单选题 留守儿童 据统计，全国共有超过6100万留守儿童(left-behind children)。他们的父母远离家乡到城镇地区谋生，留下他们由祖父母或其他亲戚照顾。留守儿童问题是一个值得关注的社会问题。留守儿童无法像同龄孩子那样得到父母的关爱，从而引起各种心理问题。此外，留守儿童更容易受到意外伤害。为此，国务院(State Council)成立了一个专门工作组来保护留守儿童的合法权益。

单选题 Questions5-6 will be based on the following news item,

单选题Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessaybasedonthepicturebelow.Youshouldstartyouressaywithabriefaccountoftheimportanceofhardworkandthenexplainhowtomakethebestpreparationtoseizeeveryopportunity.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.

单选题 Researchers for Cornell University and Intel produced a chip called Loihi that reportedly makes computers think like biological brains, according to Daily Mail. The researchers created the circuit on the chip, mirroring organic circuits found in the olfactory bulbs (嗅球) of a dog's brain, which is how they process their sense of smell. The Loihi chip can identify a specific odor on the first try and even tell other background smells, said Intel, according to Daily Mail. The chip can even detect smells humans emit when sick with a disease—which vary depending on the illness—and smells linked to environmental gases and drugs. The key to sniffer dogs isn't their olfactory system alone, but their incredible ability to remember—this is why they're trained. Similarly, the artificial intelligence of the chip is trained to identify different smells and remember them, so that next time, it knows. The chip processes information just like mammal brains by using electrical signals to process smells. When a person smells something, the air molecules interact with nasal receptors that forward signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain. Then the brain translates the signals to identify which smell it's experiencing, based on memories of previous experiences with the specific smell. 'We are developing a method for Loihi to mimic (模仿) what happens in your brain when you smell something,' said Senior Research Scientist in Intel's Lab, Nabil Imam, in a statement, according to Daily Mail. Imam added that the work 'demonstrates Loihi's potential to provide important sensing capabilities that could benefit various industries.' So far, the researchers have trained it on ten harmful smells. It can be installed on robots in airports to help identify hazardous objects, or integrated with sensors in power plants or hospitals to detect dangerous gases. Similar biotechnology has seen the implementation in grasshoppers recently outfitted with computer chips to sniff-out bombs. However, this negatively affects their lifespan, limiting their use. While sniffer dogs might one day be out of a job, the circuits using AI to mimic the process of smell bring us one step closer to recreating the human sensory system in artificial intelligence.

单选题 The common cold is the world's most widespread illness, which is probably why there are more myths about it than any of the other plagues (瘟疫) that flesh is heir to. The most widespread fallacy (谬误，谬论) of all is that colds are caused by cold. They are not. They are caused by viruses passed on from person to person. You catch a cold by coming into contact, directly or indirectly, with someone who already has one. If cold causes colds, it would be reasonable to expect the Eskimos to suffer from them permanently. But they do not. And in isolated arctic regions explorers have reported being free from colds until coming into contact again with infected people from the outside world by way of packages and mail dropped from airplanes. During the First World War soldiers who spent long periods in the trenches, cold and wet, showed no 'increased' tendency to catch colds. In the Second World War prisoners at the notorious Auschwitz concentration camp, naked and starving, was astonished to find that they seldom had colds. At the Common Cold Research Unit in England, volunteers took part in experiment in which they submitted to the discomforts of being cold and wet for long stretches of time. After taking hot baths, they put on bathing suits, allowed themselves to be doused (浸泡) with cold water, and then stood about dripping wet in drafty rooms. Some wore wet socks all day while others exercised in the rain until close to exhaustion. Not one of the volunteers came down with a cold unless a cold virus was actually dropped in his nose. If, then, cold and wet have nothing to do with catching colds, why are they more prevalent in the winter? Despite the most painstaking research, no one has yet found the answer. One explanation offered by scientists is that people tend to stay together indoors more in cold weather than at other time, and this makes it easier for cold viruses to be passed on. No one has yet found a cure for the cold. There are drugs and pain suppressors such as aspirin, but all they do is relieve the symptoms.

单选题 How to Build Team Spirit A. It is a well-known fact that an organisation can achieve a greater success if a few people get united and work towards a goal together. An ordinary team can perform better provided they are motivated. There are many instances, where a team approach has succeeded better compared to an organisation which is riddled with politics and managers who only think about themselves. B. In fact this is a basic problem among many people as they always tend to develop 'Frog Syndrome.' The frog syndrome does not allow other colleagues to go up the ladder, which leads the organisation to become an ordinary organisation. Today the biggest problem many companies are facing is how to develop team spirit among people. This is a very crucial point for the organisation to make difference in today's highly competitive environment. How can we develop such things today? Of course, there are many ways which are given below. C. The role of manager is to ensure that the people become cohesive (有凝聚力的) and feel proud to be the members of the team. It is quite possible provided the manager himself is a team leader. He has to set the right target, create enthusiasm among the people, develop a positive attitude among the people and motivate them at the right time. If done, it is nothing that succeeds like success. D. Right team spirit brings within the organisation a vibrant feeling to an insider as well as outsider. There is always willingness to walk an extra mile among people to achieve the set objective. This leads to more congenial (令人愉快的) atmosphere within the organisation. How many companies have succeeded in doing the same? Does it bring smile to an ordinary person working in the organisation? If yes, that organisation really can survive for a longer time. E. A happy employee always tends to achieve better. Many companies tend to take care of external customer but tend to forget the internal customers. Hence, companies should do retrospective (回顾的) analysis on satisfaction level of the internal employee. But how many companies bother to do that? A real smile can help the organisation to achieve better sales because SMILE = Sell More in Less Effort. How many people can bring smile on the face of a person? Therefore, there are few organisations which excel. However, this is possible provided the manager becomes a mentor. F. People always look towards a manager as mentor who can correct, guide and give constructive criticism. Manager should go where the colleagues working under him require him to go. He should help his colleagues during the need of the hour. Can a manager develop himself to be a mentor so that people can rely on his advice? A manager, if redevelop himself as a mentor, can definitely bring the team spirit among the people. But how many managers can be a mentor? Many times a manager himself is a grumbler (爱发牢骚的人) and creates a polluted environment within the organisation as his personality may not be fit to do a particular job. Therefore, a manager should analyse his own personality along with his colleagues' and ensure that his personality along with his colleagues' personality be suited to do the particular job. Application of sales grid (方格) approaches will definitely help him to understand his own personality as well as his colleagues'. This analysis can help to take corrective action and will create greater sense of responsibility and motivation among the people. We must motivate ourselves to motivate others. G. This is possible provided a manager make the job more challenging. In fact during a survey conducted by the author in India, the No. 1 motivator factor is job enrichment. How many managers try to create innovations in their job functions of their colleagues and associates? How many managers remove the fear of instability? How many managers ask themselves what new things they or their teams have done? If this is done regularly, the demotivation does not arise. Ordinary people can perform extraordinary things provided they bring the motivation and team spirit among the people. This is quite possible and a manager has a role to play. He should be proactive (主动的) in building team spirit and take action. H. There are certain people who because of the past experience can destroy the team spirit. Therefore, it is suggested that managers should identify 'this grumbler' at right time and take corrective measures immediately. The cancerous cell should not be allowed to develop or proliferate (扩散). A proper counseling can help the manager to correct the situation. He should not develop a dual personality. For example, in the office the tap is leaking, however, he does not bother as he feels that it is the job of administration but when he goes home he makes sure that the leakage of the tap is corrected. The dichotomy (分裂) behavior of the person cannot help him to develop team spirit. The manager should develop fatherhood of a spastic (痉挛的) child who is very caring, understanding his child. He has to therefore correct him, mend him with hope that the future will be bright. I. Managers must educate a colleague while working. A study among the field force revealed that the field representatives like to have a leader who is good at product knowledge and selling skills. During the visit of a leader if he ensures that he gives one or two new points to his colleagues, then the interaction between the two becomes more fruitful. Fox example, if a zonal manager visits his team, he may take up the product training in the conference or during the field work followed by a written test of the same subject. This concept was tried by the author in one of his client's companies wherein he noticed that the representative never used to respect his senior because of his lack of knowledge on the product. This process of inculcating (教授) the habit of interactions between the two brought a better team spirit and respect for each other. This activity resulted into higher productivity of the area.

单选题Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessay.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.Youshouldstartyouressaywithabriefdescriptionofthepictureandthenexpressyourviewsontheproblemoftrustcrisis.写作导航1.简要描述图片，指出人们之间缺少信任是一种不良社会现象，会产生严重后果；2.从政府、社会机构(媒体和学校)和个人三个层面出发阐述了解决办法；3.进行总结，建议人们从个人做起，谨小慎微，提高诚信意识。

单选题 名人效应(celebrity effect)是指因崇拜明星而进行模仿的心理现象。在我们生活中随处都能看到名人效应，比如我们会买所喜欢的明星代言的产品，做明星提倡的事情。名人效应既有优点，也存在不足。明星都是各自领域的精英，但在其他领域就不见得做得好。尤其是现如今一些年轻明星，他们的行为传达出的是堕落的信息，对年轻一代影响很不好。