单选题 Damp conditions favor the growth of moulds and bacteria. If food is kept dry, these organisms cannot spoil it. You probably know how soon fresh vegetables begin to 'sweat' and rot and, by comparison, how long dried peas will keep if stored in a screw-top jar. Refrigeration is another way of preserving food. Deep-frozen meat and vegetables will keep for months. Though few bacteria are killed by freezing, bacterial growth is either prevented or greatly retarded. The presence of a lot of sugar in food is another way of preserving it. Jam and sweetened condensed milk are examples. Dried fruit also has a high concentration of sugar. Neither fungi nor bacteria will grow in such a medium. Meat and fish are sometimes salted for the same reason. Canned food forms a significant proportion of the diet of many families. Food is heated in the can at a high temperature, under pressure. Heating in this way destroys all bacteria and fungi. As long as the can remains sealed the food in it will last indefinitely. Recently some food canned at the time of the Napoleonic Wars (1805—1815) was opened for testing and found to be uncontaminated (未污染的). Milk is partially preserved by pasteurization. In this process the milk is kept at 65℃ for 30 minutes and then chilled. Heating to this temperature destroys some kinds of bacteria, including the one that causes tuberculosis. It does not kill many of the harmless varieties of bacteria, and some of these will cause the milk to turn sour if it is not kept chilled.

单选题In a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many house-hold tasks are shared to a greater or lesser extent, notions of male 25 are hard to maintain. The pattern of sharing in tasks and in decisions makes for equality, and this in 26 leads to further sharing. In such a home, the growing boy and girl learn to 27 that equality more easily than their parents did and to prepare more 28 for participation in a world characterized by cooperation rather than by the 'battle of the sexes'. If the process goes too far and man's role is regarded as less important—and that has happened in some cases—we are as badly off (poor) as before, only in 29 . It is time to 30 the role of the man in the American family again. There are signs that psychologists, social workers, and specialists on the family are becoming more 31 of the part men play and that they have decided that women should not receive all the credit—nor all the blame. We have almost given up saying that a woman's place is the home. We are beginning, however, to analyze men's place in the home and to 32 that he does have a place in it. Nor is that place irrelevant to the healthy development of the child. The family is a cooperative enterprise for which it is difficult to lay down rules, because each family needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems. 33 authoritarianism (权力主义) has unhappy consequences, whether it wears skirts or trousers, and the ideal of equal rights and equal responsibilities is 34 not only with a healthy democracy, but also with a healthy family. A. concerned B. reverse C. return D. entirely E. aware F. resist G. informed H. turn I. receive J. excessive K. fully L. accept M. Insist N. assess O. superiority

单选题 Creating a Harmonious Family For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Creating a Harmonious Family by commenting on the saying, 'If family lives in harmony, all affairs will prosper.' You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

单选题Conversational skills are very important at work and in life. Those who are at ease on conversation have the ability to 'connect' with others, which helps them build rapport (友好关系) and, eventually, relationships. Mastering 25 at small talk can be an important step in your professional development and can actually help you get ahead. Initiating a small talk requires a(n) 26 line. Not the kind of 'line' you might hear in a bar or nightclub, but one that sounds 27 and lets the other person know you're interested in talking with him. Don't open up with a 28 . Make sure what you say has a positive spin. The real art in small talk comes in how you keep the conversation 29 . So don't monopolize (独占) the conversation. Ask a question of the other person and really listen to his response. Then 30 on what he said with comments from your own personal experience and ask another question. Good conversationalists are people keeping up with the news and being 31 involved in life. The final step in small talk is the ending. A subtle way to signal that you're ready to end the conversation is to break eye contact. A 32 word like 'Well' can also communicate that it's time to stop. Also, you can tell the other person you truly enjoyed talking with him and hope to have the chance to talk again. Leave a positive final 33 with a smile and strong handshake. Small talk may seem 34 , but you can gather a lot of helpful information when talking casually with someone. A. actively I. insignificant B. amusing J. occasionally C. complaint K. opening D. concern L. remark E. elaborate M. sincere F. flowing N. skills G. illustrate O. transition H. impression

单选题 I Cry, Therefore I Am A. In 2008, at a German zoo, a gorilla(大猩猩) named Gana gave birth to a male infant, who died after three months. Photographs of Gana, looking stricken and inconsolable (伤心欲绝的), attracted crowds to the zoo. Sad as the scene was, the humans, not Gana, were the only ones crying. The notion that animals can weep has no scientific basis. Years of observations by biologists Dian Fossey, who observed gorillas, and Jane Goodall, who worked with chimpanzees(黑猩猩), could not prove that animals cry tears from emotion. B. It's true that many animals shed tears, especially in response to pain. Tears protect the eye by keeping it moist. But crying as an expression of feeling is unique to humans and has played an essential role in human evolution and the development of human cultures. C. Within two days an infant can imitate sad and happy faces. If an infant does not cry out, it is unlikely to get the attention it needs to survive. Around 3-4 months, the relationship between the human infant and its environment takes on a more organized communicative role, and tearful crying begins to serve interpersonal purposes: the search for comfort and pacification(抚慰). As we get older, crying becomes a tool of social interaction: grief and joy, shame and pride, fear and manipulation. D. Tears are as universal as laughter, and grief is more complex than joy. But although we all cry, we do so in different ways. Women cry more frequently and intensely than men, especially when exposed to emotional events. Like crying, depression is, around the world, more commonly seen in women than in men. One explanation might be that women, who despite decades of social advances still suffer from economic inequality, discrimination(歧视) and even violence, might have more to cry about. Men not only cry for shorter periods than women, but they also are less inclined to explain their tears, usually shed them more quietly, and tend more frequently to apologize when they cry openly. Men, like women, report crying at the death of a loved one and in response to a moving religious experience. They are more likely than women to cry when their core identities—as providers and protectors, as fathers and fighters—are questioned. E. People who score on personality tests as more sympathetic cry more than those who are more rigid or have more self-control. Frequency of crying varies widely: some shed tears at any novel or movie, others only a handful of times in their lives. Crying in response to stress and conflict in the home, or after emotional trauma (创伤), lasts much longer than tears induced by everyday sadness—which in turn last longer than tears of delight and joy. F. Sadness is our primary association with crying, but the fact is that people report feeling happier after crying. Surveys estimate that 85% of women and 73% of men report feeling better after shedding tears. Surprisingly, crying is more commonly associated with minor forms of depression than with major depression involving suicidal thoughts. G. People widely report that crying relieves tension, restores emotional balance and provides 'catharsis', a washing out of bad feelings. The term 'catharsis' has religious implications of removing evil and sin; it's no surprise that religious ceremonies are, around the world, one of the main settings for the release of tears. H. Crying is nearly universal sign of grief, though some mourners report that, despite genuine sorrow, they cannot shed tears—sometimes even for years after their loved one has gone. Unlike today, when the privacy of grief is more respected, the public or ceremonial shedding of tears, at the graveside of a spouse or the funeral of a king or queen, was once considered socially or even politically essential. I. Crying has also served other social purpose. Rousseau wrote in his Confessions that while he considered tears the most powerful expression of love, he also just liked to cry over nothing. J. The association of tears with art has ancient roots. The classic Greek tragedies of the fifth century B. C. were primarily celebrations of gods. Tragedies, like poetry and music, were staged religious events. Even then it was recognized that crying in response to drama brought pleasure. K. I have argued that there are neurobiological(神经生物方面的) associations linking the arts and mood disorders. When I lecture on crying, I ask my audience to let me know, by a show of hands, which art forms most move them to tears. About 80% say music, followed closely by novels (74%), but then the figures all sharply, to 43%, for poetry, and 10-22% for paintings, sculpture and architecture. L. The physical act of crying is mainly one of breathing in air, which is why we choke up when we weep. This suggests to language scientists that emotional crying evolved before language, perhaps explaining why tears communicate states of mind and feelings that are often so difficult to express in words. Of course, from an evolutionary perspective, recognition of emotion (usually through facial gesture)was essential for survival. M. The earliest humans arrived several million years ago, but only 150,000 to 200,000 years ago, did cultures, language, religion and the arts arise. Along the way, tears became more than a biological necessity to lubricate(润滑) the eye and developed into a sigh of intense emotion and a signal of social bonding. The development of self-consciousness and the notion of individual identity, or ego; storytelling about the origins of the world, the creation of humanity and life after death; and the ability to feel others' sadness—all were critical parts of the neurobiological changes that made us human. N. More recently, we've learned from neuroscience that certain brain circuits(回路) are activated (激活), rapidly and unconsciously, when we see another in emotional distress. In short, our brain evolved circuits to allow us to experience sympathy, which in turn made civilization, and an ethics based on sympathy, possible. So the next time you reach a tissue box, or sob on a friend's shoulder, or shed tears at the movies, stop and reflect on why we cry and what it means to cry. Because ultimately, while we love to cry, we also cry to love.

单选题The furniture and accessories in a private office can send apowerful message about the image the occupant wants to project. A more subtle choice—the 26 you face when sitting at your desk—says a lot about you too, designers say. People whose desks face straight toward the door may want to 27 an image of power and 28 . 'It gives them a view of everything going on outside the office,' enabling them to 29 visitors, avoid surprises and 30 what's going on, says Leigh Stringer, workplace strategist at the architecture and interior-design firm HOK. Others, however, find the door distracting. Those who sit at an angle can keep an eye on who is 31 by to avoid being ambushed (伏击；埋伏). Ms. Stringer calls it 'the Serengeti effect'. Being able to 'look out across the office and see the 32 approach' is naturally calming, she adds. Workers are 33 in cubicles (小隔间) often must face a corner or back wall. This might work for hermits, but it can foster anxiety. It allows colleagues to 'come up and startle you, and maybe see what was on your screen,' says industrial designer Douglas Ball. Have you been stuck with your desk facing in a direction you disliked? Have you 34 your desk to convey the image you want? Or do you notice feeling differently about the occupant of an office based on where they 35 their desk? A. anticipate F. beautiful K. seeing B. monitor G. passing L. convey C. stuck H. give M. tiger D. involved I. repositioned N. get E. place J. direction O. authority

单选题 School shootings are in the news again. An Ohio teenager opened fire on five classmates, killing three students and injuring two others. In Seattle, the 9-year-old boy brought a gun to school and seriously injured a classmate when it was accidentally discharged in his backpack. Children are injured and murdered every day, but school violence carries a symbolic power because we like to think of schools as safe havens (避难所) from the harshness of adult life. It's frightening to think that the institutions could be a place of injury or even death. Politicians and taxpayers like to hold teachers responsible for their students' failures for the belief that a child's fate rests largely in the hands of the teacher in whose care he or she spends approximately 1,000 hours per year. Yet the remaining 7,760 hours are on someone else's watch: the parents. That's right, children spend on average only about 11% of their childhood lives in school. But we rarely talk honestly about what can happen during the other eight-ninths of their waking and even sleeping hours. Children arrive at school poorly nourished and too fatigued to work. They spend too much time on television and too little on exercise. They are poorly socialised in ways that inhibit (阻碍) learning and kindness. They also bring unsecured weapons to school and use them on innocent people, including, sometimes, themselves. Where are the parents? Children are being injured and killed through the negligence (疏忽) of the adults who are responsible for them. About one-third of households with children report owning at least one gun. Forty-three percent of these homes report keeping firearms in an unlocked place, while only 39% of these homes keep the guns locked, unloaded and separate from ammunition (子弹), as recommended by many gun-safety advocates. Nationally, 90% of fatal firearm shootings of children ages 0 to 14 occur in the home. We are not saying that every time a kid does something wrong, a parent must be held responsible or be blamed. But a system that focuses its attention for kids' faults everywhere but at home is equally blind. We hold hosts liable when a driver drinks at their home and kills someone while driving drunk. Having an unlocked, loaded gun in a home with a child under 16 should be a crime.

单选题It has been months since Tina Moore last bit into a bagel or a slice of toast. 'Protein is good. Carbs (碳水化合物) are bad,' says 41-year-old Moore, who altered her diet five years ago in a bid to lose weight. Moore is one of an estimated 15 million-plus Americans seen as devoted followers of dieting advisor Dr. Robert Atkins, who 28 eating a diet high in protein for those who want to lose weight and keep it off. The hamburger patty is good, the hamburger bun bad, according to the 29 of Atkins, who has turned his philosophies into a dieting revolution, starting with his first book, Dr. Atkins Diet Revolution, in 1972. Atkins' books—his latest, Atkins for Life, was published this year—routinely 30 best-seller lists. Atkins companies have made millions of dollars in sales of specialty low-carb food products and carb-counting scales, But the popularity of Atkins' eating advice, now appealing to another generation, is 31 some food companies who rely on the consumer appetite for carbohydrate-laden foods such as pastas and pizzas, cakes, cookies and cereals, to add weight to their own bottom lines. 'Our industry has to do something, and soon, It is starting to become a 32 belief that carbohydrates are bad,' said Judi Adams, director of the Wheat Foods Council, a society of industry players that includes ConAgra, General Mills and Kellogg Co. Part of the society's push will be in Washington, where federal health officials are starting talks on 33 to the nation's 11-year-old Food Guide Pyramid. 34 , the pyramid puts bread, cereals, rice and pasta as the foundation for healthy eating, The strategy is a direct attack on Atkins: Americans who follow the Atkins diet increase their risk of health problems that include cardiovascular disease, high cholesterol, kidney damage and some cancers, the Wheat Foods Council says. Adding 35 to injury, it claims that Atkins followers can also suffer headaches, constipation and bad breath. According to Atkins, he is not looking to go to war with the food companies, and even Atkins diehards allow for an 36 doughnut or cookie. 'We teach people how to respect it and, on rare occasions, have it in 37 ,' he said. 'We know people can't stay away from it forever.' A. mainstream B. top C. profitable D. occasional E. Currently F. panicking G. proceedings H. hasty I. recommends J. insult K. teachings L. revisions M. Empirically N. moderation O. merge

单选题Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessaybasedonthepicturebelow.YoushouldstartyouressaywithabriefaccountoftheimpactoftheInternetonlearningandthenexplainwhyeducationdoesn'tsimplymeanlearningtoobtaininformation.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.

单选题 Imagine an animal that becomes frozen in cold weather. Then, when it gets warmer, the animal simply unfreezes and goes back to its normal life. Although this may sound like something from a science-fiction movie, it is exactly what happens to the wood frog over winter and spring. When winter begins, the frog, which is found throughout much of Canada, buries itself in leaves and dirt. As the ground begins to freeze, so does the frog's body. Normally, if a living creature is frozen, the cells inside its body are destroyed, leading to death. How, then, does the wood frog survive? The secret lies in the fact that although the water between the cells in the frog's body becomes frozen, the water inside the cells does not freeze. Before the winter begins, the frog stores starch in its body. As the weather gets colder, the drop in temperature causes the frog's body to change this starch into glucose. This glucose, in turn, lowers the temperature at which the liquid inside the frog's cells freezes. As a result, the cells do not freeze even at very low temperatures, allowing the frog to stay alive. Some wood frogs stay in this frozen state—with their hearts stopped completely—for months without harm. Now researchers are hoping to adapt the wood frog's secret to help them preserve human organs for transplants. Currently, after organs are removed from a donor's body, they are packed in a special liquid and kept very cold. However, they cannot be frozen because the ice would damage the cells in the organs. For this reason, the organs must be used quickly. If doctors had a way to preserve organs longer, they would have more time to find the best matches among people waiting for organ transplants. There is still a lot about the wood frog that scientists do not understand. They still have to work out, for example, exactly how the frog is able to unfreeze itself and what actually restarts the frog's heart when the weather becomes warmer. What is clear, however, is that lessons learned by studying this tiny creature could be of great benefit to humans in the near future.