[此试题无题干]

Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessay.Youshouldstartyouressaywithabriefdescriptionofthepictureandthenexpressyourviewsontheimportanceofpunctuality.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.

根据传统，门前摆放的石狮应为一对，雄狮在左而雌狮在右。

[此试题无题干]

俗话说：“到北京，不到长城非好汉，不吃 烤鸭 (roast duck)真遗憾!”烤鸭是北京的地方风味，已有1600多年的历史。对于那些想更多地了解中国菜和中国文化习俗的人来说，北京烤鸭就是一个不错的选择。 脆皮 (crisp skin)和嫩肉是北京烤鸭的特点。北京最出名的 老字号 (centuries-old／time-honored brand)烤鸭店是“全聚德”。创建于1864年的全聚德备受各国元首、政府官员及国内外游客喜爱。

{{B}}Part Ⅳ Translation{{/B}}

BPart II Listening Comprehension/B

They say that sticks and stones may break your bones, but words will never hurt you. Yet childhood bullying really can damage your long-term health. Gone are the days when bullying was considered an inevitable and ultimately harmless part of growing up—just last month we learned that childhood bullying can lead to poorer mental health even into middle age. Now William Copeland at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, and his colleagues have shown that it can have lingering physiological effects too. They tracked 1,420 9-year-old right through their teens. Each child was seen up to nine times during the study and quizzed about bullying. The team then measured levels of C-reactive protein in their blood. CRP is a marker of inflammation (炎症) linked to higher risk of cardiovascular disease (心血管疾病) and problems like diabetes. "Because we were collecting biological samples throughout, we were able to look at CRP levels in subjects prior to their bullying involvement," says Copeland. "This really gives us an idea of the changes bullying brings about." Although CRP levels naturally rise in everyone during adolescence, levels were highest in children who reported being tormented by bullies. Even at the ages of 19 and 21, children who had once been bullied had CRP levels about 1. 4 times higher than peers who were neither perpetrators nor victims. In a cruel twist, the bullies had the lowest levels of all, suggesting they didn't suffer the same health risks. They may even see a benefit from their behavior, though Copeland stresses it doesn't vindicate (辩护) their actions. "The goal would instead be to find other ways to produce this protective effect without it being at someone else's expense," he says. Andrea Danese at King's College London has previously shown that maltreatment during childhood can lead to high levels of inflammation in adult life. "This new study is a helpful addition in showing that these effects extend to another important childhood stressor," he says. He suggests that care workers could monitor levels of CRP in children having psychotherapy to see if it is helping to soothe the stress of being bullied.

Wouldn't it be great if you could just look up at the sky and read the weather forecast right away? Well, you can. The forecast is written in clouds. If you can read that writing, you can tell something about the atmosphere. With some practice, you can become a pretty good weather forecaster. Who knows, you might even do as well as meteorologists. Meteorologists use much more information than just the appearance of the clouds to make their forecast. They collect data from all over the world. Then they put it into powerful, high-speed computers. This does give the meteorologists an advantage, because they can track weather patterns as they move from west to east across the country. But you have an advantage, too. You can look at the sky and get your data directly. A meteorologist uses a computer forecast that's several hours old to make a local forecast. What are you seeing when you look at a cloud? "A picture of moisture is doing in the atmosphere," says meteorologist Peter Leavitt. There's moisture throughout the atmosphere. Most of the time you don't see it, because it's in the form of an invisible gas called water vapor. Sometimes, the temperature of the air gets cold enough to cause the water vapor to change to liquid water. It's called condensation, and we see it happen all the time (for example, when humid air from the shower hits the cold glasses of a mirror). When enough water vapor condenses, droplets come in the air. These droplets scatter light. A cloud is seen. Watching clouds over a day or two tells you a lot more than a single cloud about the weather to come. Changes in clouds show changes in the atmosphere. You should begin to notice patterns. Certain clouds, following each other in order, can signal an approaching storm. But don't take our word for it; see for yourself.

人们在喜庆场合燃放 焰火 (firework)以增加节日气氛。焰火含有化学物质，点燃后会发出颜色形状各异的火花，绚丽夺目。最早关于焰火的记载出现在公元7世纪的中国。早在 宋朝 (the Song Dynasty)，中国的普通百姓就可以从市场上买到焰火。焰火被用作庆祝活动的一部分。在现代中国，因为焰火很容易引发火灾，其使用受到法律的限制，在很多地方人们只能在春节的时候才能买到。

吉利数字 (auspicious number)在中国文化一直起着重要的作用。不少人认为数字6、8、9吉利，因为它们跟一些具有积极含义的汉字发音相同或相近。如8与“发”的发音相似，象征着繁荣和财富；9与“久”发音一样，意为“长长久久”。因此，很多人在选择手机号码和 车牌号码 (license plate number)时会不惜花钱去选取这些数字。相反，没有人会选4，因为4与“死”发音一致，是 不吉利的数字 (inauspicious number)。

石狮(stone lion)是中国传统建筑中常见的装饰，于汉朝(the Han Dynasty)传入中国。在中国文化中，狮子被当成神兽。所以人们喜欢在户院大门前摆放石狮来驱邪，并且摆放的位置是相对固定的。根据传统，门前摆放的石狮应为一对，雄狮在左而雌狮在右。石狮的外表各有不同。从整体上看，北方的狮子比较简单，而南方的狮子更生动。

[此试题无题干]

[此试题无题干]

A Nice Cup of Tea The Legendary Origins of Tea A) The story of tea began in ancient China over 5,000 years ago. According to legend, Shen Nung, an early emperor was a skilled ruler, creative scientist and lover of the arts. One summer day while visiting a distant region of his realm, he and the court stopped to rest. The servants began to boil water for the court to drink. Dried leaves from the nearby bush fell into the boiling water, and a brown liquid was infused into the water. As a scientist, the Emperor was interested in the new liquid, drank some, and found it very refreshing. And so, according to legend, tea was created. B) Tea consumption spread throughout the Chinese culture reaching into every aspect of the society. In 800 AD. Lu Yu wrote the first definitive book on tea, the Ch'a Ching. This amazing man was an orphan and raised by scholarly Buddhist monks in one of China's finest monasteries. However, as a young man, he rebelled against the discipline of priestly training which had made him a skilled observer. His fame as a performer increased with each year, but he felt his life lacked meaning. Finally, in mid-life, he retired for five years into seclusion. Drawing from his vast memory of observed events and places, he codified (编撰) the various methods of tea cultivation and preparation in ancient China. The vast definitive nature of his work, projected him into near sainthood within his own lifetime. Patronized by the Emperor himself, his work clearly showed the Zen Buddhist philosophy to which he was exposed as a child. It was this form of tea service that Zen Buddhist missionaries would later introduce to imperial Japan. Europe Learns of Tea C) While tea was at this high level of development in both Japan and China, information concerning this then unknown beverage began to filter back to Europe. Earlier caravan leaders had mentioned it, but were unclear as to its service format or appearance. (One reference suggests the leaves be boiled, salted, buttered, and eaten! ) The first European to personally encounter tea and write about it was the Portuguese Jesuit Father Jasper de Cruz in 1560. Portugal, with her technologically advanced navy, had been successful in gaining the first right of trade with China. It was as a missionary on that first commercial mission that Father de Cruz had tasted tea four years before. D) The Portuguese developed a trade route by which they shipped their tea to Lisbon, and then Dutch ships transported it to France, Holland, and the Baltic countries. (At that time Holland was politically affiliated with Portugal. When this alliance was altered in 1602, Holland, with her excellent navy, entered into full Pacific trade in her own right.) Great Britain was the last of the three great sea-faring nations to break into the Chinese and East Indian trade routes. This was due in part to the unsteady ascension to the throne of the Stuarts and the Cromwellian Civil War. The first samples of tea reached England between 1652 and 1654. Tea quickly proved popular enough to replace ale as the national drink of England. E) As in Holland, it was the nobility that provided the necessary stamp of approval and so insured its acceptance. King Charles II had married, while in exile, the Portuguese Infanta Catherine de Braganza (1662). Charles himself had grown up in the Dutch capital. As a result, both he and his Portuguese bride were confirmed tea drinkers. When the monarchy was re-established, the two rulers brought this foreign tea tradition to England with them. As early as 1600 Elizabeth I had founded the John Company for the purpose of promoting Asian trade. When Catherine de Braganza married Charles she brought as part of her dowry the territories of Tangier and Bombay. Suddenly, the John Company had a base of operations. F) Tea mania swept across England as it had earlier spread throughout France and Holland. Tea importation rose from 40,000 pounds in 1699 to an annual average of 240,000 pounds by 1708. Tea was drunk by all levels of society. G) Prior to the introduction of tea into Britain, the English had two main meals—breakfast and dinner. Breakfast was ale, bread and beef. Dinner was a long, massive meal at the end of the day. It was no wonder that Anna, the Duchess of Bedford (1788-1861) experienced a "sinking feeling" in the late afternoon. Adopting the European tea service format, she invited friends to join her for an additional afternoon meal at five o'clock in her rooms at Belvoir Castle. The menu centered around small cakes, bread and butter sandwiches, assorted sweets, and, of course, tea. This summer practice proved so popular, the Duchess continued it when she returned to London, sending cards to her friends asking them to join her for "tea and a walking the fields." (London at that time still contained large open meadows within the city.) The practice of inviting friends to come for tea in the afternoon was quickly picked up by other social hostesses. A common pattern of service soon merged. The first pot of tea was made in the kitchen and carried to the lady of the house who waited with her invited guests, surrounded by fine porcelain from China. The first pot was warmed by the hostess from a second pot (usually silver) that was kept heated over a small flame. Food and tea was then passed among the guests, the main purpose of the visiting being conversation. Tea Cuisine H) Tea cuisine quickly expanded in range to quickly include wafer thin crustless sandwiches, shrimp or fish paste, toasted breads with jams, and regional British pastries such as scones (Scottish) and crumpets (English). At this time two distinct forms of tea services evolved: "High" and "Low". "Low" Tea (served in the low part of the afternoon) was served in aristocratic homes of the wealthy and featured small delicious food rather than solid meals. The emphasis was on presentation and conversation. "High" Tea or "Meat Tea" was the main or "High" meal of the day. It was the major meal of the middle and lower classes and consisted of mostly full dinner items such as roast beef, mashed potatoes, peas, and of course, tea, I) Tea was the major beverage served in the coffee houses, but they were so named because coffee arrived in England some years before tea Exclusively for men, they were called "Penny Universities" because for a penny any man could obtain a pot of tea, a copy of the newspaper, and engage in conversation with the sharpest wits of the day. The various houses specialized in selected areas of interest, some serving attorneys, some authors, others the military. They were the forerunner of the English gentlemen's private club. One such beverage house was owned by Edward Lloyd and was favored by shipowners, merchants and marine insurers. That simple shop was the origin of Lloyd's, the worldwide insurance firm. Attempts to close the coffee houses were made throughout the eighteenth century because of the free speech they encouraged, but such measures proved so unpopular they were always quickly revoked. J) Experiencing the Dutch "tavern garden teas", the English developed the idea of Tea Gardens. Here ladies and gentlemen took their tea out of doors surrounded by entertainment such as orchestras, hidden arbors, flowered walks, bowling greens, concerts, gambling, or fireworks at night. It was at just such a Tea Garden that Lord Nelson, who defeated Napoleon by sea, met the great love of his life, Emma, later Lady Hamilton. Women were permitted to enter a mixed, public gathering for the first time without social criticism. As the gardens were public, British society mixed here freely for the first time, cutting across lines of class and birth.

We are high in the Blue Ridge Mountains in the state of North Carolina. It is very early in the morning. We have been【C1】______ in the mountains for almost one week. Each night we sleep in a small cloth【C2】______ called a tent. We carry the tent, sleeping bags, clothes, food and water with us in our【C3】______ . The air this morning is fresh and clear. It smells like green trees and wild flowers. Our【C4】______ are dark green. We have been deep in the forest for many kilometers.【C5】______ light reaches here. It is so【C6】______ with trees we cannot see the sky. At last we come to a【C7】______ area. We can see the sky and the land around us. When we look across to other mountains it is easy to see why they were【C8】______ the " Blue Ridge Mountains". The early morning air in the distance looks like thick smoke. It makes the color of the mountains a deep ocean blue. This color is caused by the amount of water in the air. It is almost like【C9】______ . When the sun rises higher, some of the water in the air will be burned away. Then the mountains will【C10】______ turn dark green. It is beautiful here. We can see many kilometers down and across the valley floor.A)backpacks I)rainbowB)clear J)shelterC)covering K)slowlyD)fog L)surroundingsE)immediately M)thickF)Little N)trucksG)named O)walking H)outskirts

The Internet is an international collection of computer networks that all understand a standard system of addresses and commands, connected together through backbone (中枢) systems. It was started in 1969, when the U.S. Department of Defense【C1】______a nationwide network to connect a handful of universities and contractors (订约人). The【C2】______idea was to increase computing capacity that could be shared by users in many locations and to find out what it would take for computer networks to【C3】______a nuclear war or other disasters by providing multiple paths between users. People on the ARPNET (as this nationwide network was originally called) quickly discovered that they could exchange messages and conduct electronic "conferences" with distant colleagues for【C4】______that had nothing to do with the military industrial complex. If somebody else had something interesting【C5】______on their computer, it was a simple matter to obtain a copy (assuming the owner did not protect it). Over the years, additional networks joined which added【C6】______to more and more computers. The first international connections, to Norway and England, were added in 1973. Today thousands of networks and millions of computers are connected to the Internet. It is growing so quickly that nobody can say【C7】______how many users "on the Net". The Internet is the largest repository (知识库) of information which can provide very large network resources. The network resources can be【C8】______into network facilities resources and network information resources. The network facilities resources provide us the ability of【C9】______computation and communication. The network information resources provides us all kinds of information【C10】______, such as science, education, business, history, law, art, and entertainment, etc. A. access B. original C. divided D. survive E. debates F. established G. purposes H. genuine I. exactly J. remote K. possibility L. stored M. totally N. services O. maintain

[此试题无题干]

[此试题无题干]