So long as teachers fail to distinguish between teaching and learning, they will continue to undertake to do for children that which only children can do for themselves. Teaching children to read is not passing reading on to them. It is certainly not endless hours spent in activities about reading. Douglas insists that "reading cannot be taught directly and schools should stop trying to do the impossible." Teaching and learning are two entirely different processes. They differ in kind and function. The function of teaching is to create the conditions and the climate that will make it possible for children to devise the most efficient system for teaching themselves to read. Teaching is also a public activity: It can be seen and observed. Learning to read involves all that each individual does to make sense of the world of printed language. Almost all of it is private, for learning is an occupation of the mind, and that process is not open to public scrutiny . If teacher and learner roles are not interchangeable, what then can be done through teaching that will aid the child in the quest(探索)for knowledge? Smith has one principal rule for all teaching instructions. "Make learning to read easy, which means making reading a meaningful, enjoyable and frequent experience for children." When the roles of teacher and learner are seen for what they are, and when both teacher and learner fulfill them appropriately, then much of the pressure and feeling of failure for both is eliminated. Learning to read is made easier when teachers create an environment where children are given the opportunity to solve the problem of learning to read by reading.

For over three decades Intel has been providing Semi-conductor chips for computer hardware makers around the world. Intel's chips have been【C1】______ many computers for years—both Macs and PCs. But, since tablet computers hit the market—the trend has shifted towards the small, mobile devices while sales of desktop computers【C2】______ . Earlier this year, Intel introduced a new genre of laptops called " ultra-book convertible laptops". Intel Marketing Associate Mike Fard explains, "This year it's all about touch, we have touch computers based on Windows 8 running the Intel【C3】______ , but even more exciting than just touch, is the ultra-book convertible. What that means is that you have a standard laptop that converts into a tablet and we have multiple designs that【C4】______ this capability of going from a tablet to a laptop. This is one from Lenovo; we also have one from Dell." Intel has【C5】______ a technology called " Ivy Bridge" on its new line of chips【C6】______ reduces power consumption【C7】______ . This newest generation of laptops is sure to be a【C8】______ with consumers, with lower prices than before. Earlier thin laptops were in the $1 000 price range. The ultra-book convertible【C9】______ , is expected to sell for around $600—making it more【C10】______ against regular tablet PCs. A) drop F) running K) howeverB) managed G) processors L) decreasingC) adopted H) hit M) featureD) core I) dramatically N) appliedE) competitive J) competent O) which

唐朝 (the Tang Dynasty)是普遍公认的中国最辉煌的时期之一。唐朝时期许多领域得到了巨大的发展。唐朝的疆域在军事扩张下已超过了 汉朝 (the Han Dynasty)。农业和灌溉工具有了很大的进步，农业经济十分发达。在商业上，唐朝与更多国家有了贸易往来。唐朝也是文学和艺术的黄金时期。盛唐时期出现了整整一代文学巨匠，其中包括唐诗“双圣”李白和杜甫。

支付宝 (Alipay)是中国最大的第三方在线支付平台，由 阿里巴巴集团 (Alibaba Group)于2004年创建。截至2012年底，支付宝拥有用户超过7亿。用户可利用这一平台支付各种费用，诸如网购、电话费、学费等等。以网购为例，买家先将钱存到支付宝账户，收到商品后，再通过支付宝将钱转给卖家。支付宝为其用户提供了“简单、安全、快速”的在线支付方式，保护了买卖双方的利益。

中国象棋 (Chinese chess)是一种古老的智力游戏，是中国宝贵的文化 遗产 (heritage)。它的起源与军事策略密切相关。在古代，下象棋也是一个文人必须掌握的技能之一。如今，象棋被当作是开发智力和培养专注力的有效途径，很多孩子从四五岁就开始学习下象棋。与此同时，下棋也是许多老年人最喜欢的 消遣方式 (pastime)。据估计，在中国有超过五亿人懂得下象棋。

美国人强调效率、竞争和独创性，而中国人则将严谨规划放在首位，鼓励团队成员之间的密切合作和无私奉献。在美国学校，讨论享有至高无上的地位，讨论是课堂教学的主旋律；而中国教师喜欢讲课，培养整齐划一的高材生。现在，中美联系比以往更加紧密，中国人学英语，玩保龄球，吃肯德基，美国人学汉语，练功夫，吃北京烤鸭，《泰坦尼克号》驶进中国，《牡丹亭》也在百老汇上演。

No surprise—those Facebook photos of your friends and relatives on vacation or celebrating a birthday party can make you feel lousy. In our everyday life, Facebook, for quite a long time, is supposed to envelope us in the warm embrace of our social network, and scanning friends' pages is supposed to make us feel loved, supported and important (at least in the lives of those we like and concern). But skimming through photos of friends' life successes can trigger feelings of envy, misery and loneliness as well, according to researchers from two German universities. The scientists studied 600 people who logged time on the social network and discovered that one in three felt even worse after visiting the site and acquiring others' sweet moments—especially if they viewed friends' vacation photos. Facebook frequenters who spent time on the site without posting anything of their own content were also more likely to feel dissatisfied and depressed. "We were surprised by how many people on earth ever have a negative experience from Facebook with envy, inferiority or even hatred leaving them feeling lonely, frustrated or angry," study author Hanna Krasnova from the Institute of Information Systems at Berlin's Humboldt University told Reuters. "From our observations some of these people will then log out Facebook or at least reduce their use of the site." The most common and representative cause of Facebook frustration came from network users comparing themselves socially to their peers, while the second most common source of their dissatisfaction was "lack of attention" from having fewer comments, likes and general feedback compared to friends unconsciously. The study authors note that both men and women feel pressure to portray themselves in the best light to their Facebook friends, but men are more likely to post more self-promotional content in their "About Me" and "Notes" sections than women, although women are more likely to stress their physical attractiveness as well as sociability. The authors write: Overall, however, shared content does not have to be "explicitly boastful" for envy feelings to emerge. As a matter of fact, a lonely user might envy numerous birthday wishes his more sociable peer receives on his FB (Facebook) Wall. Equally, a friend's change in the relationship status from "single" to "in a relationship" might even cause emotional havoc for someone undergoing a painful breakup. So far, it seems that the positive effects of being socially connected supersede the negative consequences of feeling inferior or left out by your circle of friends. But the authors suggest that if the hurtful feelings continue to grow, Facebook and other social media may no longer be a fun way to stay connected with friends, but could become just another source of stress and depress for people.

在世界的舞台上，中国已经成为了一个不容忽视的经济强国。自中国政府1978年启动改革开放政策以来，中国的经济一直快速发展。过去十年，中国排名提升了四位，成为紧随美国之后世界第二大经济体。现在中国的GDP是全球经济的十分之一。中国政府将采取更有效的措施来促进中国经济的发展。中国已成为最具有发展潜力的经济大国之一。

《清明上河图》 (Along the River during the Qingming Festival)是中国名画之一。它为 北宋 (theNorthern Song Dynasty)画家张择端所作，现收藏于 故宫博物院 (the Palace Museum)。《清明上河图》宽25．5厘米，长525厘米。画卷里，画家描绘了北宋清明时节都城的自然风光和人们的日常生活。《清明上河图》内容丰富，绘有大量的人物、树木、动物、车辆、建筑和船只。因其具有很高的历史价值和艺术价值，《清明上河图》被视为国宝。

Hungry prehistoric hunters, not climate change, drove elephants to extinction during the Pleistocene era (更新世), new research suggests. At least 12 kinds of elephants【C1】______to wander about the African, Eurasian, and American continents. Today, only two【C2】______of elephants are left in South Asia and Africa. One theory for this dramatic death holds that rapid climate shifts at the end of the most recent major ice age, some 10,000 years ago,【C3】______vegetation and broke up habitats (栖息地), causing the death of those unable to adapt to the new conditions. Another【C4】______blames prehistoric humans, whose improved weapons and hunting techniques allowed them to wipe out whole herds of elephants. To help【C5】______the debate, archaeologist Todd Surovell of the University of Wyoming, and colleagues tested two assumptions. If humans caused the elephant extinction, Surovell reasoned, the timing of the die-off in【C6】______regions should match human expansion into those regions. On the contrary, if the extinction was【C7】______to climate change, elephants should remain in regions【C8】______colonized by humans and would only begin to die off once climate change occurred. The team tested both theories by analyzing where and when elephants were killed. In all, the study included 41 archaeological sites on five continents. The researchers found that, as humans【C9】______out of Africa, they left a trail of dead elephants behind them. The creatures disappear from the fossil record of a region once it became colonized by humans. Modern elephants survived in rerfuges【C10】______to humans, such as tropical forests, says Surovell. A. uninviting B. migrated C. declined D. due E. memorial F. specific G. already H. casually I. hypothesis J. endurance K. resolve L. polish M. altered N. used O. species

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从明朝开始，小说作为一种文学形式全面展现出它的社会功能和文学价值。明朝和清朝早期的小说代表了中国古典小说的 最高峰 (pinnacle)，实现了展示新的文化价值观和 知识分子情怀 (intellectual concerns)的新突破。这一时期最成功的文学作品是四大名著，即《三国演义》《水浒传》《西游记》和《红楼梦》。从明清时期开始，四大名著就直接或间接地通过戏剧和其他流行文化形式广为中国人所知。

During the past 34 years, wages for everyone at or below the 30 percent of the income distribu tion have essentially been flat, while wages for the poorest 10 percent of workers have fallen. At all income levels, women earn less on average than men do. Since wages for the lowest income group have fallen while wages at the highest income group have grown, income inequality has also increased. However, while there' s lots of talk about the adverse consequences of growing income inequality, it's really poverty, not income inequality, that's the problem. And, poverty is a particularly big problem for women and girls, who make up more than half the people living in poverty. Poverty has harmful consequences for women. Economist Barry Bosworth at the Brookings Institution looked at life expectancy for women. As Bosworth' s research paper reported, while life expectancy generally increases over time, that' s not the case for low-income women. A woman born in 1940 who is at the bottom of the income distribution has seen her life expectancy shrink by 2.1 years relative to the same low-income women born 20 years earlier. A good way to raise the wages of women is to raise the education levels of women. The more e-ducated a woman is, the more income she earns. Economist David Autor of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology found that the median woman with a college degree earned about $23, 000 more a year than a woman who terminated her education once she earned her high school diploma. There' s another way to increase wages. According to the Economic Policy Institute, there are some unpleasant explanations for low wages. Some employers inappropriately classify workers as independent contractors and some employers engage in "wage theft". Government is trying best to do something about this. "Wage theft" occurs when employers do things like pay less than the minimum wage, don't pay overtime rates, and require unpaid work, and seems to be a wide-spread problem. Since women make up two-thirds of workers in amount of service industries—where such problems occur frequently—such as fast-food industry, they'd likely benefit from reduced wage theft.

秧歌舞 (Yangko Dance)是中国的一种传统民间舞蹈，在东北地区最为流行。秧歌舞者通常穿上鲜艳多彩的表演服装，舞蹈动作迅速而有力。过去在农村，大型的秧歌队是为婚礼、生日宴会等场合组建的。春节期间，人们挨家挨户去扭秧歌，庆祝新年的到来并传承老一辈传统。如今在东北，许多老年人通过跳秧歌舞来保持身体健康。

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他为人太过圆滑，所以没人喜欢他。

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信用卡 (credit card)在1985年引入中国。此后，信用卡的发卡量以惊人的速度增长，到2011年达到了2．85亿张。信用卡给消费者带来诸多好处。用卡付账时，持卡人不需要携带大量现金，还会经常得到一些额外的奖励。而且，持卡人还可以从发卡机构获得一定数额的贷款。然而，信用卡也常常使持卡人过度消费，购买一些他们并不真正需要的商品。

Although the stigma (耻辱) once associated with mental illness has gradually gone away in recent years, most of the Americans who have clinical depression still don't get treated for it, partly because many are too embarrassed to go to a psychologist. In fact, the majority of depressed people who seek professional help turn first not to a psychologist but to their primary-care physician. But do regular doctors really know how to identify depression? A large new scientific review suggests they don't. In a review of 41 previous studies, the authors found that general practitioners make frequent mistakes, missing true cases of depression about half the time and incorrectly diagnosing it in 19% of healthy people. Alex Mitchell, Amol Vaze and Sanjay Rao of Leicester General Hospital in the U.K. estimate that about 1 in 5 people in developed nations will experience depression in their lifetime. That means that among a general patient population of 100, about 20 will develop the condition, but the typical doctor will find it in only 10 of those who have it. And among the 80 healthy people, the doctor will incorrectly identify depression in 15. This is significant because depression can make the patient and his or her family weak. Depression also carries an enormous social burden, leading to missed work days, loss of productivity and increases in health-care spending. Further, those misdiagnosed with depression may end up being prescribed medicine that not only costs a lot but can have serious side effects. The various studies that Mitchell, Vaze and Rao reviewed used different methods to verify whether doctors had missed depression in their patients. Virtually all the studies pointed to the same conclusion: general physicians aren't very good at recognizing the most common mental illness in the world. Why? One reason is that the typical doctor visit is quite short, usually no longer than 15 minutes. It's hard for patients to open up about their symptoms during that brief period. Doctors should spend more time or schedule follow-up appointments with patients they suspect have depression, which can dramatically increase the rate of accurate diagnoses.