在美国，每年六月的第三个星期日，庆祝父亲节的热情是很高的。在这一天，人们真心感谢父亲们在教育孩子和国家发展中做出的重大贡献，并向他们表达这份深深的喜爱。作为父亲节的习俗，美国人会向祖父、继父、养父、叔父以及其他如父亲般恩重如山的人致敬。设立一个特殊的日子来纪念父亲是由多德夫人提出的，一位来自斯波坎的善良女儿。1909年她参加完教会的母亲节感恩礼拜后，被这个想法深深感动，便萌生出设立一个节日感谢父亲在养育儿女过程中作出的重要贡献的想法。

It is not often realized that women held a high place in southern European societies in the 10th and 11th centuries. As a wife, the woman was protected by the setting up of a dowry (彩礼) or decimum. Admittedly, the purpose of this was to protect her against the risk of desertion, but in reality its function in the social and family life of the time was much more important. The decimum was the wife's right to receive a tenth of all her husband's property. The wife had the right to withhold consent, in all transactions the husband would make, and more than just a right: the documents show that she enjoyed a real power of decision equal to that of her husband. In no case did the documents indicate any degree of difference in the legal status of husband and wife. The wife shared in the management of her husband's personal property, but the opposite was not always true. Women seemed perfectly prepared to defend their own inheritance against husbands who tried to exceed their rights, and on occasion they showed a fine fighting spirit. A case in point is that of Maria Vivas, a Catalan woman of Barcelona, Having agreed with her husband Miro to sell a field she had inherited for the needs of the household, she insisted on compensation. None being offered, she succeeded in dragging her husband to the scribe (法学家) to have a contract duly drawn up assigning her a piece of land from Miro's personal inheritance. The unfortunate husband was obliged to agree, as the contract says, "for the sake of peace." Either through the dowry or through being hot-tempered, the Catalan wife knew how to win herself, with the context of the family, a powerful economic position.

Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledStoppingorGoing-on.Youshouldstartyouressaywithabriefdescriptionofthepictureandgiveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.

五行学说 (the theory of five elements)是中国古代的一种物质观。五行包括金、木、水、火和土五种要素。五行学说强调整体概念，描绘了事物的结构关系和运动形式。五行学说认为宇宙万物都是基于这五种要素的运行和变化。这五个要素相互作用，不但影响到人的命运，同时也使宇宙万物循环不已。五行学说成熟于 汉代 (the Han Dynasty)，之后广泛应用于中医、建筑和 武术 (martial arts)等领域。

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Once they decided to have children, MiShel and Carl Meissner tackled the next big issue: Should they try to have a girl? It was no small matter. MiShel's brother had become blind from a hereditary condition in his early 20s, and the Meissners had learned that the condition is a【C1】______passed from mothers to sons. If they had a boy, he would have a 50 per cent chance of having the condition. A girl would be【C2】______. The British couple's inquiries about gender selection led them in 1999 to Virginia, US where a new sperm (精子)-separation technique, called MicroSort, was under【C3】______. When MiShel became pregnant, she gave birth to a daughter. They will try to have a second daughter using the technique later this year. The technique separates sperm into two groups—those that carry the X-chromosome (producing a female baby) and those that carry the Y-chromosome (producing a male baby). The technology was developed in 1990s, but last month's opening of a laboratory in California【C4】______the company's first expansion. "We believe the number of people who want this technology is greater than those who have【C5】______to it," said Keith L. Blauer, the company's clinical director. This is not only a【C6】______effective way to select a child's gender. It also brings a host of ethical (伦理的) and practical considerations—especially for the majority of families who use the technique for【C7】______reasons. The clinic offers sex selection for two purposes: to help couples avoid passing on a gender-linked【C8】______disease and to allow those who already have a child to 'balance" their family by having a baby of the opposite sex The technology is still【C9】______. However, Blauer says the company has an impressive success rate: 91 per cent of the women who become pregnant after sorting for a girl are successful, while 76 per cent who sort for a boy and get pregnant are successful. The technique separates sperm based on the fact that the X-chromosome is larger than the Y-chromosome. A machine is used to【C10】______the size differences and sort the sperm accordingly. The result is then checked using another type of DNA analysis to ensure that it contains mostly X-or Y-bearing sperm. The desired sample is then used for artificial insemination (授精) or test tube fertilization. A. genetic B. overlapped C. marked D. unaffected E. perpetually F. investigation G. access H. feat I. disorder J. gropes K. experimental L. seemingly M. elicit N. nonmedical O. distinguish

How Your Language Affects Your Wealth and Health[A]Does the language we speak determine how healthy and rich we will be? New research by Keith Chen of Yale Business School suggests so. The structure of languages affects our judgments and decisions about the future and this might have dramatic long-term consequences.[B]There has been a lot of research into how we deal with the future. For example, the famous marshmallow(棉花糖)studies of Walter Mischel and colleagues showed that being able to resist temptation is predictive of future success. Four-year-old kids were given a marshmallow and were told that if they did not eat that marshmallow and waited for the experimenter to come back, they would get two marshmallows instead of one. Follow-up studies showed that the kids who were able to wait for the bigger future reward became more successful adults.[C]Resisting our impulses for immediate pleasure is often the only way to attain the outcomes that are important to us. We want to keep a slim figure but we also want that last slice of pizza. We want a comfortable retirement, but we also want to drive that dazzling car, go on that dream vacation, or get those gorgeous shoes. Some people are better at delaying gratification(满足)than others. Those people have a better chance of accumulating wealth and keeping a healthy life style. They are less likely to be impulse buyers or smokers, or to engage in unsafe sex.[D]Chen' s recent findings suggest that an unlikely factor, language, strongly affects our future-oriented behavior. Some languages strongly distinguish the present and the future. Other languages only weakly distinguish the present and the future. Chen' s recent research suggests that people who speak languages that weakly distinguish the present and the future are better prepared for the future. They accumulate more wealth and they are better able to maintain their health. The way these people conceptualize the future is similar to the way they conceptualize the present. As a result, the future does not feel very distant and it is easier for them to act in accordance with their future interests.[E]Different languages have different ways of talking about the future. Some languages, such as English, Korean, and Russian, require their speakers to refer to the future explicitly. Every time English-speakers tell about the future, they have to use future markers such as "will" or "going to". In other languages, such as Mandarin, Japanese, and German, future markers are not obligatory(强制性的). The future is often talked about similar to the way present is talked about and the meaning is understood from the context. A Mandarin speaker who is going to go to a seminar might say "Wo qu ting jiangzuo" , which translates to "I go listen seminar". Languages such as English constantly remind their speakers that future events are distant. For speakers of languages such as Mandarin future feels closer. As a consequence, resisting immediate impulses and investing for the future is easier for Mandarin speakers.[F]Chen analyzed individual-level data from 76 developed and developing countries. This data includes people' s economic decisions, such as whether they saved any money last year, the languages they speak at home, demographics(人口统计资料), and cultural factors such as " saving is an important cultural value for me". He also analyzed individual-level data on people' s retirement assets, smoking and exercising habits, and general health in older age. Lastly, he analyzed national-level data that includes national savings rates, country GDP and GDP growth rates, country demographics, and proportions of people speaking different languages.[G]People' s savings rates are affected by various factors such as their income, education level, age, religious connection, their countries' legal systems, and their cultural values. After those factors were accounted for, the effect of language on people' s savings rates turned out to be big. Speaking a language that has obligatory future markers, such as English, makes people less likely to save money for the future. This effect is as large as the effect of unemployment. Being unemployed decreases the likelihood of saving by about 30 percent as well. Similar analyses showed that speaking a language that does not have obligatory future markers, such as Mandarin, makes people accumulate more retirement assets, smoke less, exercise more, and generally be healthier in older age. Countries' national savings rates are also affected by language. Having a larger proportion of people speaking languages that does not have obligatory future markers makes national savings rates higher.[H]At a more practical level, researchers have been looking for ways to help people act in accordance with their long-term interests. Recent findings suggest that making the future feel closer to the present might improve future-oriented behavior. For instance, researchers recently presented people with renderings of their future selves made using age-progression algorithms(算法)that forecast how physical appearances would change over time. One group of participants saw a digital representation of their current selves in a virtual mirror, and the other group saw an age-morphed version of their future selves. Those participants who saw the age-morphed version of their future selves allocated more money toward a hypothetical savings account. The intervention brought people' s future to the present and as a result they saved more for the future.[I]Chen' s research shows that language structures our future-related thoughts. Language has been used before to alter time perception with surprising effects. Ellen Langer and colleagues famously improved older people' s physical health by simple interventions including asking them to talk about the events of twenty years ago as if they were happening now. Talking about the past as if it were the present changed people' s mindsets and their mindsets affected their physical states. Chen' s research points at the possibility that the way we talk about the future can shape our mindsets. Language can move the future back and forth in our mental space and this might have dramatic influences on our judgments and decisions.

春节期间，人们挨家挨户去扭秧歌，庆祝新年的到来并传承老一辈传统。

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{{B}}Part Ⅳ Translation{{/B}}

必须保证孩子们的安全。

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Over the past decade, the environmental movement has exploded onto the mind of mainstream consumers, a fact not lost on marketers and advertisers. Green advertising started in the mid-1980s when issues of the environment muscled their way to the forefront of marketing. Advertisers saw the consumer desire for environmentally safe products and tried to meet the demand as quickly as possible. Not surprisingly, this first wave suffered from rough and poorly conceived marketing efforts. Many advertisers embraced a genuine concern for the environment. But consumers realized that some companies made false claims and exploited the movement, using such nebulous(模糊的)terms as "environmentally friendly" and "green." Consumers grew wary of environmental appeals, and advertisers reacted by reducing its emphasis. To avoid future trouble, many companies waited for state and federal governments to define terms and provide legal guidelines, which paved the road to a second wave. In 1992 the Federal Trade Commission established guidelines for green marketing, followed shortly by state governments. California passed particularly strict laws, setting definitions for terms like "ozone friendly, " "biodegradable, " and "recycled."According to the state's court, "California seeks to guard against potentially specious: claims or ecological puffery(吹捧)about products with minimal environmental attributes. "Texas, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Tennessee, Connecticut, and Washington soon followed the Golden State' s lead. The rigid regulations have left a number of advertisers confused and frustrated, although some feel that environmental claims have already peaked and are on their way out. Some believe that we' ve now entered green advertising' s third wave, where environmental concern is now part of the mainstream.

Topic On Constellations Craze For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled On Constellations Craze following the outline given below. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. 1．最近几年出现了“星座热” 2．导致星座热的原因是…… 3．在我看来……

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如果你的祖父母出生于20世纪早期的富裕国家，他们的寿命可能是50来岁。现今在发达国家，人的平均寿命可达80岁甚至以上。这是由于自来水、冲水马桶以及医疗等公共卫生条件的改善。但这些改善大多惠及富裕国家。世界上仍有许多地方没有干净的水、足够的食物和医生。因此，那里的人们经常被饥饿和疾病折磨，他们的平均寿命并不长。

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What If You Could Learn Everything?[A] Imagine every student has a tireless personal tutor, an artificially intelligent and inexhaustible companion that magically knows everything, knows the student, and helps her learn what she needs to know. '"You guys sound like you're from the future,'" Jose Ferreira, the CEO of the education technology startup Knewton, says. "That's the most common reaction we get from others in the industry."[B] Four years ago, this kind of talk sounded like typical Silicon Valley boast from another childish founder of a technology startup. Today, Knewton says they can deliver the kinds of breakthroughs: several million data points generated daily by each of 1 million students from elementary school through college, using Knewton's "adaptive learning" technology to study math, reading, and other fundamentals. Peter Thiel, the PayPal co-founder, Facebook investor, and an early investor in Knewton, told Knewton's staff recently that the company has two key characteristics he looks for in a deal. "Before they happen, everybody thought it was impossible. Afterwards it's too late for anyone else, because they've already done it."[C] Adaptive learning is an increasingly popular saying indicating educational software that customizes its presentation of material from moment to moment based on the user's input. It's being hailed as a "revolution" by both venture capitalists and big, established education companies. Starting this fall, Knewton's technology will be available to the vast majority of the nation's colleges and universities and K-12 school districts through new partnerships with three major textbook publishers: Pearson, MacMillan, and Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. And Ferreira's done all this even though he says neither his investors nor his competition, to say nothing of the public or the press, really understand what Knewton can do.[D] But here's the vision. Within 5 or 10 years, the paper textbook and mimeographed (油印的) worksheet will be dead. Classroom exercises and homework—text, audio, video, games—will have shifted entirely to the iPad or equivalent. And adaptive learning will help each user find the exact right piece of content needed, in the exact right format, at the exact right time, based on previous patterns of use.[E] In an age of swelling class sizes, teacher layoffs, and students with a vast grouping of special needs and learning styles, some reformers greet these adaptive learning software systems as a savior that could make learning more customized and effective and teaching more efficient. While battle lines are sharp in K-12 school reform over issues from charters to the Common Core national curriculum standards, digital innovations have fans across the political scope for their power to engage students and bring the classroom into the 21st century.[F] Knewton, at base, is a recommendation engine but for learning. The recommendation engine is a core technology of the Internet, and probably one you encounter every day. Google uses recommendations: other people who entered these search terms clicked on this page, so we'll show it to you first. The more you use one of these websites, the more it knows about you—not just about your current behavior, but about all the other searches and clicks you've done. In theory, as you spend more time with a site its recommendations will become more personalized.[G] Rather than the set of all Web pages or all movies, the learning data set is, more or less, the universe of all facts. Ferreira calls these facts "atomic concepts," meaning that they're indivisible into smaller concepts. When a textbook publisher like Pearson loads its curriculum into Knewton's platform, each piece of content—it could be a video, a test question, or a paragraph of text—is tagged with the appropriate concept or concepts.[H] The platform forms a personalized study plan based on that information and decides what the student should work on next, feeding the student the appropriate new pieces of content and continuously checking the progress. A dashboard (仪表盘) shows the student how many "mastery points" have been achieved and what to do next. Teachers, likewise, can see exactly which concepts the student is struggling with, and not only whether the homework problems have been done but also how many times each problem was attempted or how many hints were needed. The more people use the system, the better it gets: and the more you use it, the better it gets for you.[I] In a traditional class, a teacher moves a group of students through a predetermined sequence of material at a single pace. Reactions are delayed—you don't get homework or pop quizzes back for a day or two. Some students are bored: some are confused. You can miss a key idea, fall behind, and never catch up. Software-enabled adaptive learning flips all of this on its head. Students can move at their own speed. They can get hints and instant feedback. Teachers, meanwhile, can spend class time targeting their help to individuals or small groups based on need.[J] The Knewton system uses its analytics to keep students motivated. If it notices that you seem to have a confidence problem, because you too often blow questions that should be easy based on previous results, it will start you off with a few questions you're likely to get right. If you're stuck, choosing the wrong answer again and again, it will throw out broader and broader hints before just showing you the right answer. It knows when to drill you on multiplication and when to give you a fun animated video to watch.[K] These are early days, and the questions are mounting. Research indicates that emotional qualities like courage, persistence, and motivation may be even more important to students' success than the knowledge or skills they acquire, and they all depend heavily on human relationships. Knowledge acquisition is the only aspect of education that today's digital technology seems especially well adapted to. So far, most software applications, platforms, apps, and games, including Knewton's, have been optimized for transferring quantitative, bounded bodies of facts in fields like math, science, or engineering, as well as basic literacy and grammar. An adaptive-learning platform like Knewton's is helpless to analyze a student's insight in class discussions, the special brilliance of an essay, or creativity in a group presentation. In a rare moment of modesty, Ferreira agrees. "In the end," he says, "maybe Knewton is just a tool."