单选题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled On College Students' Career Planning following the outline given below. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. On College Students' Career Planning 1．近年来，大学生职业生涯规划越来越受重视 2．分析产生这种现象的原因 3．大学生应该如何规划自己的职业生涯

单选题Many Brazilians cannot read. In 2000, a quarter of those aged 15 and older were functionally illiterate (文盲). Many 26 do not want to. Only one literate adult in three reads books. The 27 Brazilian reads 1.8 non-academic books a year, less than half the figure in Europe and the United States. In a recent survey of reading habits, Brazilians came 27th out of 30 countries. Argentines, their neighbors, 28 18th. The government and businesses are all struggling in different ways to change this. On March 13 the government 29 a National Plan for Books and Reading. This seeks to boost reading, by founding libraries and financing publishers among other things. One discouragement to reading is that books are 30 . Most books have small print-runs, pushing up their price. But Brazilians' indifference to books has deeper roots. Centuries of slavery meant the country's leaders long 31 education. Primary schooling became universal only in the 1990s. All this means Brazil's book market has the biggest growth 32 in the western world. But reading is a difficult habit to form. Brazilians bought fewer books in 2004, 89 million, including textbooks 33 by the government, than they did in 1991. Last year the director of Brazil's national library 34 . He complained that he had half the librarians he needed and termites (白蚁) had eaten much of the 35 . That ought to be a cause for national shame. A. average B. collection C. distributed D. exhibition E. expensive F. launched G. named H. neglected I. normal J. particularly K. potential L. quit M. ranked N. simply O. treasured

单选题 Millions die early from air pollution each year. Air pollution costs the global economy more than $5 trillion annually in welfare costs, with the most serious 30 occurring in the developing world. The figures include a number of costs 31 with air pollution. Lost income alone amounts to $225 billion a year. The report includes both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Indoor pollution, which includes 32 like home heating and cooking, has remained 33 over the past several decades despite advances in the area. Levels of outdoor pollution have grown rapidly along with rapid growth in industry and transportation. Director of Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Chris Murray 34 it as an 'urgent call to action.' 'One of the risk factors for premature deaths is the air we breathe, over which individuals have little 35 ,' he said. The effects of air pollution are worst in the developing world, where in some places lost-labor income 36 nearly 1% of GDP. Around 9 in 10 people in low- and middle- income countries live in places where they 37 experience dangerous levels of outdoor air pollution. But the problem is not limited 38 to the developing world. Thousands die prematurely in the U.S. as a result of related illnesses. In many European countries, where diesel (柴油) 39 have become more common in recent years, that number reaches tens of thousands. A. ability B. associated C. consciously D. constant E. control F. damage G. described H. equals I. exclusively J. innovated K. regularly L. relates M. sources N. undermine O. vehicles

单选题 How Your Language Affects Your Wealth and Health A. Does the language we speak determine how healthy and rich we will be? New research by Keith Chen of Yale Business School suggests so. The structure of languages affects our judgments and decisions about the future and this might have dramatic long-term consequences. B. There has been a lot of research into how we deal with the future. For example, the famous marshmallow (棉花糖) studies of Walter Mischel and colleagues showed that being able to resist temptation is predictive of future success. Four-year-old kids were given a marshmallow and were told that if they do not eat that marshmallow and wait for the experimenter to come back, they will get two marshmallows instead of one. Follow-up studies showed that the kids who were able to wait for the bigger future reward became more successful young adults. C. Resisting our impulses for immediate pleasure is often the only way to attain the outcomes that are important to us. We want to keep a slim figure but we also want that last slice of pizza. We want a comfortable retirement, but we also want to drive that dazzling car, go on that dream vacation, or get those gorgeous shoes. Some people are better at delaying gratification (满足) than others. Those people have a better chance of accumulating wealth and keeping a healthy life style. They are less likely to be impulse buyers or smokers, or to engage in unsafe sex. D. Chen's recent findings suggest that an unlikely factor, language, strongly affects our future-oriented behavior. Some languages strongly distinguish the present and the future. Other languages only weakly distinguish the present and the future. Chen's recent research suggests that people who speak languages that weakly distinguish the present and the future are better prepared for the future. They accumulate more wealth and they are better able to maintain their health. The way these people conceptualize the future is similar to the way they conceptualize the present. As a result, the future does not feel very distant and it is easier for them to act in accordance with their future interests. E. Different languages have different ways of talking about the future. Some languages, such as English, Korean, and Russian, require their speakers to refer to the future explicitly (明确地). Every time English-speakers talk about the future, they have to use future markers such as 'will' or 'going to.' In other languages, such as Mandarin, Japanese, and German, future markers are not obligatory (强制性的) . The future is often talked about similar to the way present is talked about and the meaning is understood from the context. A Mandarin speaker who is going to go to a seminar might say 'Wo qu ting jiangzuo,' which translates to 'I go listen seminar.' Languages such as English constantly remind their speakers that future events are distant. For speakers of languages such as Mandarin future feels closer. As a consequence, resisting immediate impulses and investing for the future is easier for Mandarin speakers. F. Chen analyzed individual-level data from 76 developed and developing countries. This data includes people's economic decisions, such as whether they saved any money last year, the languages they speak at home, demographics (人口统计资料), and cultural factors such as 'saving is an important cultural value for me.' He also analyzed individual-level data on people's retirement assets, smoking and exercising habits, and general health in older age. Lastly, he analyzed national-level data that includes national savings rates, country GDP and GDP growth rates, country demographics, and proportions of people speaking different languages. G. People's savings rates are affected by various factors such as their income, education level, age, religious connection, their countries' legal systems, and their cultural values. After those factors were accounted for, the effect of language on people's savings rates turned out to be big. Speaking a language that has obligatory future markers, such as English, makes people 30 percent less likely to save money for the future. This effect is as large as the effect of unemployment. Being unemployed decreases the likelihood of saving by about 30 percent as well. H. Similar analyses showed that speaking a language that does not have obligatory future markers, such as Mandarin, makes people accumulate more retirement assets, smoke less, exercise more, and generally be healthier in older age. Countries' national savings rates are also affected by language. Having a larger proportion of people speaking languages that does not have obligatory future markers makes national savings rates higher. I. At a more practical level, researchers have been looking for ways to help people act in accordance with their long-term interests. Recent findings suggest that making the future feel closer to the present might improve future-oriented behavior. For instance, researchers recently presented people with renderings of their future selves made using age-progression algorithms (算法) that forecast how physical appearances would change over time. One group of participants saw a digital representation of their current selves in a virtual mirror, and the other group saw an age-morphed version of their future selves. Those participants who saw the age-morphed version of their future selves allocated more money toward a hypothetical savings account. The intervention brought people's future to the present and as a result they saved more for the future. J. Chen's research shows that language structures our future-related thoughts. Language has been used before to alter time perception with surprising effects. Ellen Langer and colleagues famously improved older people's physical health by simple interventions including asking them to talk about the events of twenty years ago as if it they were happening now. Talking about the past as if it were the present changed people's mindsets and their mindsets affected their physical states. Chen's research points at the possibility that the way we talk about the future can shape our mindsets. Language can move the future back and forth in our mental space and this might have dramatic influences on our judgments and decisions.

单选题 A Reason to Take Google Glass Seriously Google Glass critics may now have a reason to be less skeptical. Wearable Intelligence, a San Francisco-based startup, has 26 an enterprise software that uses Google's wearable computer glasses to improve the day-to-day 27 of service workers. Medical professionals, for example, can use Google Glass to 28 a patient's medical history without referencing traditional charts on a computer, and so diagnose symptoms more 29 . Or a construction worker could work without ever 30 for a building map. 'It's for the 90% of workers who don't work behind a computer and use their hands a lot,' explains Erlich, a 31 Google product manager. So far, about ten organizations have been testing Wearable Intelligence's software with Glass. Wearable Intelligence has 32 over $1 million in seed funding. The startup will spend the rest of 2014 adding new 33 —say, automatic sign-off after a few hours—and expanding into other industries, the company says. As Erlich notes, Glass isn't a final product—the consumer version is expected later in 2014, and wearable technology remains a nascent (新兴的) market. Despite the skeptics, Glass will 34 have a wide variety of applications in the future, says Erlich. 'It may take some 35 amount of time, but it will happen.' A. accurately E. former I. performance M. skim B. developed F. increased J. quickly N. substance C. eventually G. leap K. raised O. variable D. features H. numerous L. reaching

单选题 The Phone-Hacking Scandal: The Lowest Low A. The phone-hacking scandal harms more than merely the News of the World: it threatens Rupert Murdoch, the press as a whole, the police and politicians. B. Until this week, the victims in the scandal over the illegal hacking of mobile-phone messages by the News of the World seemed mostly to be celebrities (名流), royals and others too privileged to command much sympathy. The nasty deeds of Britain's biggest-selling Sunday paper—owned by News International, Rupert Murdoch's British newspaper outfit, look more amoral and more seriously criminal. The circle of blame and ill fame is widening. C. The big difference is Milly Dowler, a 13-year-old schoolgirl who was murdered in Surrey in March 2002. On July 4th The Guardian reported accusations that Glenn Mulcaire, a private investigator working with News of the World journalists, hacked into Dowler's voice-mail in the days after her disappearance, removing some messages to free up space when her account became full. The effect was to make her family think she might still be alive. The relatives of people killed in the terrorist attacks in London of July 2005, and of soldiers killed in Iraq and Afghanistan, might also have been targeted. Similarly, the families of two girls murdered in Cambridge shire in 2002 : in an unusual scene in what is an increasingly exaggerated event, the actor Hugh Grant made that link in April, in a secretly recorded interview with a former journalist. Tom Watson, a Labor MP (Member of Parliament), made an even more serious charge in Parliament on July 6th: that News International paid people to interfere in a murder case 'on behalf of known criminals'. The firm says it doesn't understand that accusation. D. Mr. Mulcaire was jailed in 2007 for hacking voice-mail messages of members of the royal household, along with Clive Goodman, the News of the World's royal correspondent. At the time, and for a long time afterwards, executives at News International insisted that Mr. Goodman was a lone, villain operator. In the past few months that defense has collapsed, amid a flood of civil cases brought by the growing list of hacking victims, pay-offs, and the arrest of more journalists. Yet the Dowler development has deteriorated the scandal—not just because of its ruthless immorality but also because it potentially involves abuse of the course of justice, a new level of criminality. E. If much of this is true, there were no doubts, and few limits, in the way the paper went after its exclusive reports. There might be serious legal and commercial consequences for News International. But others have been disgraced, to at least the police. F. On July 5th News International acknowledged that, last month, it gave the Metropolitan Police a set of e-mails documenting (illegal) payments to police officers from News of the World journalists in 2003 and after. That is only the latest slander (诽谤) cast on various police forces by this affair. The police in Surrey seem to have known about the Dowler hacking but overlooked it. Worse, the Met itself stands accused of failing for several years to notify potential victims of hacking and failing to pursue leads: the evidence for many recent accusations comes from notes seized from Mr. Mulcaire in 2006. The Met launched a fresh probe, under new command, in January. But its contacting of targets remains mysteriously shadowy. G. Whether intentionally or otherwise (News International says it wasn't), the news about police payments switched attention onto Andy Coulson, the News of the World's editor from 2003 to 2007—and thus, indirectly onto David Cameron. Mr. Coulson resigned from the paper in 2007 after Mr. Goodman and Mr. Mulcaire were convicted, though he insisted that he knew nothing of their evil methods. He resigned again, this time from his job as Mr. Cameron's communications chief, in January this year, as the hacking scandal intensified. Mr. Cameron's judgment in hiring Mr. Coulson after his tabloid's (小报)unexpected move now looks more awful than ever. H. As it happens, Mr. Coulson's predecessor as editor, and News International's current chief executive, Rebekah Brooks (above, with Mr. Murdoch), is a close friend of Mr. Cameron, too. Mrs. Brooks was in the editor's chair in 2002; if the latest hacking accusations stand up, her position looks at least as compromised as Mr. Coulson's was in 2007. But, so far, she has denied calls for her resignation, declaring herself 'shocked' at the latest charges and promising to 'vigorously pursue the truth'. Critics wonder whether Mrs. Brooks, who has in the past been indifferently uncooperative with parliamentary inquiries into phone-hacking, or indeed anyone else at News International, with its history of collective confusion, is well-placed to do that. I. For the moment, at least, Mrs. Brooks appears to be protected by what insiders describe as an intense, almost familial (家庭的) bond with Mr. Murdoch, who is said to prize her business insight and contacts: Mr. Murdoch this week called the recent accusations 'miserable', but stood by her. Events might yet test just how much their bond is worth. Public anger has already persuaded several advertisers to suspend their dealings with the News of the World; some readers may choose to boycott it. J. Still, Claire Enders, a media analyst, thinks the commercial impact is likely to be modest, given the paper's dominance in the Sunday newspaper market. Much worse, for Mr. Murdoch, is the slim chance that the scandal might affect his bid to buy the rest of BSkyB, a hugely profitable satellite broadcaster in which News Corporation, his parent company, already has a 39% stake. Jeremy Hunt, the culture secretary, looked set finally to approve the deal after an inquiry on its impact on media plurality ends on July 8th. Meanwhile Ofcom, the broadcasting regulator, is obliged to consider whether the holders of broadcasting licenses are 'fit and proper'. It is 'closely monitoring the situation'. K. And it isn't only the Murdoch press that is set to feel the opposition. Whereas in America journalism is a respectable, even respected profession, in Britain it has always been regarded as dirty. But it has rarely been so notorious as now. Ed Miliband, the leader of the Labor Party, wants a public inquiry into the culture and regulation of the press; Mr. Cameron agrees that there ought to be one or more inquiries, after criminal proceedings are over. One result might be a change to the current model of newspaper self-regulation; the Press Complaints Commission, the toothless body responsible for it, has handled the hacking affair terribly. L. Most MPs were in the past much more diplomatic about the press, especially the Murdoch stable, which, so exaggerated legend had it, could decide the fate of governments. But the most influential factor for politicians has suddenly shifted. Mr. Miliband's tough standpoint towards News International—he joined the team for Mrs. Brooks' resignation—would have been unthinkable in the Blair years. Mr. Cameron shied away from calling for his friend's head too, but described the accusations as 'truly dreadful'. And there may be more to come in this mad, spreading story.

单选题 Gender and Brain Men and women do not think in the same ways. Few would disagree with that. Men have better motor and spacial abilities than women, and more monomaniacal (偏执狂的) 28 of thought. Women have better memories, are more 29 , and are better at dealing with several things at once. According to the traditional idea, in the days of hunting and gathering, men spent more time 30 away from camp, their brains needed to be adapted to find their way around. They also spent more time tracking, fighting and killing things. Women by contrast, 31 up the children, so their brains needed to be adapted to enable them to manipulate each other's and their children's emotions to succeed in their world. According to the study of Ragini Verma from the University of Pennsylvania, the left and right sides of the brain are believed to be specialised for logical and intuitive (直觉的) thought 32 . In her view, the cross-talk between them in women helps explain their better memories, sociability and 33 to multitask, all of which benefit from the hemispheres (半球) 34 . In men, by contrast, within-hemisphere links let them focus on things that do not need 35 inputs from both hemispheres. Dr. Verma's other main finding is that most of these 36 are not inborn. Rather, they develop with age. Gender differences in brains—those 37 to this technique, at least—thus manifest themselves mainly when gender itself begins to matter. A. ability E. complex I. exceedingly M. sociable B. annual F. cooperating J. patterns N. visible C. assembly G. differences K. raised O. wandering D. brought H. educated L. respectively

单选题Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledLookingupHealthInformationontheInternetbasedonthestatisticsprovidedinthechartbelow.Pleasegiveabriefdescriptionofthechartfirstandthenmakecommentsonit.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.Percentageofadultsaged18andoverwhointhepast12monthslookeduphealthinformationontheInternet,bysexandstage:UnitedStates,2012

单选题 As parents, we want our children to reach their full academic potential. We read to them, encourage their special talents, and support them when they have problems. If they choose to participate in music or sports, we also help them reach their potential in those areas. These are all good goals. There is, however, an even more important goal. It is a goal more difficult than excellence in arithmetic or soccer or the violin. Parents are responsible for providing their children with a moral compass. They need to nurture and treasure goodness in their children. Every child has the capacity to become a good, decent human being. To fulfill this capacity, children need the guidance and support of parents and other adults. Raising good, moral children is the most important job we will have. What is a good, decent human being? While we may differ on some details, most would agree that respect for others, kindness and caring, honesty and honor, and a reverence (尊重) for life are key. Good, decent human beings are people with a firm sense of direction and purpose—a moral compass—to guide their lives. Children need our help to develop these characteristics and values. While most people try to act with honor and kindness, doing so consistently is difficult and requires lifelong effort. Goodness is not easy for an adult, and it is even more difficult for a child. They do not have the knowledge, experiences, or cognitive skills to understand the impact and consequences of their actions. Reinforcement is sometimes an efficient approach to building positive behavior. The child behaves in a desired way and the parents provide reinforcement. The behavior then typically increases in frequency. This approach works for teaching 'Please' and 'Thank you'. The new behavior is maintained, because it helps the child get along in the world. Loving, everyday interactions are the beginning of raising moral children. The child who falls and receives adult concern learns how to treat others kindly when they stumble (绊倒). The child who makes a mistake and is encouraged to try again learns how to support others. When parents intercede (调解）graciously for their child, the child can see the basis for friendship. When we treat children with respect and care, we provide a positive model of how to behave. These early experiences establish patterns for their treatment of others.

单选题 A very interesting and important development in science is a device called laser. A laser is a machine which produces a light beam. The light produced by a laser is a very special kind of light. The light, called laser beam, is powerful and can be made to do many things. The laser was first developed in 1960, about half a century ago. There are many different uses for lasers and several different types have been developed. Some use gases to produce the light beam. The gases are heated and cooled, and these processes cause the gases to produce energy in the form of light. One special point of lasers is that the light beam can be stored. If the stored light is then suddenly let go, it is extremely powerful. The light from a laser beam can be used either by storing it and letting it go suddenly, or by using it in a continuous stream. There are three important areas where the control of the laser beam has been put into use by scientists. These areas are industry, communications, and medicine. In each area, the scientists have been able to use the laser to do things that they could not do in another way. The laser has been very helpful. In industry, the laser beam has been used for measurement and drilling. When something large is being built—for example, a large bridge—it is important to have very accurate measurements. By accurate measurement, lasers are also helpful in laying down pipelines over long distances. As lasers become more common in industry, there will be more and more uses for them.