单选题 中华文明(Chinese civilization)起源于黄河和长江流域中不同的区域中心。黄河被称作中华文明的摇篮。中国是世界上最古老的文明国之一，拥有数千年绵延不断的历史。中国文字记载的历史最早可以追溯到商朝(Shang Dynasty)。尽管如此，古代的历史记录可以证实商朝之前存在过夏朝，而周朝在商朝之后。很多的中国文化、文学以及哲学在周朝得到了进一步发展。

单选题 Why Integrity Matters What is Integrity? A. 'Integrity' is defined as 'adherence to moral and ethical principles; honesty.' The key to integrity is consistency—not only setting high personal standards for oneself (honesty, responsibility, respect for others, fairness) but also living up to those standards each day. One who has integrity is bound by and follows moral and ethical standards even when making life's hard choices, choices which may be clouded by stress, pressure to succeed, or temptation. B. What happens if we lie, cheat, steal, or violate other ethical standards? We feel disappointed in ourselves and ashamed. But a lapse of integrity also affects our relationships with others. Trust is essential in any important relationship, whether personal or professional. Who can trust someone who is dishonest or unfair? Thus, integrity must be one of our most important goals. Risky Business C. We are each responsible for our own decisions, even if the decision-making process has been undermined by stress or peer pressure. The real test of character is whether we can learn from our mistake, by understanding why we acted as we did, and then exploring ways to avoid similar problems in the future. D. Making ethical decisions is a critical part of avoiding future problems. We must learn to recognize risks, because if we can't see the risks we're taking, we can't make responsible choices. To identify risks, we need to know the rules and be aware of the facts. For example, one who doesn't know the rules about plagiarism may accidentally use words or ideas without giving proper credit, or one who fails to keep careful research notes may unintentionally fail to quote and cite sources as required. But the fact that such a violation is 'unintentional' does not excuse the misconduct. Ignorance is not a defense. But Everybody Does It E. Most people who get in trouble do know the rules and facts, but manage to fool themselves about the risks they're taking by using excuses: 'Everyone else does it,' 'I' m not hurting anyone,' or 'I really need this grade.' Excuses can get very elaborate: 'I know I'm looking at another's exam, even though I'm supposed to keep my eyes on my own paper, but that's not cheating because I'm just checking my answers, not copying.' We must be honest about our actions, and avoid excuses. If we fool ourselves into believing we're not doing anything wrong, we can't see the real choice we're making— and that leads to bad decisions. F. To avoid fooling yourself, watch out for excuses and try this test: Ask how you would feel if your actions were public, and anyone could be watching over your shoulder. Would you feel proud or ashamed of your actions? If you'd rather hide your actions, that's a good indication that you're taking a risk and rationalizing it to yourself. Evaluating Risks G. To decide whether a risk is worth taking, you must examine the consequences, in the future as well as right now, negative as well as positive, and to others as well as to yourself. Those who take risks they later regret usually focus on immediate benefits ('what's in it for me'), and simply haven't considered what might go wrong. The consequences of getting caught are serious, and may include a '0' on a test or assignment; an 'F' in the class; Suspension or Dismissal from school; transcript notation; and a tarnished reputation. In fact, when you break a rule or law, you lose control over your life, and give others the power to impose punishment: you have no control over what that punishment might be. This is an extremely precarious and vulnerable position. There may be some matters of life and death, or highest principle, which might justify such a risk, but there aren't many things that fall in this category. Getting Away With It—Or Not H. Those who don't get caught pay an even higher price. A cheater doesn't learn from the test, depriving him/herself of an education. Cheating undermines confidence and independence: the cheater is a fraud, and knows that without dishonesty, he/she would have failed. Cheating destroys self-esteem and integrity, leaving the cheater ashamed, guilty, and afraid of getting caught. Worst of all, a cheater who doesn't get caught the first time usually cheats again, not only because he/she is farther behind, but also because it seems 'easier.' This slippery slope of eroding ethics and bigger risks leads only to disaster. Eventually, the cheater gets caught, and the later he/she gets caught, the worse the consequences. Students have been dismissed from school because they didn't get this simple message: Honesty is the ONLY policy that works. Cheating Hurts Others, Too I. Cheaters often feel invisible, as if their actions 'don't count' and don't really hurt anyone. But individual choices have a profound cumulative effect. Cheating can spread like a disease, and a cheater can encourage others just by being seen from across the room. Recent statistics suggest 30% or more of college students cheat. If a class is graded on a curve, cheating hurts others' grades. Even if there is no curve, cheating 'poisons' the classroom, and others may feel pressured to join in. ('If I don't cheat, I can't compete with those who do.') Cheating also has a destructive impact on teachers. The real reward of good teaching is seeing students learn, but a cheater says, 'I'm not interested in what you're trying to teach; all I care about is stealing a grade, regardless of the effect on others.' The end result is a blatant and destructive attack on the quality of your education. Finally, cheating can hurt the reputation of the university, and harm those who worked hard for their degree. Why Integrity Matters J. If cheating becomes the norm, then we are in big trouble. We must rely on the honesty and good faith of others every day. If not, we couldn't put money in the bank, buy food, clothing, or medicine from others, drive across a bridge, get on a plane, go to the dentist—the list is endless. There are many examples of the vast harm that is caused when individuals forget or ignore the effect their dishonesty can have. The savings and loan scandal, the stock market and junk bond swindles, and, of course, Watergate, have undermined the faith of many Americans in the integrity of political and economic leaders and society as a whole. Such incidents take a tremendous toll on our nation's economy and our individual well-being. For example, but for the savings and loan debacle, there might be funds available to reduce the national debt and pay for education. K. In sum, we all have a common stake in our school, our community, and our society. Our actions do matter. It is essential that we act with integrity in order to build the kind of world in which we want to live.

单选题Nearly a third of women are the main breadwinners in their household in Britain, according to a major survey. Researchers said that in many relationships it was no longer assumed that the man would bring in the bigger income, 27 in a time of widespread redundancies (裁员). In a 28 shift in attitudes, four out of ten women said that the career of whichever partner had the highest income would take 29 in the relationship. In one in ten families, a house husband looks after the children and does the 30 while their female partner works full time. Ten percent of women admitted this role 31 had put strains on their relationship and some said it had even led to them 32 company. The Women and Work Survey 2014, commissioned (受……委托) by Grazia magazine, found that almost half of full-time mothers 33 not earning their own money. And two thirds of the mothers among the 2,000 women in the survey said they wanted to keep working in some way after having children. A 34 higher number of those with children under three said they would prefer to work—preferably part-time—rather than stay at home. Victoria Harper of Grazia said, 'Women are getting good jobs when they graduate, and working up the career 35 faster than they have ever done.' This means that there has to be more 36 between the roles of men and women in a relationship and when they have children. A. precedence B. connection C. prospect D. slightly E. ladder F. favored G. plan H. reversal I. especially J. parting K. opposite L. chores M. disliked N. fluidity O. significant

单选题So many people use the cell phone so frequently every day. But 27 little is certain about the health effects of its use. Manufacturers 28 that cell phones meet government standards for safe radio-frequency radiation emission, but enough studies are beginning to document a possible 29 in rare brain tumors (脑瘤), headaches and behavioral disorders in children to cause concern. So far, the evidence isn't 30 on whether the use of cell phones 31 to any increased risk of cancer. In a new trial, researchers asked 47 volunteers to 32 in a project to censure glucose (葡萄糖) consumption in the brain by scanning the brain to see how cells use energy. For both 50-minute scans, the volunteers had a cell phone 33 to each ear. During the first scan, the devices were turned off, but for the second scan, the phone on the right ear was 34 on and received a recorded-message call, although the volume was muted (消音) so the noise wouldn't bias the results. The results of the second scan showed that the 35 of the brain nearest to the device had higher rates of glucose consumption than the rest of the brain. The study shows that cell phones can change brain activities and 36 a whole new avenue for scientific inquiry, though it doesn't say anything about whether cell-phone radiation can cause cancer. A. conclusive B. contributes C. derive D. expresses E. fixed F. immensely G. increase H. maintain I. mission J. participate K. particular L. provides M. regions N. surprisingly O. switched

单选题 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled The Importance of Sharing. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words according to the following guidelines: ● What is about sharing? ● Why is it important to share with others? ● How should I share with others?

单选题 Direction: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic The Certificate Craze. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Outlines are given below in Chinese: 1.现在许多人热衷于各类证书考试； 2.其目的各不相同； 3.在我看来……

单选题 There is no denying that students should learn something about how computers work, just as we expect them at least to understand that the internal-combustion engine (内燃机 )has something to do with burning fuel, expanding gases and pistons (活塞) being driven. For people should have some basic idea of how the things that they use do what they do. Further, students might be helped by a course that considers the computer's impact on society. But that is not what is meant by computer literacy. For computer literacy is not a form of literacy; it is a trade skill that should not be taught as a liberal art. Learning how to use a computer and learning how to program one are two distinct activities. A case might be made that the competent citizens of tomorrow should free themselves from their fear of computers. But this is quite different from saying that all ought to know how to program one. Leave that to people who have chosen programming as a career. While programming can be lots of fun, and while our society needs some people who are experts at it, the same is true of auto repair and violin-making. Learning how to use a computer is not that difficult, and it gets easier all the time as programs become more 'user-friendly'. Let us assume that in the future everyone is going to have to know how to use a computer to be a competent citizen. What does the phrase 'learning to use a computer' mean? It sounds like 'learning to drive a car', that is, it sounds as if there is some set of definite skills that, once acquired, enable one to use a computer. In fact, 'learning to use a computer' is much more like 'learning to play a game', but learning the rules of one game may not help you play a second game, whose rules may not be the same. There is no such a thing as teaching someone how to use a computer. One can only teach people to use this or that program and generally that is easily accomplished.

单选题 Do You Use Your Cell Phone a Lot? Too much time spent on your cell phone doesn't mean you're more connected and happier. A new research from scientists at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio shows that the more time college students spend on their ceil phones, the more 28 they are and the more their academic performance will 29 . Jacob Barkley, Aryn Karpinski and Andrew Lepp studied 500 Kent State University students, each of whom reported their daily cell phone use for the year as well as their level of anxiety and 30 with their life. At the end of the year, the students also 31 the researchers to see their official school records for their cumulative (累积的) grade point average (GPA). Not only was greater cell phone use 32 correlated (相关的) with satisfaction and happiness, it was also associated with lower GPAs—presumably because the students were more anxious and unable to 33 on their studies. While 34 researches found that cell phones can improve social interaction and reduce feelings of isolation, the latest findings suggest that constant 35 to information and people may be a double-edged-sword. The researchers speculate, for example, that students may feel anxious if they feel obligated (有义务的) to be in constant 36 with their friends. Some may have difficulty disconnecting, which only feeds into the stress linked to their phones. Occasional episodes of solitude can be 37 for well-being, but students who are tied to their phones aren't getting these respites (暂缓). A. access E. intense I. preferred M. suffer B. anxious F. negatively J. previous N. touch C. concentrate G. objectively K. relation O. vital D. depend H. permitted L. satisfaction

单选题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Be a Civic-minded Tourist. You should include in your essay tourists' uncivil behaviors in the scenic spots and the corresponding solutions. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Be a Civic-minded Tourist