中国的农民工(migrant worker)是从农村到城市来寻找工作的农民。他们在建筑工地、工厂、饭店以及家政服务业寻求工作。这些农民工推动着中国经济的快速增长。据报道，去年中国有1．67亿农民工。这个庞大的群体时常面临着被拖欠工资(pay arrears)、缺乏工伤(workplace injury)赔偿和医疗保障，以及子女上学难等诸多问题。近几年，中国政府日益改善农民工的权益。

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风水 (Fengshui)是一门使人与环境达到和谐的艺术，是中国哲学在环境上的反映。人们相信自然环境影响人的命运。他们期望通过调整建筑的设计与布局，达到人与环境和谐，并使人得益于环境。风水也有 迷信 (superstition)的一面。如今风水在中国城市的年轻人中已不太时兴，但在中国的农村、香港、台湾地区以及新加坡和马来西亚，风水仍然流行。

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It's been 30 years since Congress revised US patent laws to encourage universities to embrace the world of commerce. Critics predicted that the integrity of academic research would be compromised by patent-grubbing and attempts to build companies around the latest laboratory findings. But such fears did not come true, says a new report from the National Academies released Monday. The panel—chaired by Mark Wrighton, Chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis—examined a vast file of scholarly work on how universities have managed intellectual property in the wake of the 1980 Bayh-Dole Act and concluded that things are pretty much hunky-dory(极好的)right now. Or, as the report says: The Bayh-Dole legal framework and the practices of universities have.not seriously undermined academic norms of uninhibited inquiry, open communication, or faculty advancement based on scholarly merit. There is little evidence that intellectual property considerations interfere with other important avenues of transferring research results to development and commercial use. At the same time, however, the Academies' panel warns universities not to go overboard hunting for patents. While some universities have made millions of dollars by licensing discoveries from their labs, raising money should not be the main goal. Instead, the report says, universities should aim to disseminate(传播)technology as widely as possible for the public good. This may mean passing up the best-paying licensing deal and taking one that allows for broader use of the technology. For most schools, it adds, the likelihood of "raising significant revenue" from patents, is small, the probability of disappointment is high, and the risk of "distorting and narrowing" the use of new knowledge is great. It's important not to get carried away with racking up patents at the expense of the university's primary obligation to disseminate new knowledge and technologies, says panel member David Korn, assistant provost(教务长)for research at Harvard University. A former dean of the Stanford University Medical School, Korn was involved in reviewing a set of high-minded guidelines for universities that were largely adopted by the panel. These "Nine Points to Consider in Licensing" were previously endorsed by the Association of University Technology Managers.

What you can remember from age 3 may help improve aspects of your life far into adulthood. Children who have the ability to recall and make sense of memories from daily life—the first day of preschool, the time the cat died—can use them to better develop a sense of identity, form relationships and make sound choices in adolescence and adulthood, new research shows. While the lives of many youngsters today are heavily documented in photos and video on social media and stored in families' digital archives(档案馆), studies suggest photos and videos have little impact. Parents play a bigger role in helping determine not just how many early memories children can recall, but how children interpret and learn from the events of their earliest experiences. Children whose parents encourage recalling and storytelling about daily events show better coping and problem-solving skills by their preteens, and fewer symptoms of depression, research shows. Some memories help build a sense of self-continuity(自我延续), or personal identity, says a 2011 study. People recall these memories when they "want to feel that I am the same person that I was before", or "when I want to understand how I have changed from who I was before". A hurricane survivor, for example, might recall the memory as proof that she can survive tough experiences and grow stronger as a result. Other memories serve a directive function, and guide behavior. People recall these when making decisions or to avoid repeating past mistakes. A person whose dog was killed by a car is likely to call on that memory when deciding to keep pets on a leash. A third type, social-bonding memories, involve relationships with others. People recall these when they want to strengthen relationships or form new ties, the study says. A college student who participated in a different study cited bedtime-reading sessions with his father, who read him the en tire Lord of the Rings trilogy, as a motivator to build and maintain strong family ties in his adult life. The ability to draw on all three types of memories predicts higher psychological well-being, a greater sense of purpose and more positive relationships, according to a study of 103 college students published last year in the journal Memory.

崇左市因其美丽的跨国瀑布(transnational waterfalls)和独具魅力的民族文化吸引了大量的游客。

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元曲(Yuan opera)是中国一种别具一格的文学形式和戏剧形式。它首先流行于民间，内容充满了生活气息。元曲有固定的格式，但相比于唐诗宋词(Tang and Song poetry)，有较大的灵活性。历史上涌现了一批杰出元曲剧作家(playwright)，其中以关汉卿最负盛名。元曲和唐诗宋词一样，是中国古典文学的重要组成部分。元曲的兴起对于中国民族诗歌的发展和文化的繁荣有着深远的影响。

BPart Ⅳ Translation/B

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当有人打喷嚏时，很多人习惯说“bless you”或“gesundheit”。但当有人咳嗽、擤鼻涕或打嗝时，人们往往不会说什么。那么为什么打喷嚏会得到特别关注呢?这些短语实际上又是什么意思呢?在有人打喷嚏时祝愿他们安好，这一习俗起源于几千年前。“gesundheit”这一术语来源于德国，字面意思是“健康”。他们认为打喷嚏代表着即将感染疾疯。在20世纪早期，这一短语由德国移民带入了美国，开始在英语中使用。

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the saying "A good start is half done." You can cite examples to illustrate the importance of a good start to success. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

算盘 (abacus)是中国古代的一项伟大发明。在古代，人们用小木棍进行计算。随着社会的发展，需要计算的数目越来越大，用小木棍已无法完成计算。于是，人们发明了更为高级的计算工具——算盘。由于算盘操作方便、简单易学，因此在中国被广泛使用。在算盘的基础上，有人发展了 珠心算 (mental abacus)，即把算盘的形象描绘在脑海中来计算数字。

What are the roads not taken because students must take out loans for college? For one thing, it appears that people with student loans are less likely to start businesses of their own. A new study has found that areas with higher relative growth in student debt show lower growth in the formation of small businesses. The correlation makes sense. People normally have only a certain amount of "debt capacity". When students use up their "debt capacity" on student loans, they can't commit it elsewhere. Given the importance of an entrepreneur's personal debt capacity in financing a start-up business, student loan debt, which cannot be discharged via bankruptcy, can have lasting effects later in life and may impact the ability of future small-business owners to raise capital. Considering that 60 percent of jobs are created by small business, "if you shut down the ability to create new businesses, you're going to harm the economy," said Brent Ambrose, a professor of risk management at Pennsylvania State University. Student loan debt also appears to be affecting homeownership trends. According to research by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, fewer 30-year-olds in general have bought homes since the recession, but the decline has been steeper for people with a history of student loan debt and has continued even as the housing market has recovered. Student loan debt may also affect career choices. Having a college loan appears to reduce the likelihood that people will choose a low-paying public-interest job, according to a 2011 study by Jesse Rothstein of the University of California, Berkeley, and Cecilia Elena Rouse of Princeton. They arrived at their conclusion by studying a well-off university that began meeting students' financial needs through a combination of work-study money and grants, and dispensing with loans altogether. Before the new policy started in the early 2000s, students were more likely to choose well-paid professions like investment banking and consulting. After the policy took effect, more students chose jobs in areas like teaching and the nonprofit sector. In many cases, the choices that student borrowers make are just common sense, based on the financial realities they face. If society wants to change the skewing effect of student loans, some tough decisions about allocating educational resources may well lie ahead.

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BPart I Writing/B