Students of economics are in revolt(造反)again. This year, 65 groups of students from 30 countries established an International Student Initiative for Pluralism(多元化)in Economics. In no other subject do students express such organized dissatisfaction with their teaching. It seems, however, to little lasting effect. Temporality is inherent in student life: they don suits, collect their first salary and leave their complaints behind until the same complaints are rediscovered by a new group of 19-year-olds with similar naive hopes of changing the world. Still, recurrent dissatisfaction among both students and employers suggests they have a point. One cause of the problem is not specific to economics. Modern universities prize research above teaching, to a degree that would astonish people outside the system, who imagine its primary purpose is to educate the young. In reality, teaching ability plays a bit role in university hiring and promotion decisions. Many academic staff regard teaching as a trouble that gets in the way of their "own" work. If most students were not having such a good time outside the classroom, they would be angrier than they are. They should be. Students demand for more pluralism in the economics curriculum is well made. Yet much of the "heterodox economics" the Manchester students suggest including is flaky, the creation of people with their own political agenda. Their professors reject the introduction of these alternative schemes. Yet teachers are mistaken in their conformity, to a single methodological approach—concluded in the claim that has taken hold in the past four decades that approaches not based on rational choice foundations are unscientific or "not economics". The need is not so much to teach alternative paradigms of economics as to teach that pragmatism, not paradigm, is the key to economic understanding. This eclecticism is reflected in the curriculum setting. The subject of economics is not a method of analysis but a set of problems—the problems that drew students to the subject in the first place. The proper scope of economics is any and all ideas that bear usefully on these topics: just as the proper scope of medicine is any and all therapies that help the patient.
For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled My View on Modesty in Modern society following the outline given below．You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words． 1．谦虚曾是中华民族的传统美德 2．如今谦虚遭到了质疑，原因是…… 3．我认为……
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BSection A/B
2013年10月30日，中国第一所
网络文学大学
(online literature university)成立。
诺贝尔文学奖得主
(Nobel Literature Prize Laureate)莫言担任
名誉校长
(honorary principal).该大学由多家网络文学网站共同创建，邀请各大文学网站的作家和编辑担任教员。网络文学大学的建立旨在为文学爱好者提供免费的培训，帮助他们尽快走上职业道路。学员足不出户就能通过网络在家接受文学知识培训。预计每年将约有10万名学员从中受益。
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Hearing the name of an object appears to influence whether or not we see it, suggesting that hearing and vision might be even more intertwined than previously thought. Studies suggest that words and images are【C1】______ coupled. What is not clear, says Gary Lupyan of the University of Wisconsin in Madison, is whether language and【C2】______ work together to help you【C3】______ what you're seeing, or whether words can actually change what you see. Lupyan and Emily Ward of Yale University used a technique called continuous flash suppression (CFS) on 20 volunteers to test whether a spoken prompt could make them detect an image that they were not【C4】______ aware they were seeing. CFS works by【C5】______ different images to the right and left eyes: one eye might be shown a simple shape or an animal,【C6】______ the other is shown visual "noise". The noise monopolizes (垄断) the brain, leaving so little processing power for the other image, making it【C7】______ . In a similar experiment, the team found that volunteers were more likely to detect specific【C8】______ if asked about them. For example, asking "Do you see a square?" made it more likely than that they would see a hidden【C9】______ but not a hidden circle. James McClelland of Stanford University in California, who was not【C10】______ in the work, thinks it is an important study. It suggests that sight and language are intertwined, he says.A) visible F) displaying K) shapesB) vision G) however L) tightlyC) square H) while M) invisibleD) consciously I) involved N) usingE) usually J) interpret O) given
For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below. You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then express your views on The Importance of Reliability. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
11月11日是中国特有的“光棍节”(Singles Day)。节如其名，这个节日是专门为那些还过着单身生活的人设立的。主要的庆祝方式是和光棍朋友们聚在一起吃一顿。人们也会举办相亲(blind date)会，想藉此来告别单身。四个“l”不仅可以代表“单身”，还能表示“唯一”，所以这一天也成了一些人的爱情告白日。而有些人则选择在这个日子结婚。
文房四宝(the Four Treasures of the Study)是中国古代书画用具的总称，指纸、墨、毛笔与砚台(inkstone).文房四宝的质量对绘画和书法(calligraphy)起着决定性的作用。因此进行中国传统绘画和书法的文人都很注重这些用具的选择。唐宋时期(the Tang and Song Dynasties)的文房四宝因其质量优良与制作精美，为后世学者高度称颂。在某种程度上来说，“文房四宝”是促进中国传统文化发展的一个重要因素。
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessaybasedonthepicturebelow.YoushouldstartyouressaywithabriefaccountofthepictureandthenelaborateWhethertheUniversityStudentsShouldLiveAloneorLiveTogetherwithTheirRoommates.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.
Hate Your Job? Here's How to Reshape It[A] Once upon a time, if you hated your job, you either quit or bit your lip. These days, a group of researchers is trumpeting a third option: shape your job so it is more fruitful than futile.[B] We often get trapped into thinking about our job as a list of things to do and a list of responsibilities, "says Amy Wrzesniewski, an associate professor at the Yale School of Management. "But what if you set aside that mind-set?" If you could adjust what you do, she says, "who would you start talking to, what other tasks would you take on, and who would you work with?"[C] To make livelihoods more lively, Wrzesniewski and her colleagues Jane Dutton and Justin Berg have developed a methodology they call job-crafting. They're working with Fortune 500 companies, smaller firms and business schools to change the way Americans think about work. The idea is to make all jobs—even mundane (平凡的) ones—more meaningful by empowering employees to brainstorm and implement subtle but significant workplace adjustments.Step 1: Rethink Your Job—Creatively[D] " The default some people wake up to is dragging themselves to work and facing a list of things they have to do," says Wrzesniewski. So in the job-crafting process, the first step is to think about your job holistically. You first analyze how much time, energy and attention you devote to your various tasks. Then you reflect on that allocation (分配).[E] Take, for example, a maintenance technician at Burt's Bees, which makes personal-care products. He was interested in process engineering, though that wasn't part of his job description. To alter the scope of his day-to-day activities, the technician asked a supervisor if he could spend some time studying an idea he had for making the firm's manufacturing procedures more energy-efficient. His ideas proved helpful, and now process engineering is part of the scope of his work.[F] Barbara Fredrickson, author of Positivity and a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, says it's crucial for people to pay attention to their workday emotions. "Doing so," she says, "will help you discover which aspects of your work are most life-giving and most life-draining."[G] Many of us get stuck in ruts (惯例). Berg, a Ph. D. student at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania who helped develop the job-crafting methodology, says we all benefit from periodically rethinking what we do. "Even in the most constraining jobs, people have a certain amount of wiggle room," he says. "Small changes can have a real impact on life at work."Step 2: Diagram Your Day[H] To lay the groundwork for change, job-crafting participants assemble diagrams detailing their workday activities. The first objective is to develop new insights about what you actually do at work. Then you can dream up fresh ways to integrate what the job-crafting exercise calls your "strengths, motives and passions" into your daily routine. You convert task lists into flexible building blocks. The end result is an "after" diagram that can serve as a map for specific changes.[I] Ina Lockau-Vogel, a management consultant who participated in a recent job-crafting workshop, says the exercise helped her adjust her priorities. "Before, I would spend so much time reacting to requests and focusing on urgent tasks that I never had time to address the real important issues." As part of the job-crafting process, she decided on a strategy for delegating and outsourcing (外包) more of her administrative responsibilities.[J] In contrast to business books that counsel managers to influence workers through incentives, job-crafting focuses on what employees themselves can do to re-envision and adjust what they do every day. Given that according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, it now takes the average job seeker more than six months to find a new position. It's crucial to make the most of the job you've got.Step 3: Identify Job Loves and Hates[K] By reorienting (使适应) how you think about your job, you free yourself up for new ideas about how to restructure your workday time and energy. Take an IT worker who hates dealing with technologically incompetent callers. He might enjoy teaching more than customer service. By spending more time instructing colleagues—and treating help-line callers as curious students of tech—the disgruntled IT person can make the most of his 9-to-5 position.[L] Dutton, a professor at the University of Michigan's Ross School of Business, says she has seen local auto-industry workers benefit from the job-crafting process. "They come in looking worn down, but after spending two hours on this exercise, they come away thinking about three or four things they can do differently."[M] "They start to recognize they have more control over their work than they realized," says Dutton, who partnered with Wrzesniewski on the original job-crafting research.Step 4: Put Your Ideas into Action[N] To conclude the job-crafting process, participants list specific follow-up steps: Many plan a one-on-one meeting with a supervisor to propose new project ideas. Others connect with colleagues to talk about trading certain tasks. Berg says as long as their goals are met, many managers are happy to let employees adjust how they work.[O] Job-crafting isn't about revenue, but juicing up (活跃) employee engagement may end up beefing up the bottom line. Amid salary, job and benefit cuts, more and more workers are disgruntled. Surveys show that more than 50% aren't happy with what they do. Dutton, Berg and Wrzesniewski argue that emphasizing enjoyment can boost efficiency by lowering turnover rates and jacking up productivity. Job-crafting won't rid you of a lousy boss or a subpar salary, but it does offer some remedies for job dissatisfaction. If you can't ditch or switch a job, at least make it more likable.
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Directions: Some people think a long vacation is good for students' health and study. However, some people think short vacations are good for students' health and study. Please write a short essay entitled Long or Short Vacations. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
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Embroidery is a brilliant pearl in Chinese art. From the magnificent Dragon Robe worn by Emperors to the popular embroidery seen in today's fashions, embroidery adds so much pleasure to our life and culture. The oldest embroidered product in China on record dates from the Shang Dynasty. Embroidery in this period symbolized social status. It was not until later on, as the national economy developed, that embroidery entered the lives of the common people. Gradually,the patterns of embroidery covered a larger range and auspicious words were also seen on it.
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BPart Ⅳ Translation/B
中国政府对计划生育政策进行了修改完善。
道教(Taoism)是中国土生土长的宗教，已经影响了中国人两千多年。