie charts instead of tables of data. The audience can then immediately pick up the relationships. The PresentationK)If you want your presentation to directly open in the slide show view, save it as a slide show file using the following steps. Open the presentation you want to save as a slide show. On the File menu, click Save As. In the Save as type list, click PowerPoint Show. Your slide show file will be saved with a ppt file extension. When you double-click on this file, it will automatically start your presentation in slide show view. When you're done, PowerPoint automatically closes and you return to the desktop. If you want to edit the slide show file, you can always open it from PowerPoint by clicking Open on the File menu.L)Look at the audience, not at the slides, whenever possible. If using a laser pointer, don't move it too fast. For example, if circling a number on the slide, do it slowly. Never point the laser at the audience. Black out the screen(use "B" on the keyboard)after the point has been made, to put the focus on you. Press the key again to continue your presentation.M)You can use the shortcut command[Ctrl]P to access the Pen tool during a slide show. Click with your mouse and drag to use the Pen tool to draw during your slide show. To erase everything you've drawn, press the E key. To turn off the Pen tool, press[Esc]once. MiscellaneousN)Master Slide Set-Up: The "master slide" will allow you to make changes that are reflected on every slide in your presentation. You can change fonts, colors, backgrounds, headers, and footers at the "master slide" level. First, go to the "View" menu. Pull down the "Master" menu. Select the "slide master" menu. You may now make changes at this level that meet your presentation needs.

The furniture and accessories in a private office can send apowerful message about the image the occupant wants to project. A more subtle choice—the【C1】______ you face when sitting at your desk—says a lot about you too, designers say. People whose desks face straight toward the door may want to【C2】______ an image of power and【C3】______ . "It gives them a view of everything going on outside the office," enabling them to【C4】______ visitors, avoid surprises and【C5】______ what's going on, says Leigh Stringer, workplace strategist at the architecture and interior-design firm HOK. Others, however, find the door distracting. Those who sit at an angle can keep an eye on who is【C6】______ by to avoid being ambushed (伏击；埋伏 ). Ms. Stringer calls it "the Serengeti effect". Being able to "look out across the office and see the【C7】______ approach" is naturally calming, she adds. Workers are【C8】______ in cubicles (小 隔间) often must face a corner or back wall. This might work for hermits, but it can foster anxiety. It allows colleagues to "come up and startle you, and maybe see what was on your screen," says industrial designer Douglas Ball. Have you been stuck with your desk facing in a direction you disliked? Have you【C9】______ your desk to convey the image you want? Or do you notice feeling differently about the occupant of an office based on where they【C10】______ their desk?A) anticipate F) beautiful K) seeingB) monitor G) passing L) conveyC) stuck H) give M) tigerD) involved I) repositioned N) getE) place J) direction O) authority

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For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Why Famous People Have High Incomes? following the outline given below．You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words． 1．现今名人是收入最高的人群之一 2．导致名人收入高的原因有…… 3．一些人认为这不公平，我认为……

BPart Ⅳ Translation/B

故宫(Imperial Palace)又名紫禁城，为明清共二十四位皇帝统治中国近500年的皇宫。它位于北京市中心，在天安门广场的北侧，形状为长方形。南北长约960米，东西宽约750米，占地72公顷，总建筑面积达15万平方米。故宫是世界上现存规模最大、最完整的古代木构宫殿。它分为外朝和内廷两部分，外朝是皇帝上朝处理国家大事的地方，内廷是皇帝和皇室的居住地。1987年，故宫被联合国教科文组织列入世界文化遗产。

BPart II Listening Comprehension/B

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清明节(the Tomb-Sweeping Day)，是中国人祭祀祖先最重要的节日。清明节源于周朝，有2 000多年的历史。清明是中国24节气(24 solar terms)之一，它预示着春天的到来。寒食节是人们为祖先扫墓、吃冷食的节日。清明与寒食节相连，因此二者后来逐渐成为一个节日，扫墓和吃冷食成了清明的习俗。清明成了富有文化含义、意义重大的纪念节日。从古代起，就有很多有关清明的艺术作品和诗作。其中，唐代诗人杜牧写的《清明》家喻户晓。

Tips for Those Who Travel Alone A) When it comes to traveling, sometimes taking a journey alone can be great. Traveling alone allows for a time of self-reflection, relaxation and self-discovery, when you can take the time to soak in the finer things the world has to offer. The independence gained by going alone allows for the opportunity to experience your choice destination exactly the way you want Planning your trip B) So you've finally decided to take advantage of some well-earned vacation time and visit Prague, the city of your dreams. Because you'll be all by yourself, the planning of your trip is automatically different. One of the first questions worth attention is how you're going to spend your time in the beautiful Czech Republic capital. Are you going on a shoestring budget, or would you rather go all-out and book a room in a fancy hotel? C) Because traveling alone means your money is funding the trip, a wise choice would be to stay in youth hostels. Cast away the wrong idea that these places are uncomfortable and dirty, and accept the fact that hostels provide safe, clean, comfortable, and most importantly, cheap housing that millions of students and economical travelers take advantage of every year. It is relatively easy to book a room at a hostel via the Internet, and plenty of information is available about each one. On the other hand, if you can't wait to take advantage of room service and a Jacuzzi bath, then turn to a hotel. D) Along with securing your accommodations, prepare a route of the journey for each day before you leave. This plan should include everything from visiting all the famous landmarks to some relaxation time, which is essential since you'll be likely walking for miles in your comfortable shoes (invest in a good pair, it will pay off). As great as organization is, however, you may not, at times, have to be restrained by your plan so as to leave room for some sceneries unexpected or unplanned on your trip. That is exactly the beauty of traveling alone: You are your own master, and while preparation is key, there is always room to do something wild. Important information prior to takeoff E) One of the hardest parts of traveling in general is coming up with a list of what you'll need to bring with you (or leave behind). Thinking of these all-important items becomes all the more difficult (and necessary) when you have no one else to rely on. Whatever luggage you take, make sure it's easy to handle. The best solution is to take one hold-all, be it a suitcase or a backpack, and then a smaller bag which you can hang loosely from your shoulder. It's also a good idea to keep a change of clothing in your shoulder bag in case your suitcase or backpack gets lost by an airline or bus company. F) If you're heading for a foreign country, don't leave home without a bilingual dictionary. Although a strong grasp of Czech will prove quite difficult, it is still important to learn phrases like "thank you," "hello," "please," and "I didn't know she charged money for her time," in case you're in trouble. G) Make a copy of all essential travel documents such as your passport and health insurance. Keep the copies separate or leave them behind with someone you trust, in the event of an emergency. Along with cash, bring a credit card as an emergency method of payment and make sure to take note of your credit card company's customer service line in case of loss or theft. That way, you can cancel your card immediately and have a new one delivered to you while on your trip (if possible). H) A book to enjoy on a train ride or on the beach, a journal to record your experiences, and maps to educate yourself on the layout of the land (you can get these from a tourism bureau), can make a world of a difference. With these things in mind and a positive spirit, you are now officially ready to set out on your own. Finally there I) You've taken the big step, said goodbye to family and friends, endured a long plane ride, and are finally in the place you dreamed of visiting... until now. You might be quite overwhelmed by your new surroundings, but there are ways to control these feelings of over-stimulation. Instead of being an outsider looking in, try to transform yourself into a relaxed traveler who is not held back by minor frustrations, such as long lines at the train station or delays in visiting hours of certain landmarks. If you planned accordingly, then you can afford to "waste" time at the busy tourist hotspots. Besides, you're on vacation, and have nowhere to be! J) Another benefit of traveling alone is the ability to explore museums and engage in other time-consuming activities. There is no pressure to rush through exhibits or cut the visit short; pace yourself and take in the masterpieces, whether you're an art lover or just a beginner. K) Make an effort to walk everywhere—within reason, of course. This will help you get in touch with the area (so to speak) and observe the locals in their element. Using your legs also allows you to find interesting shops and cafes more easily than if you were on some poor-quality tour bus. Your goal should be to blend in, something a well-designed (and perhaps overpriced) tour won't likely offer. Wear loose, light clothing because the more comfortable you feel, the more willing you will be to stay out an extra hour to explore a section you might have overlooked. Remain enthusiastic, relaxed and prepared, and the stories you will have to share upon your return will be priceless. Extra tips L) Bring along a camera with lots of films. Leave your route with someone at home, along with the numbers of each place you're staying at. It's okay if your plans are sketchy, but if there is a big change in your plans, you might want to e-mail the new information to your "in case of emergency" person back home. Stay safe and keep an eye out when it comes to money or your belongings; you don't have a companion to catch the pickpocket creeping up from behind. While having fun is important, so is safety. Be carefree, but don't throw caution to the wind.

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在古代，人们用它来记录事件，但现在主要用于装饰的目的。

Being Objective on Climate Change[A]Last week, Craig Rucker, a climate-change skeptic and the executive director of a nonprofit organization called the Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow(CFACT), tweeted a quotation supposedly taken from a 1922 edition of the Washington Post: "Within a few years it is predicted due to ice melt the sea will rise make most coastal cities uninhabitable. " The intent, of course, was to poke fun at current headlines about climate change.[B]Rucker' s organization is a member of the Cooler Heads Coalition, an umbrella organization operated by the Competitive Enterprise Institute, a nonprofit organization that prides itself on its opposition to environmentalists. Rucker himself is part of a network of bloggers, op-ed writers, and policy executives who argue that climate change is either a hoax or an example of left-wing hysteria. Surfacing old newspaper clips is one of their favorite games. They also make substantive arguments about climate policy, but the sniping may be more effective. There is no stronger rhetorical tool than ridicule.[C]In this case, Rucker' s ridicule seems misplaced. After spending a few minutes poking around online, I was able to find both the Washington Post article and the longer source material that it came from a weather report issued by the U. S. consul in Bergen, Norway, and sent to the State Department on October 10, 1922. The report didn' t say anything about coasts being inundated(淹没). This isn' t surprising. Scientists were smart back then, too, and they knew that melting sea ice wouldn' t appreciably raise sea levels any more than a melting ice cube raises the level of water in a glass.[D]Rucker ultimately corrected his tweet once commenters pointed out the misquote. Through Twitter, he informed me that he had taken the line from a Washington Times op-ed by Richard Rahn, a senior fellow at the Cato Institute. When I contacted Rahn's office, a press representative acknowledged that Rahn had copied the quote from other bloggers and columnists: the fabricated sentence appears in articles at reason. com and texasgopvote. com. The fabricated line seems to have been inserted around 2011, but the original article has been circulating online since 2007.[E]The statement about rising sea levels aside, 1922 really was a strange period in the Svalbard archipelago(群岛), the area described by the weather report. The islands lie halfway between Norway and the North Pole, at a latitude that puts them several hundred miles farther north than Barrow, Alaska. "The Arctic seems to be warming up," the report read. In August of that year, a geologist near the island of Spitsbergen sailed as far north as eighty-one degrees, twenty-nine minutes in ice-free water. This was highly unusual. The previous several summers had likewise been warm. Seal populations had moved farther north, and formerly unseen stretches of coast were now accessible.[F]What are we to take from this historical evidence? A central tenet for Rucker and his colleagues may be today' s sea-ice retreat, warming surface temperatures, and similar observations are short-lived anomalies of a kind that often happened in the past—and that overzealous scientists and gullible(易受骗的)media are quick to drum up crises where none exist. Favorite examples include numerous newspaper articles from the nineteen seventies that predicted the advent of a new ice age. In fact, it' s possible to find articles from nearly every decade of the past century that seem to imply information about the climate that turned out to be premature or wrong.[G]The 1922 article has been quoted repeatedly by Rucker' s comrades-in-arms since its 2007 rebirth in the Washington Times. For nearly that long, scientists have been objecting. Gavin Schmidt, a climate modeler and the deputy director of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, points out that what was an anomaly in 1922 is now the norm: the waters near Spitsbergen are clear of ice at the end of every summer. More important, long-term temperature and sea-ice records indicate that the dramatic sea-ice retreat in the early nineteen-twenties was short-lived. It also occurred locally around Svalbard—the unusual conditions didn't even encompass the whole Norwegian Sea, let alone the rest of the Arctic.[H]Over the weekend, after retracting his previous tweet, Rucker posted a link to a blog item about a different article, this one a 1932 New York Times story. The eighty-year-old headline reads, "The Next Great Deluge Forecast By Science: Melting Polar Ice Caps to Raise the Level of the Seas and Flood the Continents. " That one sounded juicy, and, indeed, this time the text was correct: that really is what the headline said. Ironically, the quotation researcher cited in the piece was a German scientist named Alfred Wegener, who has sometimes been considered a hero of climate-change deniers for a completely different reason. Wegener is known for proposing the phenomenon of continental drift starting around the First World War. The idea was ridiculed before gaining acceptance in the nineteen-sixties, once ample evidence had been amassed. Wegener's life story, then, is used to support the idea that the small number of researchers in the field who downplay the risk of anthropogenic climate change will one day prevail.[I]In reality, the potential for anthropogenic global warming was being discussed earlier than continental drift, and took even longer to gain wide acceptance. The versatile Professor Wegener was a geophysicist and polar researcher who spent much of his career studying meteorology in Greenland, and trying to unlock the secrets of the Earth' s past. His elevated place in the current climate-change debate is abstracted from history.[J]In any case, it' s not clear that the bloggers linking to the 1932 article read much beyond the headline. The article does discuss a collapse of the ice sheets that would raise sea levels by more than a hundred feet—but it says that event lies thirty to forty thousand years in the future. There' s nothing wrong with examining old newspaper articles for clues about climate conditions in the past. Legitimate climate researchers look at historical documents of all kinds. However, a good-faith effort to arrive at the truth would not rely on cherry-picking catchy headlines. It would require considering the context and looking at all the evidence. At the very least, it wouldn' t allow for deliberate distortions. A prediction that the ice caps might melt by the year 42000 is hardly all example of climate alarmism.