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中国的春节在农历(lunar calendar)一月一日，是新一年的开始。这是举家团圆的时刻。一般说来，在春节前几天，只要有可能的话，多数人无论身处何地都会回家。就像圣诞节一样，人们会买很多东西如食品、礼物、衣服和烟花爆竹给孩子们。在除夕之夜，多数农村家庭仍然保持着一些传统习俗，如在两扇门上都贴上门神(painting of door gods)和春联。

A Letter to the University President 1．表明写信目的：建议提高学校的教学质量 2．提出具体建议，如：改进课堂教学质量，加强培养学生的自主学习能力，举办知识竞赛以促进学习风气的改善 3．希望建议得到关注

For thousands of years, people thought of glass as something beautiful to look at. Only recently have they come to think of it as something to look through. Stores display their goods in large glass windows. Glass bottles and jars that hold food and drink allow us to see the contents. Glass is used to make eyeglasses, microscopes, telescopes, and many other extremely useful and necessary objects. Until the Second World War, most of the glass used for optical instruments was imported from Europe. However, during the war Americans could not get European glass, and they were forced to make their own. As a result, new kinds of glasses were developed that had been previously unknown. These new effects were achieved by mixing other chemical elements with the sand. Some of these new glasses are very strong and can resist many kinds of shocks. Legend has it that a very hard glass was invented by a Roman who showed his discovery to the Emperor. When the Emperor saw the glass he feared that it would become more valuable than gold and silver, making his treasure worthless. Therefore, he had the glassmaker killed, and the secret was not discovered again for hundreds of years. In the present century, safety glass was invented for use in modern cars and planes. Safety glass is made by placing a layer of plastic between two layers of plate glass. When the outside layer of glass is broken, the pieces do not scatter and injure people. Some glass of this type is strong enough to resist bullets. Although in recent years plastics have replaced glass under conditions where glass might be easily broken, there are new uses being developed, for the greatest advantage of glass is that its component parts are inexpensive and can be found all over the world.

Every human being has a unique arrangement of the skin on his fingers and this arrangement is unchangeable. Scientists and experts have proved the【C1】______of finger-prints and discovered that no【C2】______similar pattern is passed on from parents to children,though nobody knows why this is the case. The ridge【C3】______on a person' s fingers does not change with growth and is not affected by surface injuries. Burns, cuts and other damage to the outer part of the skin will be replaced in time by new one which bears a reproduction of the【C4】______pattern. It is only when the inner skin is injured that the arrangement will be【C5】______. Some criminals make use of this fact to【C6】______their own finger-prints but this is a dangerous and rare step to【C7】______. Finger-prints can be made very easily with printer's ink. They can be recorded easily. With special methods,【C8】______can be achieved successfully within a short time. Because of the simplicity and economy of this system, finger-prints have often been used as a method of solving criminal case. A【C9】______man may deny a charge but this may be in vain. His finger-prints can prove who he is even if his【C10】______has been changed by age or accident.A)take B)uniqueness C)harmed D)identificationE)structure F)naturally G)exactly H)positionI)appearance J)original K)destroyed L)diminishM)doubtful N)remove O)suspected

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西安是中国古代13个 王朝 (dynasty)的首都。毫无疑问，它是中国历史与文化的完美代表。西安居于“中国古都”之首，在中国历史上建都时间最长、影响力最大。它是 丝绸之路 (the Silk Road)的起点，是中华文明的发祥地。西安到处都是令人惊叹的历史奇观，因此吸引着众多的国内外游客。那里有着中国最古老、最壮观的博物馆和寺庙，其中最著名的是拥有2000年历史的 兵马俑博物馆 (the Terracotta Warriors Museum)。

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Americans have long prided themselves as being part of an optimistic society. But a new research describes Americans as pessimistic, believing the nation is in decline and that quality of life for【C1】______generations may be lower than it is today. Defining the American Dream is not easy, although four definitions dominate people's【C2】______of what it means to them, according to researchers at the Xavier University's Institute for Politics and the American Dream: opportunity, freedom, family and financial success. Happiness, wealth, home ownership are among the things that【C3】______as less important in people's views of what the dream means. However people define it, they believe the American Dream is harder to achieve for this generation that it was for their parents' generation. Sixty percent of those【C4】______by Xavier University said that was their conclusion. Even more—68 percent—said their children and grandchildren will find it more【C5】______to achieve than they have. The results may not be【C6】______, given the state of the economy. The deep recession that has gripped the nation sent the unemployment【C7】______to 9.7 percent. Add to that the damage done to retirement savings accounts by the【C8】______decline in the stock market. Today, a majority of Americans—58 percent—see the country in decline. A smaller majority—52 percent—believe the world now【C9】______to many other places to see where the future is. It's little wonder Americans are in a pessimistic【C10】______.A) looks I) rateB) mood J) supportedC) ratio K) sharpD) rank L) hopesE) surveyed M) perceptionsF) contemporary N) disappointingG) difficult O) surprising H) future

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on problems of urban development. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

The academics, at Miami University of Ohio, fill in questionnaires anonymously, evaluating their bosses' effectiveness, with room to add more detailed remarks at the end. These comments are summarised and returned to all academic staff in the department, who agree whether the summary is fair, and the evaluation is then used not only to inform individual chairs about what sort of job they are doing, but also whether a pay rise or promotion should be in the offing.This kind of evaluation is relatively common in American universities. But U. K. universities have always been much warier about the idea. Now union members at the University of Sussex want this to change, proposing that all academic staff should be given the chance to appraise their heads of school. They argue that with students increasingly asked to assess the effectiveness of the teaching they receive, academics should also be able to comment on the effectiveness of university management. A proposal to introduce upward appraisal was put to the university last term, but was rejected by managers. The union then conducted its own survey of academic and academic-related staff, but managers said this was unauthorized, flawed and represented a breach of trust and mutual confidence on the part of the union. The 300 responses had to be torn up. Upward appraisal is not entirely unknown in U. K. universities. In 1996, Gillian Evans and Kevin Moloney produced a report on the practice for the Council for Academic Freedom and Standards, which found that eight of the 41 U. K. institutions who replied to a survey used it in some form, although usually informally. The report urged more institutions to adopt it, arguing that staff were increasingly subject to appraisal from above and that equitable treatment of staff is important and can only result in efficiency gains. Little has changed since the report was published, with upward appraisal in U. K. universities remaining rare, although some institutions do use 360-degree feedback—feedback by selected peers, subordinates and seniors—as a management development tool. This is done at Warwick University, which strongly insists that it is "feedback", not "appraisal", and is voluntary, confidential and "not linked to appraisal or remuneration in any way". Daniel Kane, a teacher in English and American literature at Sussex says: "We're expected to act on what students say. And we do. We are simply asking for the same rights and same respect that our students have. But we aren't being given the basic dignity of being able to say what works and what doesn't. What are they afraid of?" Evans says academics feel increasingly powerless—exposed both to what students think of them, through Facebook and other sites, and to the pressures on managers to reduce staff costs. "Appraisal has moved from being equal-to-equal to top-down," she says. "It has moved from being a friendly discussion about what one wants to do with one's career to obligations to do something. There has also been a shift from relative job security to more short-term contracts. " Nick Holley, head of the human resources centre at Henley Business School, University of Reading, says it can be useful for managers to see how others see them, but warns that this kind of feedback has to be conducted carefully. Scoring managers for different qualities is not only inexact, as some people mark more highly than others, but could tempt people to see management capability in terms of numbers rather than taking account of its complexity.

李教授经常应邀到各个学校演讲，他的司机也总是随行。

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九寨沟(Jiuzhai Valley)是中国第一个以保护自然风景为主要目的的自然保护区，里面动植物资源丰富，种类繁多，原始森林遍布，栖息着大熊猫等十多种珍贵稀有野生动物。九寨沟四季景色迷人，尤以秋季的五颜六色最为好看，被誉为“美丽的童话世界”。目前，九寨沟景区基础设施日趋完善，服务项目日益齐全，正在走可持续发展的生态旅游之路。

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Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessaybasedonthepicturebelow.Youshouldstartyouressaywithabriefaccountofthegenerationgapphenomenonandthenexplainthecausesofthisphenomenonandproposesolutionstonarrowit.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.

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专家表示，要想提升交通安全，就需要采取各种综合措施来配合，而交通法规只是解决我国交通安全问题的其中一个方面。

Traffic fumes render the scent of flowers barely recognizable to honeybees and could have a serious impact on their ability to find food, new research has found. Scientists discovered that reactive pollutants in diesel (柴油) destroyed key chemicals in the odour of oilseed flowers making them smell different to the bees. "Honeybees have a sensitive sense of smell and an exceptional ability to learn and memorize new odours," said Tracey Newman, a neuroscientist at the University of Southampton. "The effect of diesel fumes on flower scent could have serious detrimental effects on the number of honeybee colonies and pollination (授粉) activity." Three-quarters of the world's food crops rely on bees and other natural pollinators " Pollinator services are crucial to humankind," said Newman. But there have been serious declines in natural pollinators in recent decades. A combination of factors is blamed, including the huge loss of the flower-rich habitats that sustain bees, as well as disease, and the impact of agricultural insecticides. The revelation that traffic fumes could be adding to the problems is significant, said Guy Poppy, a professor and ecologist at Southampton, who also worked on the research. He said, "Diesel exhaust is not the root of the problem, but clearly, with all the other stressors, adding another one is likely to be detrimental to bee health."The study, published in the journal Scientific Reports, tested bees' ability in the laboratory to recognize the aroma of oilseed rape flowers. Bees were strapped down and taught to associate floral scents with food in the form of sugar solutions. Once the bees learned the connection they began sticking their tongues out in anticipation of food even if it was not offered—an indication that they recognized the smell. When the scent was presented without pollutants the bees recognized it 98% —99% of the time. But after the scent was mixed with levels of diesel exhaust matching those found at roadsides, the bees only recognized it 30% of the time.

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