[此试题无题干]

去年三星在中国销售了3000万台设备，市场占有率达到17．7％。

BSection C/B

智能手机日益渗入人们的生活。

{{B}}Part I Writing{{/B}}

[此试题无题干]

Many private institutions of higher education around the country are in danger. Not all will be saved, and perhaps not all deserve to be saved. There are low-quality schools just as there are low-quality business. We have no obligation to save them simply because they exist. But many thriving institutions that deserve to continue are threatened. They are doing a fine job educationally, but they are caught in a financial squeeze, with no way to reduce rising costs or increase revenues significantly. Raising tuition doesn't bring in more revenue, for each time tuition goes up, the enrollment goes down, or the amount that must be given away in student aid goes up. Schools are bad businesses, whether public or private, not usually because of mismanagement but because of the nature of the enterprise. They lose money on every customer, and they can go bankrupt either from too few students or too many students. Even a very good college is a very bad business. It is such colleges, thriving but threatened, I worry about. Low enrollment is not their chief problem. Even with full enrollments, they may go under. Efforts to save them, and preferably to keep them private, are a national necessity. There is no basis for arguing that private schools are inherently (固有地) better than public schools. Examples to the contrary abound. Anyone can name state universities and colleges that rank as the finest in the nation and the world. It is now inevitable that public institutions will be dominant, and therefore diversity is a national necessity. Diversity in the way we support schools tends to give us a healthy diversity in the forms of education. In an imperfect society such as ours, uniformity of education throughout the nation could be dangerous. In an imperfect society, diversity is a positive good. Enthusiastic supporters of public higher education know the importance of sustaining private higher education.

京剧脸谱 (the facial makeup of Beijing Opera)是具有民族特色的一种独特的化妆方法。它最大的特点在于借助不同的色彩来展示人物的性格。脸谱的颜色使观众对人物的善恶美丑一目了然。通常红色代表忠诚；黑色象征正直；紫色意味公正；黄色喻示 残暴 (brutality)。此外，脸谱还常常带有 图案 (design)来表述某个故事，比如后羿脸谱上有九个太阳，表明他曾经用箭射掉了九个太阳。

Men are much "smarter" than women when it comes to shopping, according to a survey of 1,000 people which found that 42% of men arm themselves with loyalty cards and vouchers (优惠卷) before they【C1】______ the stores, compared with 38% of women. Actually this is【C2】______ for several reasons. Firstly when men are out shopping, they are【C3】______ always with a female partner. When men go shopping as part of a couple, nine times out of 10 it is his female partner who【C4】______ the purse-fattening loyalty cards. Secondly, a lot of men【C5】______ to stay in the car, waiting outside the front door. A fat lot of use a loyalty card or discount voucher is to them—unless it's for money off petrol. Thirdly, women are much more【C6】______ about what they need to feed their family. They will survey the fridge, plan meals, write a list of【C7】______ and pretty much stick to it. Then the survey claims that 46% of us buy own-label goods rather than【C8】______ products. The findings don't specify whether this percentage is mainly【C9】______ of men or women, but in reality you will find more valuable and own-brand products in a female shopper's cart. However, there was one【C10】______ that made us understand what this survey was all about. It said: "In fact, 84% of men will do everything in their power to be smart about their spending rather than go without treats for themselves or their family."A) shares E) carries I) branded M) reasonableB) nearly F) unbelievable J) realistic N) hitC) mainly G) statement K) composed O) intendD) prefer H) staples L) arrive

徐霞客出生在一个富庶之家。受父亲影响，他喜爱读地理、探险和游记之类的书籍。这些书籍使他从小就热爱祖国的壮丽河山，立志要遍游名山大川。22岁时徐霞客开始外出旅游。徐霞客一生游历中国30多年，广泛记录了自己的旅行。为了进行细致的考察，他很少乘车坐船，几乎全靠双脚翻山越岭。徐霞客过世后，他的旅行记录由他人整理成 《徐霞客游记》 (The Travel Diaries of Xu Xiake)一书。

How science goes wrong Scientific research has changed the world. Now it needs to change itself.[A] A simple idea underlies science: "trust, but verify". Results should always be subject to challenge from experiment. That simple but powerful idea has generated a vast body of knowledge. Since its birth in the 17th century, modern science has changed the world beyond recognition, and overwhelmingly for the better. But success can breed extreme self-satisfaction. Modern scientists are doing too much trusting and not enough verifying, damaging the whole of science, and of humanity.[B] Too many of the findings are the result of cheap experiments or poor analysis. A rule of thumb among biotechnology venture-capitalists is that half of published research cannot be replicated (复制). Even that may be optimistic. Last year researchers at one biotech firm, Amgen, found they could reproduce just six of 53 "milestone" studies in cancer research. Earlier, a group at Bayer, a drug company, managed to repeat just a quarter of 67 similarly important papers. A leading computer scientist worries that three-quarters of papers in his subfield are nonsense. In 2000-10, roughly 80,000 patients took part in clinical trials based on research that was later withdrawn because of mistakes or improperness.What a load of rubbish[C] Even when flawed research does not put people's lives at risk—and much of it is too far from the market to do so—it blows money and the efforts of some of the world's best minds. The opportunity costs of hindered progress are hard to quantify, but they are likely to be vast. And they could be rising.[D] One reason is the competitiveness of science. In the 1950s, when modern academic research took shape after its successes in the Second World War, it was still a rarefied (小众的) pastime. The entire club of scientists numbered a few hundred thousand. As their ranks have swelled to 6m-7m active researchers on the latest account, scientists have lost their taste for self-policing and quality control. The obligation to "publish or perish (消亡)" has come to rule over academic life. Competition for jobs is cut-throat. Full professors in America earned on average $135,000 in 2012—more than judges did. Every year six freshly minted PhDs strive for every academic post. Nowadays verification (the replication of other people's results) does little to advance a researcher's career. And without verification, uncertain findings live on to mislead.[E] Careerism also encourages exaggeration and the choose-the-most-profitable of results. In order to safeguard their exclusivity, the leading journals impose high rejection rates: in excess of 90% of submitted manuscripts. The most striking findings have the greatest chance of making it onto the page. Little wonder that one in three researchers knows of a colleague who has polished a paper by, say, excluding inconvenient data from results based on his instinct. And as more research teams around the world work on a problem, it is more likely that at least one will fall prey to an honest confusion between the sweet signal of a genuine discovery and a nut of the statistical noise. Such fake correlations are often recorded in journals eager for startling papers. If they touch on drinking wine, or letting children play video games, they may well command the front pages of newspapers, too.[F] Conversely, failures to prove a hypothesis (假设) are rarely even offered for publication, let alone accepted. "Negative results" now account for only 14% of published papers, down from 30% in 1990. Yet knowing what is false is as important to science as knowing what is true. The failure to report failures means that researchers waste money and effort exploring blind alleys already investigated by other scientists.[G] The holy process of peer review is not all it is praised to be, either. When a prominent medical journal ran research past other experts in the field, it found that most of the reviewers failed to spot mistakes it had deliberately inserted into papers, even after being told they were being tested.If it's broke, fix it[H] All this makes a shaky foundation for an enterprise dedicated to discovering the truth about the world. What might be done to shore it up? One priority should be for all disciplines to follow the example of those that have done most to tighten standards. A start would be getting to grips with statistics, especially in the growing number of fields that screen through untold crowds of data looking for patterns. Geneticists have done this, and turned an early stream of deceptive results from genome sequencing (基因组测序) into a flow of truly significant ones.[I] Ideally, research protocols (草案) should be registered in advance and monitored in virtual notebooks. This would curb the temptation to manipulate the experiment's design midstream so as to make the results look more substantial than they are. (It is already meant to happen in clinical trials of drugs.) Where possible, trial data also should be open for other researchers to inspect and test.[J] The most enlightened journals are already showing less dislike of tedious papers. Some government funding agencies, including America's National Institutes of Health, which give out $30 billion on research each year, are working out how best to encourage replication. And growing numbers of scientists, especially young ones, understand statistics. But these trends need to go much further. Journals should allocate space for "uninteresting" work, and grant-givers should set aside money to pay for it. Peer review should be tightened—or perhaps dispensed with altogether, in favour of post-publication evaluation in the form of appended comments. That system has worked well in recent years in physics and mathematics. Lastly, policymakers should ensure that institutions using public money also respect the rules. [K] Science still commands enormous—if sometimes perplexed—respect. But its privileged status is founded on the capacity to be right most of the time and to correct its mistakes when it gets things wrong. And it is not as if the universe is short of genuine mysteries to keep generations of scientists hard at work. The false trails laid down by cheap research are an unforgivable barrier to understanding.

Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Skipping Classes in Colleges．You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Outlines are given below in Chinese： 1．大学生逃课现象严重；2．剖析一下该现象背后的原因：3．现状能否改善，如何去做？

BSection A/B

Topic Do Students Need to Wear School Uniforms? For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Do Students Need to Wear School Uniforms? following the outline given below. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. 1．大部分学校都要求学生穿着校服 2．人们对此的看法不一 3．你的看法是……

[此试题无题干]

[此试题无题干]

[此试题无题干]

每年随着中国高校开学日期临近，家长们就开始忙着为孩子购置各种物品。笔记本电脑、手机和银行卡是许多大学新生新学期的“三件套”(three-piece suit)。一些学生还准备了相机、游戏机和其他时尚产品(trendyproduct)。相关学者称这些学生花钱太大手大脚。也有一些家长表示，他们会满足孩子的基本需求，但是如果孩子想花更多钱或生活得更好，则需要他们自己去挣钱实现。

In only two decades Asian Americans have become the fastest-growing U.S. minority. As their children began moving up through the nation's schools, it became clear that a new class of academic achievers was emerging. Their achievements are reflected in the nation's best universities, where mathematics, science and engineering departments have taken on a decidedly Asian character. This special liking for mathematics and science is partly explained by the fact that Asian-American students who began their educations abroad arrived in the U.S. with a solid grounding in mathematics but little or no knowledge of English. They are also influenced by the promises of a good job after college. Asians feel there will be less unfair treatment in areas like mathematics and science because they will be judged more objectively. And the return on the investment in education is more immediate in something like engineering than with an arts degree. Most Asian-American students owe their success to the influence of parents who are determined that their children take full advantage of what the American educational system has to offer. An effective measure of parental attention is homework. Asian parents spend more time with their children than American parents do, and it helps. Many researchers also believe there is something in Asian culture that breeds success, such as ideals that stress family values and emphasize education. Both explanations for academic success worry Asian Americans because of fears that they feed a typical racial image. Many can remember when Chinese, Japanese and Filipino immigrants were the victims of social isolation. Indeed, it was not until 1952 that laws were laid down giving all Asian immigrants the right to citizenship.

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay about the popularity of WeChat. You should state the reasons and write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.