单选题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a news report to your campus newspaper on a visit to a local farm organized by your Student Union. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

单选题 关于中国美食(cuisine)的电视节目数不胜数，但像《舌尖上的中国》(A Bite of China)这样受欢迎的不多。这部最新的七集纪录片，从地域、历史以及文化等方面深入探讨了中国人的饮食。中国美食有悠久的历史和富有特色的传统烹饪手法。这一节目试图呈现出更多有关食物的文化元素，如饮食习惯和饮食道德(ethic)。在展现中国饮食文化辉煌成就的同时，也反映出中国的社会变迁。

单选题 公务员热 近些年来的“公务员热(civil servant fever)”使得国家公务员考试成为竞争最为激烈的考试之一。毕竟，人们都希望在风险最小而又轻松的情况下获得最高的回报。如果成为一名政府工作人员是一份比其他任何工作都富有成效的工作的话，那大学毕业生们这样选择就不足为奇了。同时，就业压力、工作保障和社会福利也都被认为是人们不遗余力想成为公务员的原因。

单选题 Where Have All the People Gone? A. Germans are getting used to a new kind of immigrant. In 1998, a pack of wolves crossed the Neisse River on the Polish-German border. In the empty landscape of eastern Saxony, dotted with abandoned mines and declining villages, the wolves found plenty of deer and few humans. Five years later, a second pack split from the original, so there're now two families of wolves in the region. A hundred years ago, a growing land-hungry population killed off the last of Germany's wolves. Today, it's the local humans whose numbers are under threat. B. Villages are empty, thanks to the region's low birth rate and rural flight. Home to 22 of the world's 25 lowest fertility rate countries, Europe will lose 30 million people by 2030, even with continued immigration. The biggest population decline will hit rural Europe. As Italians, Spaniards, Germans and others produce barely three-fifths of children needed to maintain status quo, and as rural flight sucks people Europe's suburbs and cities, the countryside will lose a quarter of its population. C. The implications of this demographic (人口的) change will be far-reaching. The postcard view of Europe is of a continent where every scrap of land has long been farmed, fenced off and settled. But the continent of the future may look rather different. Big parts of Europe will ren-aturalize. Bears are back in Austria. In Swiss Alpine valleys, farms have been receding and forests are growing back. In parts of France and Germany, wild cats and wolves have re-established their ranges. The shrub and forest that grow on abandoned land might be good for deer and wolves, but is vastly less species-rich than traditional farming, with its pastures, ponds and hedges. Once shrub cover everything, you lose the meadow habitat. All the flowers, herbs, birds, and butterflies disappear. A new forest doesn't get diverse until a couple of hundred years old. D. All this is not necessarily an environmentalist's dream it might seem. Take the Greek village of Prastos. An ancient hill town, Prastos once had 1000 residents, most of them working the land. Now only a dozen left, most in their 60s and 70s. The school has been closed since 1988. Sunday church bells no longer ring. Without farmers to tend the fields, rain has washed away the once fertile soil. As in much of Greece, land that has been orchards and pasture for some 2000 years is now covered with dry shrub that, in summer, frequently catches fire. E. Rural depopulation is not new. Thousands of villages like Prastos dot Europe, the result of a century or more of emigration, industrialization, and agricultural mechanization. But this time it's different because never has the rural birth rate so low. In the past, a farmer could usually find at least one of his offspring to take over the land. Today, the chances are that he has only a single son or daughter, usually working in the city and rarely willing to return. In Italy, more than 40% of the country's 1.9 million farmers are at least 65 years old. Once they die out, many of their farms will join the 6 million hectares one third of Italy's farmland that has already been abandoned. F. Rising economic pressures, especially from reduced government subsidies, will amplify the trend. One third of Europe's farmland is marginal, from the cold northern plains to the dry Mediterranean (地中海) hills. Most of these farmers rely on EU subsidies, since it's cheaper to import food from abroad. Without subsidies, some of the most scenic European landscapes wouldn't survive. In the Austrian or Swiss Alps, defined for centuries by orchards, cows, high mountain pastures, the steep valleys are labor-intensive to farm, with subsidies paying up to 90% of the cost. Across the border in France and Italy, subsidies have been reduced for mountain farming. Since then, across the southern Alps, villages have emptied and forests have grown back in. outside the range of subsidies, in Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine, big tracts of land are returning to wild. G. The truth is varied and interesting. While many rural regions of Europe areemptying out, others will experience something of a renaissance. Already, attractive areas within in striking distance of prosperous cities are seeing robust revivals, driven by urban flight and an in-flooding of childless retirees. Contrast that with less-favored areas, from the Spanish interior to eastern Europe. These face dying villages, abandoned farms and changes in the land not seen for generations. Both types of regions will have to cope with steeply ageing population and its accompanying health and service needs. Rural Europe is the laboratory of demographic changes. H. For governments, the challenge has been to develop policies that slow the demographic decline or attract new residents. In some places such as Britain and France, large parts of countryside are reviving as increasingly wealthy urban middle class in search of second homes recolonises villages and farms. Villages in central Italy are counting on tourism to revive their town, turning farmhouses into hostels for tourists and hikers. But once baby boomers start dying out around 2020, populations will start to decline so sharply that there simply won't be enough people to reinvent itself. It's simply unclear how long current government policies can put off the inevitable. I.'We are now talking about civilized depopulation. We just have to make sure that old people we leave behind are taken care of.' Says Mats Johansson of Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. The biggest challenge is finding creative ways to keep up services for the rising proportion of seniors. When the Austrian village of Klaus, thinly spread over the Alpine foothills, decided it could no longer afford a regular public bus service, the community set up a public taxi-on-demand service for the aged. In thinly populated Lapland where doctors are few and far between, tech-savvy Finns the rising demand for specialized health care with a service that uses videoconferencing and the Internet for remote medical examination. J. Another pioneer is the village of Aguaviva, one of rapidly depopulating areas in Spain. In 2000, Mayor Manznanares began offering free air-fares and housing for foreign families to settle in Aguvivia. Now the mud-brown town of about 600 has 130 Argentine and Romanian immigrants, and the town's only school has 54 pupils. Immigration was one solution to the problem. But most foreign immigrants continue to prefer cities. And within Europe migration only exports the problem. Western European look towards eastern Europe as a source for migrants, yet those countries have ultra-low birth rates of their own. K. Now the increasingly worried European governments are developing policies to make people have more children, from better childcare to monthly stipends (津贴) linked to family size. But while these measures might raise the birth rate slightly, across the much of the ageing continent there are just too few potential parents around.

单选题 The most pressing nuclear energy issue is the disposal of nuclear waste. Even if all the reactors in existence were completely safe to operate, there would still be unsolved issue of what to do with the waste from generating electricity by means of nuclear energy. Those who claim that they feel comfortable with nuclear energy are, none the less, concerned about waste disposal methods. Seven states, including California, have put the building of nuclear plants on hold until legislators are convinced that there is a safe way to dispose of the radioactive waste from the plants. In the meantime, pools of liquid waste and piles of solid waste from private industry and governmental bomb production grow. Since 1962, the volume of radioactive waste produced by the nuclear power industry has amounted to about 4,300 cubic meters. By the end of the twentieth century, if production continues at the same rate, there will be 40,000 cubic meters of nuclear waste. Power plants and bomb-making are not the only sources of waste. Uranium mining and milling operations have dumped 24 million metric tons of radioactive tailing wastes at dumping sites around the nation. At places where uranium is currently milled, there is another 100 million metric tons of tailings. Uranium tailings are solid materials in the slurry (or watery mixture) of depleted ore-bearing rock, chemicals, and liquids that result from milling. Usually, the slurry is piped to holding ponds. When a uranium mill goes out of business, the ponds are left to evaporate, uncovering piles of dried tailings. Uncovered piles of tailings give off radioactive radon gas. Once in the air, the gas finds its way into the water supply and the food chain. Consequently, many nuclear experts agree that uranium mill tailings may be more dangerous than high-level radioactive wastes from reactors and bombs.

单选题For over three decades Intel has been providing Semi-conductor chips for computer hardware makers around the world. Intel's chips have been 28 many computers for years—both Macs and PCs. But, since tablet computers hit the market—the trend has shifted towards the small, mobile devices while sales of desktop computers 29 . Earlier this year, Intel introduced a new genre of laptops called 'ultra-book convertible laptops'. Intel Marketing Associate Mike Fard explains, 'This year it's all about touch, we have touch computers based on Windows 8 running the Intel 30 , but even more exciting than just touch, is the ultra-book convertible. What that means is that you have a standard laptop that converts into a tablet and we have multiple designs that 31 this capability of going from a tablet to a laptop. This is one from Lenovo; we also have one from Dell.' Intel has 32 a technology called 'Ivy Bridge' on its new line of chips 33 reduces power consumption 34 . This newest generation of laptops is sure to be a 35 with consumers, with lower prices than before. Earlier thin laptops were in the $1 000 price range. The ultra-book convertible 36 , is expected to sell for around $600—making it more 37 against regular tablet PCs. A. drop F. running K. however B. managed G. processors L. decreasing C. adopted H. hit M. feature D. core I. dramatically N. applied E. competitive J. competent O. which

单选题Women in 2011 made no significant gains in winning more top US business jobs, according to a study, but the head of the study said women are poised to make 27 in the year ahead. The number of women who were board directors, corporate officers or top earners at Fortune 500 companies remained 28 unchanged, said the study by Catalyst, a nonprofit group that 29 opportunities for women in business. The percentage of companies with women on the board of directors was 15.1 percent this year, compared with 14.8 percent in 2010, Catalyst said. Also, the percentage of corporate officer positions 30 by women was 15.7 percent in 2011 and 15.4 percent in 2010, it said. The percentage of top earners in 2011 who were women was 6.2 percent, compared to 6.7 percent in 2010, it said. The research on the Fortune 500 companies was 31 on data as of March 31,2011. The slight changes in the numbers are not considered 32 significant, Catalyst said. Nevertheless, given the changes in U.S. politics, the future for women in business looks more 33 , said Ilene Lang, president and chief executive 34 of Catalyst. 'Overall we're 35 to see change next year,' Lang said. 'When we look at shareholders, decision makers, the general public, they're looking for change.' 'What they're basically saying is, 'Don't give us 36 of the status quo (现状). Get new ideas in there, get some fresh faces,'' she said. A. officer B. changes C. based D. positions E. more F. promising G. businesslike H. surveying I. essentially J. strides K. promotes L. statistically M. confused N. held O. expecting

单选题 Whose Rules Are These, Anyway? A. The director of the art-rich yet cash-poor National Academy Museum in New York expected strong opposition when its board decided to sell two Hudson River School paintings for around $15 million. The director, Carmine Branagan, had already approached leaders of two groups to which the academy belonged about the prospect. She knew that both the American Association of Museums (AAM) and Association of Art Museum Directors (AAMD) had firm policies against museums' selling off artworks because of financial hardship and were not going to make an exception. B. Even so, she said, she was not prepared for the directors group's 'immediate and punitive' response to the sale. In an e-mail message on Dec. 5 to its 190 members, it condemned the academy, founded in 1825, for 'breaching (违反) one of the most basic and important AAMD's principles' and called on members 'to suspend any loans of works of art to and any collaboration on exhibitions with the National Academy.' Ms. Branagan, who had by that time withdrawn her membership from both groups, said she 'was shocked by the tone of the letter, like we had committed some crimes.' She called the withdrawal of loans 'a death knell (丧钟声)' for the museum, adding, 'What the AAMD have done is basically shoot US while we're wounded.' C. Beyond shaping the fate of any one museum, this exchange has parked larger questions over a principle that has long seemed sacred. Why, several experts ask, is it so wrong for a museum to sell art from its collection to raise badly-needed funds? And now that many institutions are facing financial hardship, should the ban on selling art to cover operating costs be eased? Lending urgency to the discussion are the painful efforts of the Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles, which has one of the world's best collections of contemporary art but whose endowment (捐赠) is said to have shrunken to $6 million from more than $40 million over the last nine years. Wouldn't it be preferable, some people asked this month, to sell a Mark Rothko painting or a couple of Robert Rauschenberg's legendary 'combines' —the museum owns 11—than to risk closing its doors? (Ultimately, the museum announced $30 million bailout(援助) by the billionaire Eli Broad last week that would prevent the sales of any artworks.) D. Yet defenders of the prohibition warn that such sales can damage an institution and the damage is impossible to repair. 'Selling an object is a knee-jerk(下意识的) act, and it undermines core principles of a museum,' said Michael Conforti, president of the directors' association and director of the Clark Art Institute in Williamstown, Massachusetts. 'There are always other options.' E. The sale of artwork from a museum's permanent collection, known as deaccessioning, is not illegal in the United States, provided that any terms accompanying the original donation of artwork are respected. In Europe, by contrast, many museums are state-financed and prevented by national law from deaccessioning. But under the code of ethics of the American Association of Museums, the proceeds should be 'used only for the acquisition, preservation, protection or care of collections.' He code of the Association of Art Museum Directors is even stricter, specifying that funds should not be used 'for purposes other than acquisitions of works of art for the collection.' F. Donn Zaretsky, a New York lawyer who specializes in art cases, has sympathized with the National Academy, asking why a museum can sell art to buy more art but not to cover overhead costs or a much-needed education center. 'Why should we automatically assume that buying art always justifies a deaccessioning, but that no other use of proceeds—no matter how important to an institution's mission—ever can?' he wrote. Even Patty Gerstenblith, a law professor at DePaul University in Chicago known for her strong standpoint on protecting cultural heritage, said her position had softened over the years. 'If it's really a life-or-death situation, if it's a choice between selling a Rauschenberg and keeping the museum doors open, I think there's some justification for selling the painting,' she said. But several directors drew a much harder line, noting that museums get tax-deductible donations of art and cash to safeguard art collections for the public. Selling off any holdings for profit would thus betray that trust, they say, not to mention robbing a community of art, so no exceptions for financial hardships should be allowed. G. Dan Monroe, a board member of the directors' group and the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, Mass, said that almost any museum can claim financial hardship, especially now that endowments are suffering. 'It's wrong to look at the situation from the standpoint of a single institution,' he said. 'You have to look at what would happen if every institution went this route.' It's a classic slippery slope this thinking goes: letting one museum sell off two paintings paves the way for dozens of museums to sell off thousands of artworks, perhaps routinely. 'The fact is as soon as you breach this principle, everybody's got a hardship case,' Mr. Monroe said. 'It would be impossible to control the outcome.' Deaccessioning has proven thorny for museums even when the money is directed into accepted channels like acquisitions. H. Sometimes the controversy centers on the irreplaceable nature of the object for sale, as when Thomas Hoving, then the director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, began aggressively sorting out its collection in the early 1970s, selling high-profile paintings like Van Gogh's 'Olive Pickers' and Rousseau's 'Tropics'. The Metropolitan owned only one other painting by Rousseau, and the resistance was fierce. Yet critics of strict deaccessioning rules make a public-access argument as well. 'Most big museums can't show 90 percent of the objects they own—it's all in storage,' said Michael O'Hare, a cultural policy professor at the University of California, Berkeley. 'What's wrong with selling these objects to smaller museums or even private collectors, who are more likely to put them on display?' I. At the National Academy, Ms. Branagan called deaccessioning an act of last resort, one that she would not have considered without a 'long-range financial and programmatic' plan. Branagan said she told her members as much before they voted for the sale—181 to 2 in favor—in November: 'I remember saying unless you believe you can support sweeping change, then do not vote for deaccessioning,' she said. 'The tragedy isn't that we're going to sell these four pieces. That's not a tragedy. The tragedy would be if in 10 or 15 years we were back here having the same conversation.'

单选题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic On Environmental Protection. You should write at least 180 words following the outline given below: 1．近年来，地球环境遭到了人类严重的破坏 2．原因 3．解决这些问题的办法

单选题 The Causes of Conflict A. The evidence taken from the observation of the behavior of apes and children suggests that there are three clearly separable groups of simple causes for the outbreak of fighting and the exhibition of aggressiveness by individuals. B. One of the most common causes of fighting among both children and apes was over the possession of external objects. The disputed ownership of any desired object—food, clothes, toys, females, and the affection of others—was sufficient ground for an appeal to force. On Monkey Hill disputes over females were responsible for the death of thirty out of thirty-three males. Two points are of particular interest to notice about these fights for possession. C. In the first place they are often carried to such an extreme that they end in the complete destruction of the objects of common desire. The aggression is so overriding (压倒一切的) once it has begun that it may utterly destroy the object for which the struggle began and even the self for whose advantage the struggle was undertaken. D. In the second place it is observable, at least in children, that the object for whose possession aggression is started may sometimes be desired by one person merely because it is desired by someone else. There were many cases observed by Dr. Isaacs where toys and other objects which had been discarded as useless were violently defended by their owners when they became the object of some other child's desire. Therefore, the grounds of possessiveness may be irrational (非理性的). Whether sensible or irrational, contests over possession are commonly the occasion for the most ruthless (残忍的) use of force among children and apes. E. One of the commonest kinds of object arousing possessive desire is the notice, good will, affection, and service of other members of the group. Among children one of the commonest causes of quarreling was 'jealousy'—the desire for the exclusive possession of the interest and affection of someone else, particularly the adults in charge of the children. This form of behavior is sometimes classified as a separate cause of conflict under the name of 'rivalry' (竞争) or a 'jealousy.' But, in point of fact, it seems to us that it is only one variety of possessiveness. The object of desire is not a material object—that is the only difference. The object is the interest and affection of other persons. What is wanted, however, is the exclusive right to that interest and affection—a property in emotions instead of in things. As subjective emotions and as causes of conflict, jealousy and rivalry are fundamentally similar to the desire for the possession of toys or food. Indeed, very often the persons and property which is desired, are the sources of toys and food. F. Possessiveness is, then, in all its forms a common cause of fighting. If we are to look behind the mere facts of behavior for an explanation of this phenomenon, a teleological (目的论的) cause is not far to seek. The exclusive right to objects of desire is a clear and simple advantage to the possessor of it. It carries with it the certainty and continuity of satisfaction. Where there is only one claimant to a good, frustration and the possibility of loss is reduced to a minimum. It is, therefore, obvious that, if the ends of the self are the only recognized ends, the whole powers of the agent, including the fullest use of his available force, will be used to establish and defend exclusive rights to possession. G. Another cause of aggression closely allied to possessiveness is the tendency for children and apes greatly to hate the intrusion (侵入) of a stranger into their group. A new child in the class may be laughed at, isolated, and disliked. A new monkey may be poked and bitten to death. This suggests strongly that the reason for the aggression is fundamentally possessiveness. The competition of the newcomers is feared. The present members of the group feel that there will be more rivals for the food or the attention of the adults. H. Finally, another common source of fighting among children is a failure or frustration in their own activity. Sometimes a child will be prevented either by natural causes such as bad weather or illness or by the opposition of some adult from doing something he wishes to do. The child may also frustrate himself by failing, through lack of skill or strength, to complete successfully some desired activity. Such a child will be in a bad temper. And, what is of interest from our point of view, the child will indulge in aggression—attacking and fighting other children or adults. Sometimes the object of aggression will simply be the cause of frustration, and it's a straightforward reaction. But sometimes the person or thing that suffers the aggression is irrelevant to offense. I. Of course, this kind of behavior is so common that everyone feels it to be obvious and to constitute no serious scientific problem. That a small boy should pull his sister's hair because it is raining does not appear to an ordinary person to be an occasion for solemn scientific inquiry. He is, as we should all say, 'in a bad temper.' Yet it is not, in fact, really obvious either why revenge should be taken on entirely innocent objects, since no good to the aggressor can come of it, or why children being miserable should seek to make others miserable also. It is just a fact of human behavior that cannot really be deduced from any general principle of reason. J. But it is, as we shall see, of very great importance for our purpose. It shows how it is possible, at the simplest and most primitive level, for aggression and fighting to spring from an entirely irrelevant and partially hidden cause. Fighting to possess a desired object is straightforward and rational, compared with fighting that occurs because, in a different and unrelated activity, some frustration has barred the road to pleasure. The importance of this possibility for an understanding of group conflict must already be obvious.

单选题 During the Second World War, doctors tried to save severely burned pilots with grafts of donated skin. The grafted skin looked good for a few days, but then withered and died. Studies led by Peter Medawar—who won a 1960 Nobel Prize for his work—found that grafts of an individual's own skin did work, while those of a donor did not. We now know that the donor skin grafts failed because the recipient's immune system recognized the grafted skin as foreign and killed it. The same process leads to the rejection of donated organs. But how does our immune system learn what is self and what is foreign? As immunologist Daniel Davis explains in The Compatibility Gene, it is all down to specific genes—formally known as the major histocompatibility complex genes. Although our appearance, lifestyle and career path may make us feel unique, we are actually always one of a group: it is only our compatibility genes that define us as true individuals. Davis provides a well-written and easy-to-read account of the sometimes complicated biology behind the crucial genes that affect our lives so profoundly. From early on in the evolution of life, individual cells—and later multicellular organisms—developed the ability to recognize that which was the same as them, and that which was different. Davis recounts how, when we are growing as fetuses, our compatibility genes train the immune system to recognize our own cells and tissues as 'self' and so, in healthy people, they know what not to attack. Our cells are identified by the presence of unique surface molecules, coded for by the compatibility genes. Meanwhile, our immune systems make antibodies. These are randomly generated in a kind of lottery, which means they will be able to attack a great diversity of molecules, especially those of pathogens. By chance, though, a few of these antibodies will also match the compatibility-gene molecules on our own cells. Leaving such antibodies around would be suicide—literally. To stop this, Darwinian-style selection comes into play within the immune system, eliminating any cells that produce antibodies matching 'self'.

单选题 中国象棋 中国象棋属于二人对抗战略型棋盘游戏，是最受欢迎的棋盘游戏之一。在中国古代，象棋被列为士大夫们的修身之艺，现在则被视为一种益智的活动。象棋由两人轮流走子，以“将死”对方的将(帅)为胜。象棋棋盘共有64格，中间的“河界”将之分为两个“敌对”的部分。每人各有棋子16枚，包括1枚将(帅)、2枚马、2枚车(chariot)、2枚象(相)、2枚士(仕)、2枚炮和5枚兵(pawn)(卒)。一般而言，执红色棋子的一方先走子。

单选题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the importance of being a civilized tourist. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

单选题 Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and rewards, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Some other researchers who study various aspects of mental life, maintain those rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others. The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks in grade-school children suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal Personality and Social Psychology. 'If they know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity,' says Robert Esenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. 'But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.' A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Esenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore falling grades. In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economics, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.