填空题If managers are to achieve their goals through the efforts of other people , they must be skilled in seven managerial functions discussed in the passage.

填空题Learning things is like ____________________________ (逆水行舟); it either advances or retreats.

填空题Nobody really knows the reason why we sleep.

填空题Men benefit from divorce because with no family to support their standard of living increases greatly.

填空题SAGE needs a mechanical frog's eye to separate the important details from the unimportant ones picked up by its international network of radar "eyes".

填空题Scientists in general believe that croplands, forests, and grasslands will supply enough raw materials, food, and fuel to guarantee further economic growth in the years to come.

填空题Urban crowdedness would be greatly relieved if ______ (公交费用更合理).

填空题The destruction of these treasures was a loss for mankind that____________(是多少金钱都无法弥补的).

填空题Better think twice before choosing a password for emails, online bank accounts and airline tickets. Passwords that show no imagination or 1 are easy prey (捕获物) for information pirates (劫掠者), a new US study says. A(n) 2 analysis of 28,000 passwords recently stolen from a popular US website and posted on the Internet 3 that people often do the easy thing. It found that 16 percent took a first name as a password, 4 their own or one of their children"s, according to the study published by Information Week . Another 14 percent retied on the easiest keyboard 5 to remember such as "1234" or "12345678." For those using English keyboards, "QWERTY", was popular. Likewise, "AZERTY" 6 with people with European keyboards. Five percent of the stolen passwords were names of television shows or stars popular with young people like "hannah," 7 by singer Hannah Montana. "Pokemon," "Matrix," and "Irouman" were others. The word "password," or easy to guess variations like "passwordl," accounted for four percent. Three percent of the passwords expressed 8 like "I don"t care," "Whatever," "Yes" or "No." There were 9 choices—"Iloveyou"—and their opposite—"Ihateyou." Robert Graham, of the company Errata Security, which did the analysis and published the conclusions, advises that to better protect against cyber 10 : "choose a password that is longer than eight characters with one capital letter and one symbol." A. invasion B. critical C. combinations D. attitudes E. furnished F. uniqueness G. reveals H. scored I. generally J. liberates K. emotional L. statistical M. conversely N. principle O. inspired

填空题People may ask how' you define success. This is more difficult. Success is relative; not everybody wants to put together a four-billion-dollar company, or become President of the United States, or win the Nobel Peace Prize. It is usually a mistake to begin with such great ambitions, which tend to sink into lazy daydreams. The best way to succeed is to begin with a reasonably realistic goal and attain it, rather than aiming at something so far beyond your reach that you are bound to fail. It's also important to make a habit of succeeding, and the easiest way to start is to succeed in something, however small, every day, gradually increasing the level of your ambitions and achievements like a runner in training, who begins with short distances and works up to Olympic levels. Try to think of success as a journey, an adventure, not a specific destination. Your goal may change during the course of that journey, and your original ambitions may be replaced by different, larger ones. Success will certainly bring you the material things you want, and a good, healthy appetite for the comforts and luxuries of life is an excellent road to success, but basically you will know you have reached your goal when you have gone that one step further, in wealth, fame or achievement, than you ever dreamed was possible. A lot depends on your profession, of course. There is a great deal of difference between setting out to become a success in a millionaire family and trying to become vice president of a bank, but the differences simply consist of contrasting social customs and of what is the appropriate way to get ahead in a given profession or business. Whether you're hoping to take over a number's game or an executive desk, you have to make the right moves for your circumstances. In the former example, you might have to kill someone; in the latter, you might only have to find ways of making your rivals look foolish or inefficient. In either case, you have to accept the rules of the game and play to win, or find some other games.

填空题Pub-talk A. Pub-talk, the most popular activity in all pubs, is a native dialect with its own distinctive grammar. There are very few restrictions on what you can talk about in pubs: pub etiquette (礼节) is concerned mainly with the form of your conversation, not the content. When a regular enters the pub, you will often hear friendly greetings from other regulars, the publican and bar staff ("Evening, Joe", "Alright, Joe?", "Wotcha, Joe", "Usual is it, Joe?", etc.). The regular responds to each greeting, usually addressing the greeter by name or nickname ("Evening, Doc", "Alright, there, Lofty?", "Wotcha, Bill" "Usual, thanks, Pauline", etc.). No one is conscious of obeying a rule or following a formula, yet you will hear the same greeting ritual in every pub in the country. Pub etiquette does not limit the actual words to be used in this exchange—and you may hear some inventive and peculiar variations. The words may not even be particularly polite: a regular may be greeted with "Back again, Joe?—haven"t you got a home to go to?" or "Ah, just in time to buy your round, Joe!" B. When you first enter a pub, don"t just order a drink—start by saying "Good evening" or "Good morning", with a friendly nod and a smile, to the bar staff and the regulars at the bar counter. For most natives, this will start an automatic greeting-response, even ff it is only a nod. Don"t worry if the initial response is somewhat reserved. By greeting before ordering, you have communicated friendly intentions. Although this does not make you an "instant regular", it will be noticed, and your subsequent attempts to initiate contact will be received more favorably. C. You may well hear a lot of arguments in pubs—arguing is the most popular pastime of regular pub-goers—and some may seem to be quite heated. But pub-arguments are not like arguments in the real world. They are conducted in accordance with a strict code of etiquette: You should not take things too seriously. The etiquette of pub-arguments reflects the principles governing all social interaction in the pub: equality, interaction, the pursuit of intimacy and a non-aggression agreement. Any student of human relations will recognize these principles as the essential foundation of all social bonding, and social bonding is what pub-arguments are all about. D. Rule number one: The pub-argument is an enjoyable game—no strong views or deeply held convictions are necessary to engage in a lively dispute. Pub regulars will often start an argument about anything, just for the fun of it. A bored regular will often deliberately spark off an argument by making an outrageous or extreme statement, and then sit back and wait for the inevitable cries of "Rubbish!"—or something less polite. The initiator will then hotly defend his statements (which he secretly knows to be indefensible), and counter-attack by accusing his opponents of stupidity, ignorance or worse. The exchange may continue in this fashion for some time, although the attacks and counter-attacks will often drift away from the original issue, moving on to other contentious subjects and eventually focusing almost entirely on the personal qualities of the participants. You may notice, however, that opponents continue to buy each other drinks throughout the match. E. By the end, everyone may have forgotten what the argument was supposed to be about. No-one ever wins, no-one ever surrenders. When participants become bored or tired, the accepted formula for ending the argument is to finish a sentence with "—and anyway, it"s your round". Opponents remain the best of mates, and a good time has been had by all. F. Do not try to join in arguments taking place at tables: only those which occur at the bar counter are "public" arguments. Even at the bar counter, watch for the "open" body-language which signals that others are welcome to participate. Involvement of the bar staff or publican is another sign that the argument is public rather than personal. Body-language and facial expressions are also your best guide to the level of "seriousness" of the dispute. Heated and even insulting words may be used, but in most pub-arguments the relaxed posture and expressions of the participants reveal the lack of any real hostility. Once you have established that the argument is both public and non-hostile, feel free to add your comments and opinions—but remember that this is a game, and do not expect to be taken seriously. Also remember that round-buying is the most effective non-aggression signal. If you unknowingly cause offence, or find yourself in any trouble, buy a round of drinks for your companions. The phrase "I think it must be my round" should get you out of almost any difficulty. G. Listen carefully, and you will realize that most pub-talk is also a form of free-association. In the pub, the naturally reserved and cautious natives give voice to whatever passing thought happens to occur to them. You will notice that pub-conversations rarely progress in any kind of logical manner; they do not stick to the point, nor do they reach a conclusion. Pub-talk moves in a mysterious way—mostly in apparently random sideways leaps. A remark about the weather starts a prediction as to which horse will win the big race at Cheltenham, which starts an argument about the merits of the National Lottery, which leads to a discussion of the latest political scandal, which is interrupted by another regular demanding assistance with a crossword clue, one element of which leads to a comment about a recent fatal traffic accident in the neighborhood, which somehow turns into a discussion about the barman"s new haircut and so on. There is a vague logic in some of the connections, but most changes of subject are started by participants "free-associating" with a random word or phrase. H. Jokes, puns, teasing, wit, and backchat (回嘴) are all essential ingredients of pub-talk. In fact, you will notice that most pub-talk has an undercurrent of humor, never far below the surface. Most pub humor is quite subtle—occasionally to the point of obscurity—and some participants have a command of irony that would impress Jane Austen. Rule number two: Be prepared to laugh at yourself, as you will almost certainly be teased. Like Austen"s Mr. Bennet, pub regulars are disposed to find the faults and mistakes of others amusing, rather than distressing. A boastful person will often be encouraged to explain his favorite topic ("Oh, did you really?" "Do tell us about it!") purely so that the audience may laugh at his serf-importance. If you are inclined to take yourself a bit too seriously, to mention your high-powered job more often than is strictly necessary, or to derive too much enjoyment from the sound of your own voice—beware! Any over-obvious attempts to impress the natives will have the opposite effect. I. But if you are teased about your failings, do not be upset or offended. Teasing is a sign that you are liked, in spite of your faults. Among regulars, everyone is subjected to at least some teasing—even the most kind and popular person will be found to have some quality worth laughing at. If the natives did not like you, they would not tease you, but would simply ignore and avoid you. As a newcomer, it is best to show that you can laugh at yourself before making fun of your new acquaintances. You may not be able to match the dry wit and quick response of native pub-goers, but as a foreigner, you do have two advantages. First, British pub-goers tend to regard all foreigners as instinctively funny. If you are prepared to laugh at yourself, all of your apparent disadvantages such as language difficulties, unfamiliarity with native customs, ignorance about British beer etc. are potential sources of amusement. Second, regulars may well be bored with each other"s familiar jokes, and will welcome any fresh material you can offer.

填空题E-mail Imagine being able to send a letter to someone, anywhere in the world, that included pictures and sounds as well as written words, and not even have to put a stamp on it. With e-mail you can do just that. E-mail allows you to send messages quickly and easily to other people using computers rather than the postal service. To the Internet user, the ordinary post is known as "snail mail" because it is so much slower than e-mail, which can deliver its message to the other side of the world in seconds. In some ways, e-mail is like a cross between a letter and a telephone call. You type a note or a letter on your screen and then you send it down the telephone line to another person for as little as it costs you to call your service provider. Whether your message is going to Calgary in Canada or to Copenhagen in Denmark, it will cost the same. You can even attach a file from your computer, whether it be a sound, an image or a text, to your e-mail message. E-mail addresses are made up of two distinct parts, separated by the "@" sign. The first part of the address identifies the specific user. Many people use their names, or their initials or a nickname. After the @ sign comes the host address or node name, which is the actual place where the user's electronic mailbox is situated. Here is an example. My e-mail address is "november@dircon.co.uk." I picked "November" because that was the month in which I was born, and "dircon" is the Direct Connection, my service provider, a commercial company based in the UK. Easy, isn't it? When a new user joins the Internet for the first time, he or she will get an e-mail address that allows the user both to send and receive messages. Just as you need to put the correct address on an envelope to make sure it gets to the right place, so you must also put the correct e- mail address on your electronic correspondence. Computers are not so understanding as postmen and women, who can sometimes work out where a wrongly addressed letter is meant to go. If you make a slight mistake with your address, your message will simply be bounced right back to you. How do you find out what someone's e-mail address is? Naturally, the easiest and best way is simply to ask them. Because there is no one in charge of the whole Internet and because it is expanding so rapidly, there is no complete record anywhere of everyone who is connected. When someone sends you a message via e-mail, it will be stored on the computer at your service provider, or if your school has its own connection to the Internet, on the main server. Once you have logged on to the Net you can launch your e-mail program. Eudora is one of the most popular and easy-to-use programs and is available for both Macintosh and IBM compatibles. There is a version that you can download from the Internet. Many programs will automatically search for new messages when they are first launched. E-mail has obvious advantages for schools and businesses that want to keep track of their messages. For example, it allows you to quote all or part of the message you are replying to, without having to type it all out again. The handy thing about this feature is that if you are answering questions, you can keep them in your reply. This saves the other person having to refer back to the original documents when he or she gets your reply. Another thing e-mail allows you to do is to forward a message on to someone else. If someone sends you a piece of information that you feel would be of interest to another person, you can send a copy of the message to him. Again this is invaluable for large organizations that might have offices all over the world. For example, someone in the London office might send a query or a new idea to someone else in New York in the United States. He, realizing that this is something that another person in Sydney in Australia has been working on, passes the message on almost instantly. If you want to send a graphics file (one containing a picture), a sound file, a document or a video clip with your e-mail, you can do that too. Most e-mail readers have a menu item that allows you to attach a file using an instruction, or command, called "attach file" or something similar. To do this the e-mail program uses Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) to attach the file and process it into the chunks of the right size for sending via e-mail. If the Internet has any lasting effect on our lives it may well be through the use of e-mail. As we have seen, there are many advantages that e-mail enjoys over snail mail in terms of speed and usefulness. It also has a big advantage over a message taken over the telephone — you cannot print out a telephone call. Probably more people join the Internet to get access to e-mail than for any other reason. E-mail is easy to use and it saves time and money. The differences in time in different parts of the world do not matter when sending e-mail. It is a twenty-four-hour service that allows you to send information at any time of the day or night. If you want to know what it is like to live in the Arctic, send a message to a school in Alaska and find out. If a company wants to know how much it costs to print a book in the Far East, it can e-mail some printers in Singapore or Hong Kong. The message will be there the next time someone at the other end switches on his or her computer and logs on. No one has to be there to answer the telephone. It does not matter if they are in bed when you send the message, or you are watching a film at the cinema when they send a reply. If you want to make friends on the Internet, it is just as well to have good manners. One of the most important rules to follow is, DON'T TYPE ALL OF YOUR MESSAGES IN CAPITAL LETTERS. It is the Internet equivalent of shouting the telephone. Be careful how you say things. Because it is so fast and easy to send e-mail messages, people often do not bother to check what they have written before pressing the "send" button. Write your e-mail with the same care and attention you would use for other forms of communication. Reply to your messages promptly. If someone has taken the trouble to write to you, take the trouble to write back. It is only polite.