{{B}}Section B{{/B}}

Animals on the Move A)It looked like a scene from "Jaws" but without the dramatic music. A huge shark was lowly swimming through the water, its tail swinging back and forth like the pendulum of a clock. B)Suddenly sensitive nerve ending in the shark's skin picked up vibrations of a struggling fish. The shark was immediately transformed into a deadly, efficient machine of death. With muscles taut, the shark knifed through the water at a rapid speed. In a flash the shark caught its victim, a large fish, in its powerful jaws. Then, jerking its head back and forth, the shark tore huge chunks of flesh from its victim and swallowed them. Soon the action was over. Moving to Survive C)In pursuing its prey, the shark demonstrated in a dramatic way the important role of movement, or locomotion, in animals. D)Like the shark, most animals use movement to find food. They also use locomotion to escape enemies, find a mate, and explore new territories. The methods of locomotion include crawling, hopping, slithering, flying, swimming, or walking. E)Humans have the added advantage of using their various inventions to move about in just about any kind of environment. Automobiles, rockets, and submarines transport humans from deep oceans to as far away as the moon. However, for other animals movement came about naturally through millions of years of evolution. One of the most successful examples of animal locomotion is that of the shark. Its ability to quickly zero in on its prey has always impressed scientists. But it took a detailed study by Duke University marine biologists S. A. Wainwright, F. Vosburgh, and J. H. Hebrank to find out how the sharks did it. In their study the scientists observed sharks swimming in a tank at Marine land in Saint Augustine, Fla. Movies were taken of the sharks' movements and analyzed. Studies were also made of shark skin and muscle. Skin Is the Key F)The biologists discovered that the skin of the shark is the key to the animal's high efficiency in swimming through the water. The skin contains many fibers that crisscross like the inside of a belted radial tire. The fibers are called collagen fibers. These fibers can either store or release large amounts of energy depending on whether the fibers are relaxed or taut. When the fibers are stretched, energy is stored in them the way energy is stored in the string of a bow when pulled tight. When the energy is released, the fibers become relaxed. G)The Duke University biologists have found that the greatest stretching occurs where the shark bends its body while swimming. During the body's back and forth motion, fibers along the outside part of the bending body stretch greatly. Much potential energy is stored in the fibers. This energy is released when the shark' s body snaps back the other way. H)As energy is alternately stored and released on both sides of the animal's body, the tail whips strongly back and forth. This whip-like action propels the animal through the water like a living bullet. Source of Energy I)What causes the fibers to store so much energy? In finding the answer the Duke University scientists learned that the shark' s similarity to a belted radial tire doesn' t stop with the skin. Just as a radial tire is inflated by pressure, so, too, is the area just under the shark's collagen "radials". Instead of air pressure, however, the pressure in the shark may be due to the force of the blood pressing on the collagen fibers. J)When the shark swims slowly, the pressure on the fibers is relatively low. The fibers are more relaxed, and the shark is able to bend its body at sharp angles. The animal swims this way when looking around for food or just swimming. However, when the shark detects an important food source, some fantastic involuntary changes take place. K)The pressure inside the animal may increase by 10 times. This pressure change greatly stretches the fibers, enabling much energy to be stored. L)This energy is then transferred to the tail, and the shark is off. The rest of the story is predictable. Dolphin Has Speed Record M)Another fastmarine animal is the dolphin. This seagoing mammal has been clocked at speeds of 32 kilometers(20 miles)an hour. Biologists studying the dolphin have discovered that, like the shark, the animal' s efficient locomotion can be traced to its skin. A dolphin' s skin is made up in such a way that it offers very little resistance to the water flowing over it. Normally when a fish or other object moves slowly through the water, the water flows smoothly past the body. This smooth flow is known as laminar flow. However, at faster speeds the water becomes more turbulent along the moving fish. This turbulence muses friction and slows the fish down. N)In a dolphin the skin is so flexible that it bends and yields to the waviness of the water. O)The waves, in effect, become tucked into the skin's folds. This allows the rest of the water to move smoothly by in a laminar flow. Where other animals would be slowed by turbulent water at rapid speeds, the dolphin can race through the water at record breaking speeds. Other Animals Less Efficient P)Not all animals move as efficiently as sharks and dolphins. Perhaps the greatest loser in locomotion efficiency is the slug. The slug(鼻涕虫), which looks like a snail without a shell, lays down a slimy(黏滑的)trail over which it crawls. It uses so much energy producing the slimy mucus(黏液)and crawling over it that a mouse traveling the same distance uses only one twelfth as much energy. Q)Scientists say that because of the slug's inefficient use of energy, its lifestyle must be restricted. That is, the animals are forced to confine themselves to small areas for obtaining food and finding proper living conditions. Have humans ever been faced with this kind of problem?

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Cigarette Labels, Will They Work? A)The Food and Drug Administration(FDA)—which has chosen nine images to be placed prominently on cigarette packs sold in the USA after Sep. 2010—hopes they'll provide enough shock value. In the most sweeping anti-tobacco effort since the Surgeon General's warning became forced on cigarette packaging in 1965, the FDA said Tuesday it will begin requiring tobacco marketers to cover the top half of cigarette boxes and 20% of tobacco advertisements with nine bluntly graphic anti-smoking images. B)The goal: reduce consumption among the nation's 43 million smokers and prevent millions more, especially teens, from ever starting. The FDA selected the terrible images, which include pictures of rotting teeth and gums, from 36 proposed last year. Cigarette marketers also will be required to place 1-800-QUIT-NOW numbers on new packaging. "These labels are frank, honest and powerful depictions of the health risks of smoking," said Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius. "With these warnings, every person who picks up a pack of cigarettes is going to know exactly what risk they're taking." The images are the biggest change to cigarette warning labels since 1984, when the government began requiring cigarette packs and tobacco ads carry several health warnings. C)Cigarette consumption has dropped from about 42% of the population since the mid-1960s, but has remained at about 21% since 2003, or about one in five adults, despite federal and state excise tax(特许权税)increases that have boosted prices to more than $ 5 a pack. D)The FDA's move—which faces a challenge by tobacco marketers in federal appeals court next month after a lower court ruling upheld the government's regulatory power over new packaging, imaging and warning labels—is a major advance for the anti-tobacco movement. E)"With 10 million cigarettes being sold every minute and more than 2 000 children under the age of 18 starting to smoke each day, we don't have a moment to lose in protecting the American public, especially children, from the harm caused by these dangerous products," says Marion, president of the American Academy of Pediatrics(美国儿科协会). "This is a huge step forward in encouraging kids not to smoke and adults to quit," says Paul, vice president of policy for the American Lung Association. About 40 countries, including Canada and Mexico, already require similar warnings, according to the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. F)Gregory, professor at Harvard University's School of Public Health and director of its Center for Global Tobacco Control, says the images aren't as scary and over the top as Canada's images, which he notes have not lowered that nation's smoking rates. "These messages are better," he says. "They show respect for smokers and adverse health consequences." A recent international study from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that generally, such images are effective. About 25% to more than 50% of smokers say they make them more likely to quit. G)Smokers and non-smokers were split on the potential impact. "It's discrimination," says Davis, a 46-year-old Washington D. C. resident who says she has been smoking for 20 years. "They already hit us with all these taxes on cigarettes," Davis says. "Now they are making us put up with this. I know the risks of smoking. Why don't they do something about alcohol addiction instead of always picking on us?" "I've seen before and it's not pleasant to look at," a young man says. "But I'm used to people telling me not to smoke." Some health specialists say the warnings may offer only temporary warning effect and that smokers who repeatedly see such images may become insensitive to the message about the health risks of smoking. H)Anti-smoking efforts aimed at kids produce mixed results. The American Legacy Foundation's 11-year "Truth Campaign", funded by the tobacco industry's 1999 settlement with state governments, is considered among the most effective. The effort tells kids that tobacco marketers want to attract them to smoke to replace the thousands of older smokers who die each year. Teens aware of the campaign were twice as likely as others to say they had no plans to start smoking, according to a 2008 study by Health Education Research. By contrast, teens who saw Philip "Think Don't Smoke" campaign had more positive attitudes toward tobacco companies. "The so-called youth prevention campaigns that the tobacco industry runs are a farce(闹剧)," says Sward of the American Lung Association. I)A Harvard School of Public Health survey of 1 000 US adults, being released today, finds that more than 70% of Americans favor reducing nicotine(尼古丁)to non-addictive levels, but only half want a ban on cigarettes. J)Major cigarette makers have opposed labeling plans since the FDA was given the power to regulate tobacco products in 2009 under the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act. Brannon Cashion, president of branding consultants Addison Whitney, says tobacco marketers have done a good job dealing with growing anti-smoking efforts. What they need to do is stress innovation, such as developing low nicotine and electronic cigarettes, he says. K)On Wall Street, tobacco stocks were little changed. Philip parent Altria Group closed at $ 27. 31, down 1 cent, while Reynolds lost 8 cents to $ 38.17. Rival Lorillard gained 79 cents to $ 111. 89. "The cigarette companies are in an environment where their product is seen as dangerous," Cashion says. "In order to continue to manufacture the product, they have to continue to put innovations in place that can do everything possible to make as safe an environment as possible for those who smoke and the people most affected with their smoking." L)Convenience stores, which sell about 85% of the cigarettes sold in this country, could take a hit because of the new labels. "A future beyond cigarettes could be complicated. You'll see stores selling more items like food to make sure they aren't hurt," Says Jeff, spokesman for the National Association of Convenience Stores.

吉利数字 (auspicious number)在中国文化一直起着重要的作用。不少人认为数字6、8、9吉利，因为它们跟一些具有积极含义的汉字发音相同或相近。如8与“发”的发音相似，象征着繁荣和财富；9与“久”发音一样，意为“长长久久”。因此，很多人在选择手机号码和 车牌号码 (license plate number)时会不惜花钱去选取这些数字。相反，没有人会选4，因为4与“死”发音一致，是 不吉利的数字 (inauspicious number)。

《白蛇传》 (Legend of the White Snake)是中国古代广为流传的民间故事之一。传说一条名叫“白素贞”的白蛇来到凡间与许仙结为夫妻。然而，他们的婚姻遭到法海 和尚 (Buddhist monk)的反对，因为法海认为人 妖 (evil spirit)不能结合。于是，法海将白素贞压在雷峰 塔 (pagoda)底。多年后，白素贞的儿子中了 状元 (Zhuangyuan title)，来到雷峰塔前跪拜母亲。这一切感动了天神，令雷峰塔倒塌，白素贞出塔，一家人终得以团聚。

BSection B/B

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近年来，越来越多的中国学生赴美留学。去年，美国进行了一项针对高校留学生的调查研究。该调查表明，2011—2012学年间来自中国的高校留学生总人数超过了19万，这使得中国连续三年成为美国最大的 留学生来源国 (sender of students)。而在2002年，印度领先中国，是美国最大的留学生来源地。对于中国赴美留学生增长这一现象，不同的人从不同的角度予以关注——或褒或贬。

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the following question. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Suppose you could change one important thing about your college, what would you change? Give reasons and specific examples to support your answer.

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BSection A/B

黄河全长约5000公里，是中国第二长河，仅次于 长江 (the Yangtze River)。黄河发源于青海省，流经中国青海、四川、甘肃、宁夏、陕西等9个省区，最后流入渤海。由于夹带了大量的 泥沙 (silt)，黄河的河水呈黄色。在中国历史上，黄河流域给中华文明带来了巨大的影响，也是中华民族最主要的发源地。因此黄河被称为“中华文明的 摇篮 (cradle)”和中国的“母亲河”。

{{B}}Part Ⅳ Translation{{/B}}

外销瓷 (exported chinaware)是专门销往国外的陶瓷。中国陶瓷外销始于 唐代 (the Tang Dynasty)，当时是作为特产随丝绸输往国外的。这些外销瓷在东南亚地区受到当地人民的热烈欢迎。 宋元时期 (the Songand Yuan Dynasties)，随着对外贸易的进一步发展，中国陶瓷的外销变得越来越繁荣。外销瓷在中国古代输出品中占有极其重要的地位，在与世界各国的交流中，起着桥梁与纽带的作用。

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