单选题 Green Growth A．The enrichment of previously poor countries is the most inspiring development of our time. It is also worrying. The environment is already under strain. What will happen when the global population rises from 7 billion today to 9.3 billion in 2050, as demographers(人口统计学家) expect, and a growing proportion of these people can afford goods that were once reserved for the elite? Can the planet support so much economic activity? B．Many policymakers adopt a top-down and Western-centric approach to such planetary problems. They discuss ambitious regulations in global forums, or look to giant multinationals and wealthy NGOs to set an example. But since most people live in the emerging world, it makes sense to look at what successful companies there are doing to make growth more sustainable. C．A new study by the World Economic Forum (WEF) and the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) identifies 16 emerging-market firms that they say are turning eco-consciousness into a source of competitive advantage. These highly profitable companies (which the study calls 'the new sustainability champions') are using greenery to reduce costs, motivate workers and forge relationships. Their home-grown ideas will probably be easier for their peers to copy than anything cooked up in the West. D．The most outstanding quality of these companies is that they turn limitations (of resources, labor and infrastructure) into opportunities. Thus, India's Shree Cement, which has long suffered from water shortages, developed the world's most water-efficient method for making cement, in part by using air-cooling rather than water-cooling. Manila Water, a utility in the Philippines, reduced the amount of water it was losing, through wastage and illegal tapping, from 63% in 1997 to 12% in 2010 by making water affordable for the poor. Broad Group, a Chinese maker of air conditioners, taps the waste heat from buildings to power its machines. Zhangzidao Fishery Group, a Chinese aquaculture (水产养殖 ) company, recycles uneaten fish feed to fertilize crops. E．Setting green goals is a common practice. Sekem, an Egyptian food producer, set itself the task of cultivating desert land through organic farming. Florida Ice Farm, a Costa Rican food and drink company, has adopted strict standards for the amount of water it can consume in producing drinks. F．These firms measure themselves by their greenery, too. Florida Ice Farm, for example, links 60% of its boss's pay to the triple bottom line of 'people, planet and profit'. The sustainability champions also encourage their workers to come up with green ideas. Natura, a Brazilian cosmetics company, gives bonuses to staff who find ways to reduce the firm's impact on the environment. Masisa, a Chilean forestry company, invites employees to 'imagine unimaginable businesses' aimed at poorer consumers. Woolworths, a South African retailer, claims that many of its best green ideas have come from staff, not bosses. G．In emerging markets it is hard for companies to stick to one specialism, because they have to worry about so many wider problems, from humble infrastructure to unreliable supply chains. So the sustainability champions seek to shape the business environment in which they operate. They lobby(游说) regulators: Grupo Balbo, a Brazilian organic-sugar producer, is working with the Brazilian government to establish a certification system for organic products. They form partnerships with governments and NGOs. Kenya's Equity Bank has formed an alliance with groups such as The International Fund for Agricultural Development to reduce its risks when lending to smallholders. Natura has worked with its suppliers to produce sustainable packaging, including a new 'green' plastic derived from sugar cane. H．The firms also work hard to reach and educate poor consumers, often sacrificing short-term profits to create future markets. Masisa organizes local carpenters into networks and connects them to low-income furniture buyers. Broad Group has developed a miniature device for measuring air pollution that can fit into mobile phones. Jain Irrigation, an Indian maker of irrigation systems, uses dance and song to explain the benefits of drip irrigation to farmers who can't read. Suntech, a Chinese solar-power company, has established a low-carbon museum to celebrate ways of reducing carbon-dioxide emissions. Rich because green, or green because rich? I．One could disagree with BCG's analysis. Phil Rosenzweig of Switzerland's IMD business school has argued that management writers are prone to 'the halo effect': they treat the temporary success of a company as proof that it has discovered some eternal principle of good management. The fact that some successful companies have embraced greenery does not prove that greenery makes a firm successful. Some firms, having prospered, find they can afford to go green. Some successful firms pursue greenery for public-relations purposes. And for every sustainable emerging champion, there are surely 100 firms that have prospered by releasing waste gas into the air or pumping toxins into rivers. J．Nonetheless, the central message of the WEF-BCG study—that some of the best emerging-world companies are combining profits with greenery—is thought-provoking. Many critics of environmentalism argue that it is a rich-world luxury: that the poor need adequate food before they need super-clean air. Some even see greenery as a rich-world trick: the West grew rich by industrializing (and polluting), but now wants to stop the rest of the world from following suit. The WEF-BCG report demonstrates that such fears are overblown. Emerging-world companies can be just as green as their Western rivals. Many have found that, when natural resources are scarce and consumers lack money, greenery can be a profitable business strategy.

单选题 From Accountant to Yogi: Making a Radical Career Change A. At some point, almost all of us will experience a period of radical professional change. Some of us will seek it out; for others it will feel like an unwelcome intrusion into otherwise stable careers. Either way, we have choices about how we respond to it when it comes. B. We recently caught up with yoga entrepreneur Leah Zaccaria, who put herself through the fire of change to completely reinvent herself. In her search to live a life of purpose, Leah left her high-paying accounting job, her husband, and her home. In the process, she built a radically new life and career. Since then, she has founded two yoga studios, met a new life partner, and formed a new community of people. Even if your personal reinvention is less drastic, we think there are lessons from her experience that apply. C. Where do the seeds of change come from? The Native American Indians have a saying: 'Pay attention to the whispers so you won't have to hear the screams.' Often the best ideas for big changes come from unexpected places—it's just a matter of tuning in. Great leaders recognize the weak signals or slight signs that point to big changes to come. Leah reflects on a time she listened to the whispers: 'About the time my daughter was five years old, I started having a sense that 'this isn't right.'' She then realized that her life no longer matched her vision for it. D. Up until that point, Leah had followed traditional measures of success. After graduating with a degree in business and accounting, she joined a public accounting firm, married, bought a house, put lots of stuff in it, and had a baby. 'I did what everybody else thought looked successful,' she says. Leah easily could have fallen into a trap of feeling content; instead, her energy sparked a period of experimentation and renewal. E. Feeling the need to change, Leah started playing with future possibilities by exploring her interests and developing new capabilities. First trying physical exercise and dieting, she lost some weight and discovered an inner strength. 'I felt powerful because I broke through my own limitations,' she recalls. F. However, it was another interest that led Leah to radically reinvent herself. 'I remember sitting on a bench with my aunt at a yoga studio,' she said, 'and having a moment of clarity right then and there: Yoga is saving my life. Yoga is waking me up. I'm not happy and I want to change and I'm done with this.' In that moment of clarity Leah made an important leap, conquering her inner resistance to change and making a firm commitment to take bigger steps. G. Creating the future you want is a lot easier if you are ready to exploit the opportunities that come your way. When Leah made the commitment to change, she primed herself to new opportunities she may otherwise have overlooked. She recalls: H. One day a man I worked with, Ryan, who had his office next to mine, said, 'Leah, let's go look at this space on Queen Anne.' He knew my love for yoga and had seen a space close to where he lived that he thought might be good to serve as a yoga studio. As soon as I saw the location, I knew this was it. Of course I was scared, yet I had this strong sense of 'I have to do this.' Only a few months later Leah opened her first yoga studio, but success was not instant. I. Creating the future takes time. That's why leaders continue to manage the present while building toward the big changes of the future. When it's time to make the leap, they take action and immediately drop what's no longer serving their purpose. Initially Leah stayed with her accounting job while starting up the yoga studio to make it all work. J. Soon after, she knew she had to make a bold move to fully commit to her new future. Within two years, Leah shed the safety of her accounting job and made the switch complete. Such drastic change is not easy. K. Steering through change and facing obstacles brings us face to face with our fears. Leah reflects on one incident that triggered her fears, when her investors threatened to shut her down: 'I was probably up against the most fear I've ever had,' she says. 'I had spent two years cultivating this community, and it had become successful very fast, but within six months I was facing the prospect of losing it all.' L. She connected with her sense of purpose and dug deep, cultivating a tremendous sense of strength. 'I was feeling so intentional and strong that I wasn't going to let fear just take over. I was thinking, 'OK, guys, if you want to try to shut me down, shut me down.' And I knew it was a negotiation scheme, so I was able to say to myself, 'This is not real.'' By naming her fears and facing them head-on, Leah gained confidence. For most of us, letting go of the safety and security of the past gives us great fear. Calling out our fears explicitly, as Leah did, can help us act decisively. M. The cycle of renewal never ends. Leah's growth spurred her to open her second studio—and it wasn't for the money. N. I have no desire to make millions of dollars. It's not about that; it's about growth for me. Honestly, I didn't need to open a second studio. I was making as much money as I was as an accountant. But I know if you don't grow, you stand still, and that doesn't work for me. O. Consider the current moment in your own life, your team or your organization. Where are you in the cycle of renewal: Are you actively preserving the present, or selectively forgetting the past, or boldly creating the future? What advice would Leah give you to move you ahead on your journey? Once we're on the path of growth, we can continually move through the seasons of transformation and renewal.

单选题 Here's some good news for parents of tweens and teens: you rule. That may be hard to believe sometimes. And it's true kids won't always follow your health and safety roles. But studies show parents who keep setting boundaries make a huge difference. The latest example is a survey on media use by the Kaiser Family Foundation. It found that typical kids ages 8 to 18 spend an astonishing 7 hours and 38 minutes a day consuming entertainment media, indulging deeply in TV, computers, games, cellphones, music players and other devices while occasionally glancing at books and other non-electronic media. Many experts, including the pediatrics academy, consider that much screen time is bad for mental and physical health. But the study also found that kids whose parents set any time or content limits were plugged in for three hours less each day. 'Parents can have a big influence,' says Kaiser researcher Vicky Rideout. 'The reality is that teenagers care deeply what their parents think,' says Kenneth Ginsburg, a specialist of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. 'The challenge for parents is to get across roles and boundaries in a way that doesn't feel controlling.' Research shows that parents who set firm rules but explain and enforce in a warm supportive way work better than those who set no rules, fail to enforce them or rule with a 'because I said so' iron grip. Ideally, 'kids understand the rules are about their well-being and safety,' Ginsburg says. Still, achieving just-right parenting is 'challenging', says Margaret Broe-Fitzpatrick, a teacher in Kensington, Md., who has four children, ages 8 to 16. 'There are so many different things to keep track of.' She and her husband keep their kids busy with sports and other activities, limit screen time and review the music their children download. They talk with their 16-year-old son about the rules he'll face when he gets a driver's license soon. But, she says, they can't police everything the kids encounter on the Internet or in friends' homes. 'We're just doing the best we can,' she says, 'even if young people may protest at first, they do feel more safe and secure when limits are set.'

单选题 Junk food is everywhere. We're eating way too much of it. Most of us know what we're doing and yet we do it anyway. So here's a suggestion offered by two researchers at the Rand Corporation: Why not take a lesson from alcohol control policies and apply them to where food is sold and how it's displayed? 'Many policy measures to control obesity (肥胖症) assume that people consciously and rationally choose what and how much they eat and therefore focus on providing information and more access to healthier foods,' note the two researchers. 'In contrast,' the researchers continue, 'many regulations that don't assume people make rational choices have been successfully applied to control alcohol, a substance—like food—of which immoderate consumption leads to serious health problems.' The research references studies of people's behavior with food and alcohol and results of alcohol restrictions, and then lists five regulations that the researchers think might be promising if applied to junk foods. Among them: Density restrictions: licenses to sell alcohol aren't handed out unplanned to all comers but are allotted (分配) based on the number of places in an area that already sell alcohol. These make alcohol less easy to get and reduce the number of psychological cues to drink. Similarly, the researchers say, being presented with junk food stimulates our desire to eat it. So why not limit the density of food outlets, particularly ones that sell food rich in empty calories? And why not limit sale of food in places that aren't primarily food stores? Display and sales restrictions: California has a rule prohibiting alcohol displays near the cash registers in gas stations, and in most places you can't buy alcohol at drive-through facilities. At supermarkets, food companies pay to have their wares in places where they're easily seen. One could remove junk food to the back of the store and ban them from the shelves at checkout lines. The other measures include restricting portion sizes, taxing and prohibiting special price deals for junk foods, and placing warning labels on the products.

单选题 Financial independence is one of the many markers used to designate the crossover from childhood into young adulthood, and it's a milestone most Americans think young adults should reach by the age of 22. But that's not the reality for most young adults who've reached this age. The share of young adults who could be considered 'financially independent' from their parents by their early 20s has gone down somewhat in recent decades. A new Pew Research Center analysis of Census Bureau data finds that, in 2018, 24% of young adults were financially independent by age 22 or younger, compared with 32% in 1980. Looking more broadly at young adults aged 18 to 29, the share who are financially independent has been largely stable in recent decades. Overall, young men are more likely than young women to be financially independent, but this gender gap has diminished significantly. The new survey findings underscore the extent to which many young adults are financially reliant on their parents. Some 45% of adults aged 18 to 29 say they have received a lot of or some financial help from their parents in the past 12 months. According to parents of young adults, those shares may be even higher. About six-in-ten parents with children aged 18 to 29 say they have given their kids at least some financial help in the past year. A majority of young adults who have received financial help from their parents say at least some ofit was for recurring expenses. Six-in-ten say the money went toward household expenses such as groceries or bills, and significant shares used it to pay their tuition, rent or mortgage. Beyond financial independence, the pace with which young adults are reaching other markers of adulthood has slowed significantly over the past several decades. Today's young adults are staying in school longer and are marrying and establishing their own households later than previous generations. A growing share are living in their parents' homes well into their 20s and even early 30s. Some of these changes are linked to economic challenges, while others may represent a rearrangement of goals and priorities.

单选题 茶拥有5,000年的历史。传说，神农氏(Shen Nong)喝开水时，几片野树叶子落进壶里，开水顿时散发出宜人的香味。他喝了几口，觉得很提神。茶就这样发现了。 自此，茶在中国开始流行。茶园遍布全国，茶商变得富有。昂贵、雅致的茶具成了地位的象征。 今天，茶不仅是一种健康的饮品，而且是中国文化的一个组成部分。越来越多的国际游客一边品茶，一边了解中国文化。

单选题 How to Fall Asleep? A. It's 4 a.m. The clock ticks, the moon glows, the dog snores and you just stare. Perhaps you stare into the blackish red of the inside of your eyelids as you lie still, thinking if you pretend to be sleeping, the real thing will surely come. Or maybe you stare the laundry on the floor, then the glowing 4:01 a.m. time, as you turn and shift and stare some more. And you know you shouldn't be staring: you should be sleeping! You should be logging those crucial seven-plus hours of quality sleep each night, and the frustration that you cannot will make you feel angrier at this 4:02 a.m. stare session. And it's hard to fall asleep when you're infuriated (激怒). B. So what do you do? The first step to getting more sleep is to perfect your sleep hygiene (卫生；保健). That means developing a regular sleep schedule, using your bed only for sleep, and ditching electronics and caffeine well before bedtime. But that second step is for the daylight hours. The first step is to get to sleep now, so you can grab at least a couple hours before the birds start chirping (鸣叫). The tips below might help you sleep easier. Here's the advice of Eric Olson, co-director of the Center for Sleep Medicine at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester Minn., and Harneet Walia, a doctor in the Cleveland Clinic's Sleep Disorders Center: C. Get out of bed. When you lie awake in bed, you send yourself the wrong message. 'You're basically training your body not to sleep in bed, but to lie there and not sleep,' Walia says. 'And your mind can get conditioned to that.' Olson puts it another way, 'The longer we lie there and get frustrated in that environment, the more we come to anticipate it next time we're there,' he says. 'We come to associate the bedroom with not sleeping well.' So if you're unable to sleep for about a 15 or 20 minute stretch, slip into your slippers and out of the room. Try something relaxing and non-stimulating. Listen to music. Read a book. Even consider cleaning the house or doing the dishes, Olson suggests. A bath might do the trick, according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, because sleepiness can develop from the post-bath drop in body temperature. Whatever activity you choose, do it away from bed, and return when you're feeling tired. D. Try relaxation techniques. Use whatever relaxation tips you know to combat this inappropriately timed alertness. Try your favorite calming yoga pose. Neuroscience (神经科学) researcher Catherine Kerr explains a simple way of relaxing through breathing. You simply note the rising and falling of your breath, and focus on the parts of your body where you feel your breath, whether it's in the lungs, tip of your nose or elsewhere. E. Walia suggests progressive muscle relaxation: Working from your toes to your forehead, tightly tense each muscle group for five seconds, and then relax. Visualization is another classic relaxing technique, in which you picture yourself someplace pleasant and calm. And what about the mother of all sleep remedies—counting sheep? Olson views this as a 'mental distraction technique,' like visualization. With sleep, he says, 'the harder you try to get it, often the more elusive (难以捕捉的) it is.' So whether you're counting farm animals or picturing yourself in a hammock (吊床), the idea is the same, Olson says. 'You're getting your mind off of 'I can't sleep; I can't sleep; I can't sleep,' and onto something else.' F. Ease anxiety. Sometimes the sleeplessness stems from worry. Your brain is overworking, thinking about your bank account and the big meeting tomorrow. For people who consistently have trouble 'quieting the mind' at night, Olson suggests trying 'to train your mind to think about those things at more appropriate times of the day.' Schedule a time each day between work and dinner to simply write a sentence or two about what's worrying you and where you stand with that. 'Maybe it's as simple as, 'I thought about this today, but I don't have any real solutions right now.'' Olson says. By systematically documenting these worries during the day, ideally, you'll be less likely to focus on them at night. At that point, Walia suggests, 'Write down all your worries on a piece of paper so it's out of your head.' And try the breathing, muscle relaxation and visualization techniques above. G. Another common anxiety that is hidden in the wee hours (凌晨) of a sleepless night is the mounting awareness that you're not asleep when you should be. Stress and frustration increase as you worry about how you need to be up for work in four (or three or two) hours. The experts' suggestion? Get rid of time cues. 'No clock watching,' Walia says, 'That's a big no-no. Turn the clock around.' H. Medicate (用药治疗) with caution. Whether prescription or over-the-counter, Walia and Olson do not recommend drugs as a first choice for relieving sleeplessness. Ideally, the tips above and improved sleep hygiene should do the trick. But, should you choose a sleep aid, Olson reminds people that, of course, they make you sleepy. 'Avoid taking a sleep medicine the closer you get to morning,' he says. 'You don't want to be hung over because you took that Tylenol (泰勒诺，一种药物) at 5:30 a.m. just to sleep another hour.' Olson also advises that those who tuna to over-the-counter sleep aids don't do this continuously, so as to help avoid building a habit, and to check with their doctors that the medicine doesn't interfere with any of their conditions or medications. If you take a Food and Drug Administration-approved prescription sleep aid, Walia points out that it should be for the short term. I. See a doctor. If your sleeplessness is frequent and influencing your daytime behavior, bring it up with your physician. 'When people start to feel like they're worried about their sleep during the day, that's probably the time when they need some guidance,' Olson says.

单选题 Protests at the use of animals in research have taken a new and fearful character in Britain with attempted murder of two British scientists by the terrorist technique of the pre-planted carbomb. The research community will rightly be alarmed at these developments, which have two aims: to draw public attention and to frighten people working in research with animals. The scientists insist that everything should be done to identify those responsible for the crimes and to put them on trial. The Defense Research Society has taken the practical step of offering a reward of $10,000 for information leading to those responsible, but past experience is not encouraging. People are unlikely to be tempted by such offers. The professional police will similarly be confronted by the usual problem of finding a needle in a haystack. That is why the intellectual community in Britain and elsewhere must act more actively in its own defense. There are several steps that can be taken, of which the chief one is to demand of all the organizations that exist with the declared aims of safeguarding the interests of animals that they should declare clearly where they stand on violence towards people. And it will not be enough for the chairman and chairwoman of these organizations to make placatory statements on behalf of all their members. These people should also undertake that it will be a test of continuing membership in their organizations that members and would-be members should declare that they will take no part in acts of violence against human beings. Even such undertakings would be fully effective: people, after all, can lie. But at least they would distinguish the organizations entitled to a continuing voice in the dialogue with the research community about the rights of animals in research from the organizations that deserve no say.

单选题 Many families in the United States have a larger income now than ever before, but people are finding it difficult to make ends meet anyway. Almost everyone is wondering, 'What happens to all my money? I never seem to have anything left to put away.' Why isn't a dollar worth as much as it used to be? One dollar is always worth the same amount, that is, 100 cents. But the value of a dollar is how much it can buy. The value of money depends on the cost of living. Economists say that the cost of living is the money that a family must pay for the necessities of life such as food, housing or rent, clothes and medical expenses. For many years now, the cost of living has increased greatly, so the value of the dollar has decreased. When a dollar has a low value, you cannot buy as many things with it. No one fully understands why the cost of living keeps increasing, but economists believe that workers and producers can make prices go up. As workers earn more money, they have more money to spend, so they demand more goods. If there is a great demand for certain goods, the prices of these goods go up. At the same time, if there's a shortage of goods, the price also goes up. For example, if everyone wants to buy more and more gas, the price of gas goes up. When companies withhold gas from buyers, they can also make the price of gas go up. Families need to know what happens to their money. They need to make their income meet the cost of living, so many people plan a family budget. A budget is a list of monthly expenses. If your expenses add up to more than your income, you must find ways to save money. Maybe you're spending too much on entertainment. Or if you're spending too much on clothes, you may want to sew your own clothes. Budgeting helps you spend your money wisely as the cost of living increases.