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Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic (流行病) of sleepiness in the nation. "I can't think of a single study that hasn't found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to," says Dr. David. Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more rest. The beginning of our sleep-deficit (睡眠不足) crisis can be traced to the invention of the light bulb a century ago. From diary entries and other personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9. 5 hours a night. "The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark. " By the 1950s and 1960s, that sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically, to between 7. 5 and eight hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock. "People cheat on their sleep, and they don't even realize they're doing it," says Dr. David. "They think they're okay because they can get by on 6. 5 hours, when they really need 7.5, eight or even more to feel ideally vigorous." Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say, is the complexity of the day. Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community mount, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on his programme. "In our society, you're considered dynamic if you say you only need 5. 5 hours' sleep. If you've got to get 8. 5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition." To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. "We've found that if you're in sleep deficit, performance suffers," says Dr. David. "Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate."

Why You Shouldn't Freak Out About Swarming Honeybees—and How to Save Bees From Those Who Do A)For many people, the late-spring onset of warm weather conjures up images of barbecues, beach trips and long afternoons spent out in the sun. But if you're a beekeeper, the changing seasons may have an extra significance: It's the start of honeybee swarm season. B)To many, a swarm of honeybees—which can number well above 10 000 bees and take the form of a living, buzzing, basketball-sized clump of insects—is the stuff of nightmares. But both scientists and beekeepers(who manage hives of honeybees either for fun or to sell honey commercially)encourage citizens not to kill or attack the bees if they happen upon a swarm. In fact, as the nation continues to experience widespread honeybee declines, allowing a beekeeper to capture the swarm alive is not only good for the beekeeper—it can help save struggling bees, too. C)And that's critical: Concern over protecting honeybees has never been higher. Honeybees have been declining for several decades, largely thanks to a mysterious phenomenon known as colony collapse disorder, which causes bees to suddenly abandon their hives. The US Department of Agriculture estimates that honeybee populations are less than half what they were in the 1940s. D)Most scientists believe the honeybee's plight has been caused by a complex set of factors, including negative effects from pesticides, various diseases and parasites, and habitat degradation. One of the most recent honeybee studies found that beekeepers lost about 40 percent of their commercial colonies in the past year—a worrisome statistic because honeybees play a crucial role in pollinating(授粉)crops. In fact, many experts are afraid that their continued decline could have a major impact on human food supplies. E)Policy-makers are taking the problem seriously. Last week, the Obama administration released its National Strategy to Promote the Health of Honeybees and Other Pollinators, which aims to put honeybees on the upturn by reviewing and placing restrictions on certain pesticides and restoring land for use by pollinators. Still, honeybees are not protected under the Endangered Species Act, and there are no federal laws to prohibit people from killing them, although state-level regulations may vary. This can be unfortunate for honeybee swarms, which tend to appear more menacing than they actually are. F)Swarming is a particular behavior that honeybees exhibit in the late spring or early summer as a way of propagating(繁殖)the species, says Andrew Cote, a New York-based beekeeper and founder of the New York City Beekeepers Association. When a colony gets big enough, it splits in two and the queen bee flies off, usually taking a third to a half of the colony with her, in search of a new home.(Back at the home base, a new queen will take her place and continue on with the old colony.) G)While they're looking for a suitable new home, these swarms sometimes make brief stopovers on tree branches, walls, road signs or other objects. Their appearance—a dripping ball of stinging insects—can be menacing, but neurobiologist and bee expert Thomas Seeley says honeybees are at their safest when exhibiting swarming behavior. H)"The reality is that a swarm of bees is not defensive," says Seeley, a professor of neurobiology and behavior at Cornell University, where he specializes in the behavior and social life of honeybees. Swarming bees are still en route to a new home, meaning they have no nest and no stores of honey to defend, and they tend to be at their most docile(温顺的). I)Swarms rarely stay in one place for more than a day or so, says Seeley, so chances are the bees will take off on their own if left alone. "A lot of people think that a cluster of bees is a bunch of bees building a nest, and it's not," he says. "It's just a temporary assemblage." But some businesses or homeowners might get antsy(坐立不安的)about having a huge blob of bees hanging around, particularly if there are children in the area. In these cases, experts encourage citizens to call a local beekeeper, a person who has experience managing honeybee hives, to come and safely remove the swarm, rather than attempting to spray it with insecticide or hire an exterminator. J)Beekeeper Toni Burnham, founder of the D. C. Beekeepers Alliance and president of the Maryland State Beekeepers Association, Inc., says some exterminators will refuse to destroy honeybees. But even in these cases, some citizens may take matters into their own hands by spraying the swarm with insecticide or other chemicals. K)Seeley says it would be hard to put a number on the population-level effects of destroying honeybee swarms. " I don't know if it's contributing much to the pressure on the population of honeybee colonies, but every time one is killed it does have some effect for sure," he says. "I guess the main thing is there's really no need to destroy them." L)And even swarms that are left alone by humans are homeless and vulnerable to environmental disturbances. Many don't make it to their next hive, says Burnham. But she adds that allowing beekeepers to collect swarms can have other benefits besides just saving the bees. M)Burnham says collecting swarms can help beekeepers by bolstering(改善)the genetic pool on their bee farms. A swarm that's found in an urban setting, where there aren't too many bee farms around, likely came from a feral(野生的)colony—a colony that isn't being managed by beekeepers and essentially lives in the wild. In order to survive long enough to produce a swarm in the first place, a feral bee colony must be pretty hardy, she says. N)"We're in a day and age where we're trying to find bees that know how to cope with pests and disease, that know how to cope with profound changes in climate. The genes really, really matter," Burnham says. "When you have a swarm, you have bees of an unknown background. One thing you do know is that they came from a strong colony, a colony that had existed for a long time." O)Seeley, the neurobiologist, agrees that collecting swarms can be an advantage for beekeepers. "If you're not in a suburban area or something like that, chances are that the swarm is coming out of a wild colony," he says. "They've been tested. They've had to be living somewhere on their own."

由于算盘操作方便、简单易学，因此在中国被广泛使用。

在中国，孩子的 满月酒 (One-Month-Old Feast)是其人生中第一个重要仪式。孩子满月那天，家人邀请亲朋好友来一起庆祝。通常孩子穿上 狗头帽 (dog hat)、虎头鞋，象征着孩子能幸运一生。孩子周岁那天的 抓周仪式 (One-Year-Old Catch)也很有特色。家里人会摆上书、笔、墨、纸、钱币、食物、玩具等物品任孩子随意挑选。根据孩子抓的东西来预测孩子可能存在的兴趣爱好和将来从事的职业。

An"apple polisher" is one who gives gifts to win friendship or special treatment. It is not exactly a bribe (贿赂), but is close to it. All sorts of people are apple polishers, including politicians and people in high offices—just about everybody. Oliver Cromwell, the great English leader, offered many gifts to win the support of George Fox and his party, but failed. There are other phrases meaning the same thing as "apple-polishing"—"soft-soaping" or "buttering-up". A gift is just one way to "soft-soap" somebody, or to "butter him up". Another that is just as effective is flattery, giving someone high praise—telling him how good he looks, or how well he speaks, or how talented and wise he is. Endless are the ways of flattery. Who does not love to hear it? Only an unusual man can resist the thrill of being told how wonderful he is. In truth, flattery is good medicine for most of us, who get so little of it. We need it to be more sure of ourselves. It cannot hurt unless we get carried away by it. But if we just lap it up for its food value and nourishment, as a cat laps up milk, then we can still remain true to ourselves. Sometimes, however, flattery will get you nothing from one who has had too much of it. A good example is the famous 12th century legend of King Canute of Denmark and England. The king got tired of listening to the endless sickening flattery of his courtiers (朝臣). They overpraised him to the skies, as a man of limitless might. He decided to teach them a lesson. He took them to the seashore and sat down. Then he ordered the waves to stop coming in. The tide was too busy to listen to him. The king was satisfied. This might show his followers how weak his power was and how empty their flattery.

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For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Reading Classics or Popular Books? following the outline given below．You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words． 1．书在我们生活中起着重要作用 2．有些人认为应该读经典著作，有些人则认为应该读畅销书 3．在我看来……

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the following topic. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Online bookstores such as Amazon and Dangdang are enjoying great popularity in recent years. Some people argue that traditional bookstores will be replaced by those online bookstores since people can always buy cheaper books there. What' s your opinion?

Imagine you went to a restaurant with a date; had a burger, paid with a credit card, and left. The next time you go there, the waiter or waitress, armed with your profile data, greets you with, "Hey Joe, how are you? Mary is over there in the seat you sat in last time. Would you like to join her for dinner again?" Then you find out that your burger has been cooked and your drink is on the table. Forget the fact that you are with another date and are on a diet that doesn't include burgers. Sound a little bizarre? To some, this is the restaurant equivalent of the Internet. The Net's ability to profile you through your visits to and interactions at websites provides marketers with an enormous amount of data on you—some of which you may not want them to have. Are you aware that almost every time you access a website you get a "cookie"? Unfortunately, it's not the Mrs. Field's type. A cookie on the Internet is a computer code sent by the site to your computer—usually without your knowledge. During the entire period of time that you are at the site, the cookie is collecting information about your interaction, including where you visit, how long you stay there, how frequently you return to certain pages, and even your electronic address. Fill out a survey to collect free information or samples, and marketers know even more about you—like your name, address, and any other information you provide. While this may sound scary enough, cookies aren't even the latest in technology. A new system called I-librarian Alexa—named for the legendary third century B.C. library in Alexandria, Egypt—does even more. While cookies track what you are doing at one site, Alexa collects data on all your Web activity, such as which sites you visit next, how long you stay there, whether you click on ads, etc. All this information is available to marketers, who use it to market more effectively to you. Not only do you not get paid for providing the information, you probably don't even know that you are giving it.

{{B}}Part Ⅳ Translation{{/B}}

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高山族世代居住在中国的台湾省，人口约为40万。他们以农业生产为主，种植水稻、红薯和 小米 (millet)等。还有些族人以打猎和捕鱼为生。高山族没有本民族文字，但口头文学很丰富，有许多神话、传说和民歌。唱歌和跳舞是高山族人生活的一部分，每逢节日，他们都要聚集在一起唱歌、跳舞。高山族人还非常喜欢雕刻，刻得最多的是蛇身人首的图像。

根据司马迁的描述，阿房宫建于公元前212年，长693米，宽116．5米。

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