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BSection B/B

{{B}}Part I Writing{{/B}}

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BPart III Reading Comprehension/B

基尼指数 (Gini coefficient)是一个反映收入分配程度的 指标 (index)。去年中国基尼指数为0．474，表明居民 贫富差距 (wealth gap)比较大。虽然贫富差距是任何一个发展中国家都会面临的问题，它还是引起了人们对中国发展和社会稳定的担忧。目前，中国政府把缩小贫富差距作为工作的重中之重。为此，政府采取了一系列的措施。包括提高低收入人群的收入水平和完善社会保障制度等。

U.S. Education Secretary Arne Duncan appealed Friday for a new generation of extraordinary teachers, calling education the civil rights cause of our time. Duncan told about 100 prospective (未来的) teachers at the University of Virginia that veterans, retirees and professionals seeking a second career must pay attention to the call to teach. He said the need is especially acute for black men in the nation's classrooms. The Virginia address is the first of several Duncan will make in October to press for bright candidates to enter teaching. He'll host a virtual town meeting with teachers from around the nation on Oct. 20, then deliver a major address on teacher preparation two days later in New York City. Duncan stressed the importance of teaching as the U.S. competes with an increasingly educated global work force, saying strong education is needed to reduce dropout rates among African-American, Latino and low-income students. "I believe that education is the civil rights issue of our generation," Duncan said. "If you care about promoting opportunity and reducing inequality and social injustice, the classroom is the place to start." Duncan noted that the next four years alone could see one-third of the nation's teachers and administrators leave. The departure of veteran educators will create huge demand for new teachers— 200,000 annually in good economic times, he said. Duncan stressed that the demand for teachers is greatest among "high-poverty, high-needs" and rural schools, as well as in subjects such as math and science. "It is especially troubling," he added, "that less than 2 percent of our nation's teachers are African-American males." Duncan said the way to bring more young black men into the teaching profession is to make sure that they continue their studies and don't drop out at the high rates they do now. "Our African male dropout rate is too high. If you're dropping out of high school you can't be a teacher," he said. Duncan said the nation cannot rely alone on schools of education to produce the next generation of teachers. He called for expanding alternatives such as Teach for America, which recruits recent college graduates to teach in schools in poor communities for at least two years.

Want to Know Your Disease Risk? Check Your Exposome A)When it comes to health, which is more important, nature or nurture? You may well think your genes are a more important predictor of health and ill health. Not so fast. In fact, it transpires(得知)that our everyday environment outweighs our genetics, when it comes to measuring our risk of disease. The genome(染色体组，基因组)is out—welcome the exposome(环境暴露). B)"The exposome represents everything a person is exposed to in the environment, that' s not in the genes, "says Stephen Rappaport, environmental health scientist at the University of California, Berkeley. That includes stress, diet, lifestyle choices, recreational and medicinal drug use and infections, to name a few. "The big difference is that the exposome changes throughout life as our bodies, diets and lifestyles change, "he says. While our understanding of the human genome has been growing at an exponential(迅速发展的)rate over the last decade, it is not as helpful as we hoped in predicting diseases. "Genes only contribute 10 percent to the overall disease burden, " says Rappaport. "Knowing genetic risk factors can prove absolutely futile(无用的), " says Jeremy Nicholson at Imperial College London. He points to work by Nina Paynter at the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, who investigated the effects of 101 genetic markers implicated in heart disease. After following over 19, 000 women for 12 years, she found these markers were not able to predict anything about the incidence of heart disease in this group. C)On the other hand, the impact of environmental influences is still largely a mystery. "There's an imbalance between our ability to investigate the genome and the environment, " says Chris Wild, director of the International Agency for Research on Cancer, who came up with the idea of the exposome. In reality, most diseases are probably caused by a combination of the two, which is where the exposome comes in. "The idea is to have a comprehensive analysis of a person' s full exposure history, " says Wild. He hopes a better understanding of exposures will shed a brighter light on disease risk factors. D)There are likely to be critical periods of exposure in development. For example, the time from birth to 3 years of age is thought to be particularly important. "We know that this is the time when brain connections are made, and that if you are obese(过度肥胖的)by this age, you' 11 have problems as an adult, " says Nicholson. In theory, a blood or urine sample taken from an individual could provide a snapshot of what that person has been exposed to. But how do you work out what fingerprints chemicals might leave in the body? The task is not as formidable(艰难的)as it sounds. For a start, researchers could make use of swatches(样本)of bio-bank information that has already been collected. "There has been a huge international funding effort in adult cohorts(一群)like the UK Bio-bank already, " says Wild. "If we improved analysis, we could apply it to these groups." E)Several teams are also working towards developing wearable devices to measure personal exposure to chemicals in the environment. "We can put chemicals in categories, " says Rappaport. "We could start by prioritizing toxic chemicals, and look for markers of these toxins in the blood, while hormones and metals can be measured directly." Rappaport is looking at albumin(白蛋白), a common protein in the blood that transports toxins to the liver where they are processed and broken down. He wants to know how it reacts with a range of chemicals, and is measuring the products. "You can get a fingerprint—a display of all the products an individual has been exposed to." F)By combining this information with an enhanced understanding of how exposure affects health, the exposome could help better predict a person's true disease risk. And we shouldn't have to wait long—Rappaport reckons we can reap the benefits within a generation. To this end, the US National Institutes of Health has set up an exposure biology program. "We 're looking for interactions between genes and exposure to work out an individual's risk of disease, " says David Balshaw, who manages the program. "It would allow you to tailor(使合适)the therapeutic response to that person's risk." An understanding of this interaction, reflected in a person's metabolic(新陈代谢的)profiles(数据图表), might also help predict how they will respond to a drug. Nicholson has been looking for clues in metabolite profiles of urine samples. G)Last year, his research group used these profiles to predict how individuals would metabolise paracetamol(扑热息痛). "It turned out that gut(肠子)microbes(微生物)were very important, " says Nicholson. "We've shown that the pre-dose urinary metabolite profile could predict the metabolism of painkilling drugs, and therefore predict drug toxicity." The findings suggest that metabolic profiles of exposure could help doctors tailor therapies and enable them to prescribe personalized medicines. Justin Stebbing at Imperial College London has already shown that metabolic profiles of women with breast cancer can predict who will respond to certain therapies. It is early days, but the initial findings look promising. "We're reaching the point where we're capable of assessing the exposome, " says Balshaw. With the implications for understanding disease causes and risks, and a real prospect of developing personalized medicine, the expo-some is showing more promise than the genome already, he adds. H)How does air pollution or stress leave a trace in the blood? The US National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, is trying to find out. One group funded by the NIH and led by Nongjian Tao at Arizona State University's Biodesign Institute in Tempre is developing wearable wireless sensors to monitor an individual' s exposure to environmental pollutants. Tao' s team started by creating software for Windows phones(视窗话筒), but they are working on apps(应用程序)that could be used on any smart phone. In theory, anyone could pop on(戴)a sensor and download an app to receive real-time information on exposure to environmental pollutants. At the same time, smart phones monitoring your location can combine the level of pollution with an exact time and place. Tao presented his sensor at the Circuits and Systems for Medical and Environmental Applications Workshop in Yucatan Mexico last week. I)"We're now moving prototypes(原型, 样品)into human studies, and progressing those prototypes into products, " says David Balshaw of the NIH. Earlier this year, Tao' s group tried out the sensor on individuals taking a stroll around Los Angeles, California. They were able to measure how exposure to pollutants changed as each person wandered near busy roads and petrol stations.

{{B}}Part II Listening Comprehension{{/B}}

{{B}}Section A{{/B}}

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BSection C/B

自新中国成立以来，中国政府大力发展民族艺术，使杂技获得了新的生命。

A new partner pushes out two close friends on average, leaving lovers with a smaller inner circle of people they can turn to in times of crisis, a study found. The research, led by Robin Dunbar, head of the Institute of Cognitive (认知的) and Evolutionary Anthropology (人类学) at Oxford University, showed that men find women were equally likely to lose their closest friends when they started a new relationship. Previous research by Dunbar's group has shown that people typically have five very close relationships—that is, people whom they would turn to if they were in emotional or financial trouble. "If you go into a romantic relationship, it costs you two friends. Those who have romantic relationships, instead of having the typical five 'core set' of relationships only have four. And of those, one is the new person who's come into their life," said Dunbar. The study, submitted to the journal Personal Relationships, was designed to investigate how people trade off spending time with one person over another and suggests that links with family and closest friends suffer when people start a romantic relationship. Dunbar's team used an internet-based questionnaire to quiz 428 women and 112 men about their relationships. In total, 363 of the participants had romantic partners. The findings suggest that a new love interest has to compensate for the loss of two close friends. Speaking at the British Science Festival, Professor Dunbar said: "This was a surprise for us. We hadn't expected it." "What I suspect is that your attention is so wholly focused on the romantic partner you don't get to see the other folks you had a lot to do with before, and so some of those relationships start to deteriorate (变糟)." The questionnaire allowed people to mention whether any of their closest friends were "extra romantic partners". In all, 32 of those quizzed mentioned having an extra love interest in their life, but these people did not lose four friends as might be expected. Instead, the extra person in their life bumped their original romantic partner out of their innermost circle of friends.

西安居于“中国古都”之首，在中国历史上建都时间最长、影响力最大。

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徐霞客出生在一个富庶之家。受父亲影响，他喜爱读地理、探险和游记之类的书籍。这些书籍使他从小就热爱祖国的壮丽河山，立志要遍游名山大川。22岁时徐霞客开始外出旅游。徐霞客一生游历中国30多年，广泛记录了自己的旅行。为了进行细致的考察，他很少乘车坐船，几乎全靠双脚翻山越岭。徐霞客过世后，他的旅行记录由他人整理成《徐霞客游记》(The Travel Diaries of Xu Xiake)一书。

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Working in Big Cities or Small Sized Cities? following the outline given below．You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words． 1．大学毕业生面临到大城市还是小城市工作的艰难抉择 2．到大城市和小城工作各有什么优缺点 3．我的看法

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