单选题 数世纪来，无数的外国人到中国旅行。他们都被中国迷人的风景和灿烂的文化所深深吸引。中国拥有高耸的山峰、炙热的沙漠、无垠的草原以及富饶的海洋。有着5000年历史的中国文明是世界上最古老的文明之一。古建筑、传统节日和手工艺品(handicraft)都展示着中国特有的文化。中国还有着50多个独特的民族以及他们各式各样的传统生活方式。

单选题 火车票实名制(the name-based train ticket system)是指乘客在购买火车票和乘坐火车时，需要登记、核查个人的真实姓名和身份的一种制度。该制度于2010年的春运在部分列车上进行了试点(pilot)，并于2012年起在全国所有旅客列车推行。从某种程度上讲，该制度可以打击非法贩卖火车票的行为，对保障乘客的人身安全、加强乘车管理也起到一定的作用。

单选题 How Safe Is Your Cell Phone A. It takes a little extra work to get in touch with Andrea Boland. The Maine state representative answers e-mails and lists her business and home phone numbers on the Web. But unlike many politicians surgically attached to their BlackBerrys, she keeps her cell switched off unless she's expecting a call. And if she has her way, everyone in Maine—and perhaps, eventually, the rest of the U. S.—will similarly think twice before jabbering away on their mobiles. In March, Maine's legislature will begin debating a bill she submitted that would require manufacturers to put a warning label on every cell phone sold in the state declaring, 'This device emits electromagnetic radiation, exposure to which may cause brain cancer.' Her warning would continue, 'Users, especially children and pregnant women, should keep this device away from the head and body.' B. For those of you now eyeing your cell phones suspiciously, it's worth noting that both the National Cancer Institute and the World Health Organization say there isn't evidence to support the assertion that cell phones are a public-health threat. But a number of scientists are worried that there has been a dangerous rush to declare cell phones safe, using studies they feel are inadequate and too often weighted toward the wireless industry's interests. An analysis published by University of Washington neurologist Henry Lai determined that far more independent studies than industry-funded studies have found at least some type of biological effect from cell-phone exposure. C. Several countries—including Finland, Israel and France—have issued guidelines for cell-phone use. And San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom, who began researching the issue when his wife was expecting their first child, is hoping his city will adopt legislation that would have manufacturers print radiation information on cell-phone packaging and manuals and require retailers to display the data on the sales floor. With 270 million Americans and 4 billion people around the world using cell phones—and more signing up every day—a strong link between mobiles and cancer could have major public-health implications. As cell phones make and take calls, they emit low-level radio-frequency(RF) radiation. Stronger than FM radio signals, these RF waves are still a billionth the intensity of known carcinogenic radiation like X-rays. The wireless industry contends(主张) that RF radiation lacks the strength to alter molecules in the human body; the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) maximum for cell-phone-signal exposure is intended to prevent RF radiation from heating tissue to the point that cells are damaged. Cell-phone RF radiation's 'effect on the body, at least at this time, appears to be insufficient to produce genetic damage typically associated with developing cancer,' Dr. Robert Hoover, director of the National Cancer Institute's Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, testified at a 2008 congressional hearing. D. But the body of research is far from conclusive. In 1995, Lai Co-wrote a study showing that a single two-hour exposure of RF radiation—at levels considered safe by U. S. standards—produced the sort of genetic damage in rats' brain cells that can lead to cancer. Though subsequent researchers—often funded in part by the wireless industry—failed to replicate Lai's results, a 2004 European Union-funded study reported similar findings. E. Dariusz Leszczynski, a research professor at Finland's Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority in Helsinki, has done studies indicating that RF radiation may create a stress reaction in the cells that line blood vessels, leading to a dangerous breach in the blood-brain barrier. 'Mobile-phone radiation may be able to indirectly hurt cells, perhaps by interfering with their ability to repair normal DNA damage,' he says. 'Given the scientific uncertainty, it's premature to say the use of cell phones is safe.' F. If RF radiation increases the chances of developing brain cancer, it should show up in long-term studies of cell-phone users. But man epidemiological studies have found no clear connection, including a 200 Danish Cancer Society study of 421,000 cell-phone users, which led many in the media to conclude that mobiles are harmless. To date, 'peer-reviewed (同行评审)scientific evidence has overwhelmingly indicated that wireless devices do not pose a risk,' says John walls, a spokesman for CTIA, global wireless association. There are problems with many of these studies however. For starters, the Danish one—which reviewed the medical records of people who had signed up for cell phones from 1982 to 1995—didn't include all the business users, who were among the earliest adopter and most intensive users, because they were not billed directly. Also, the study looked only at tumors that were diagnosed by 2002—not long after daily use of cell phones became widespread. Brain cancers can take several decades to develop, so it might be many years before a measurable bump in cancer rates shows up. 'The latency period (潜伏期) we have is far too short,' says Dr. Siegal Sadetzki, a cancer researcher at Israel's Gertner Institute whose epidemiological studies have found some connections between cell-phone use and salivary-gland tumors. 'And today, people are using the phone much more heavily.' G. Sadetzki served as Israel's principal investigator in the Interphone study, which was conducted over the past several years by 13 countries, most of them European. The Interphone results initially were to be published in 2006, but the final report has been postponed repeatedly, and the study investigators are reportedly deeply divided. In the U.S., which isn't one of the Interphone countries, the National Toxicology Program is launching studies of the health effects of cell phones. But peer-reviewed results won't be available until at least 2014. H. That's a long time to wait for definitive data. The good news is that there are easy ways for those concerned about RF radiation to cut down on exposure. Using your cell phone's speaker or connecting a wired headset—while keeping the handset, away from your body—drastically reduces RF exposure. (Bluetooth headsets help too, but they still emit some radiation) And given the potentially more serious risks for children, who have thinner skulls than adults, parents might want to wait before handing teens their first phone—or at least ensure they use it mostly for texting. Meanwhile, a start-up, Pong Research, is selling cell-phone cases that significantly reduce radiation exposure by channeling waves away from the head. Says Alfred Wong, Pong's chief scientist and a professor emeritus of physics at UCLA: 'I think it's best to avoid as much of the risk as possible until the verdict(结论) is in.' I. That's exactly what Boland and other advocates of warning labels are arguing. It's true that cell-phone use has yet to be linked to cancer risk. 'Scientifically speaking, we don't have the proof yet,' says Sadetzki. 'But as a public-health concern, I'm saying we definitely should adopt precautions.'

单选题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay. Suppose you have two options upon graduation: one is to find a job somewhere and the other to start a business of your own. You are to make a decision. Write an essay to explain the reasons for your decision. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

单选题 平遥古城 平遥古城是一座具有二千七百年历史的文化古城，是中国目前保存最为完整的明清时期古县城原型(prototype)。自16世纪起，平遥就是中国北方具有战略意义的商业重镇。到19世纪中叶，平遥古城极其繁荣并且成为了近代中国金融业的中心。平遥古城对研究中国古城的变迁、城市建筑的发展及人们的居住方式具有重要的价值。

单选题Who doesn't love being in love? A true love listens to you talk about work, lets you have that last 28 of pie, and usually remembers to take out the trash. He is ready to forget all kinds of 29 . And he always thinks you're beautiful, even without 30 . Scientists have long been keen to prove that love gives us health 31 too. Researchers can't say for sure that a lover is more important than a loving family or warm friendship when it comes to wellness. But they are learning more about how a romantic partner makes us 32 , with health gains that 33 from faster healing and better control over illnesses to living longer. The benefits of love are 34 and measurable. A study last year from the University of Pittsburgh found that women in good marriages have a much lower risk of heart disease than those in high-stress relationships. The National Love and Health Study has been 35 more than a million subjects since 1979. The study shows that married people live longer, have fewer heart attacks and lower cancer rates, and even get pneumonia less frequently than singles. A new study from the University of Iowa also found that cancer patients with a strong sense of connection to others and in 36 relationship were better able to fight off cancer. It seems that love helps people 37 their immune system. A. range B. makeup C. stronger D. righteous E. tracking F. slice G. health H. strengthen I. benefits J. refreshing K. misunderstandings L. designing M. satisfying N. suggested O. explicit

单选题 Green Growth A．The enrichment of previously poor countries is the most inspiring development of our time. It is also worrying. The environment is already under strain. What will happen when the global population rises from 7 billion today to 9.3 billion in 2050, as demographers(人口统计学家) expect, and a growing proportion of these people can afford goods that were once reserved for the elite? Can the planet support so much economic activity? B．Many policymakers adopt a top-down and Western-centric approach to such planetary problems. They discuss ambitious regulations in global forums, or look to giant multinationals and wealthy NGOs to set an example. But since most people live in the emerging world, it makes sense to look at what successful companies there are doing to make growth more sustainable. C．A new study by the World Economic Forum (WEF) and the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) identifies 16 emerging-market firms that they say are turning eco-consciousness into a source of competitive advantage. These highly profitable companies (which the study calls 'the new sustainability champions') are using greenery to reduce costs, motivate workers and forge relationships. Their home-grown ideas will probably be easier for their peers to copy than anything cooked up in the West. D．The most outstanding quality of these companies is that they turn limitations (of resources, labor and infrastructure) into opportunities. Thus, India's Shree Cement, which has long suffered from water shortages, developed the world's most water-efficient method for making cement, in part by using air-cooling rather than water-cooling. Manila Water, a utility in the Philippines, reduced the amount of water it was losing, through wastage and illegal tapping, from 63% in 1997 to 12% in 2010 by making water affordable for the poor. Broad Group, a Chinese maker of air conditioners, taps the waste heat from buildings to power its machines. Zhangzidao Fishery Group, a Chinese aquaculture (水产养殖 ) company, recycles uneaten fish feed to fertilize crops. E．Setting green goals is a common practice. Sekem, an Egyptian food producer, set itself the task of cultivating desert land through organic farming. Florida Ice Farm, a Costa Rican food and drink company, has adopted strict standards for the amount of water it can consume in producing drinks. F．These firms measure themselves by their greenery, too. Florida Ice Farm, for example, links 60% of its boss's pay to the triple bottom line of 'people, planet and profit'. The sustainability champions also encourage their workers to come up with green ideas. Natura, a Brazilian cosmetics company, gives bonuses to staff who find ways to reduce the firm's impact on the environment. Masisa, a Chilean forestry company, invites employees to 'imagine unimaginable businesses' aimed at poorer consumers. Woolworths, a South African retailer, claims that many of its best green ideas have come from staff, not bosses. G．In emerging markets it is hard for companies to stick to one specialism, because they have to worry about so many wider problems, from humble infrastructure to unreliable supply chains. So the sustainability champions seek to shape the business environment in which they operate. They lobby(游说) regulators: Grupo Balbo, a Brazilian organic-sugar producer, is working with the Brazilian government to establish a certification system for organic products. They form partnerships with governments and NGOs. Kenya's Equity Bank has formed an alliance with groups such as The International Fund for Agricultural Development to reduce its risks when lending to smallholders. Natura has worked with its suppliers to produce sustainable packaging, including a new 'green' plastic derived from sugar cane. H．The firms also work hard to reach and educate poor consumers, often sacrificing short-term profits to create future markets. Masisa organizes local carpenters into networks and connects them to low-income furniture buyers. Broad Group has developed a miniature device for measuring air pollution that can fit into mobile phones. Jain Irrigation, an Indian maker of irrigation systems, uses dance and song to explain the benefits of drip irrigation to farmers who can't read. Suntech, a Chinese solar-power company, has established a low-carbon museum to celebrate ways of reducing carbon-dioxide emissions. Rich because green, or green because rich? I．One could disagree with BCG's analysis. Phil Rosenzweig of Switzerland's IMD business school has argued that management writers are prone to 'the halo effect': they treat the temporary success of a company as proof that it has discovered some eternal principle of good management. The fact that some successful companies have embraced greenery does not prove that greenery makes a firm successful. Some firms, having prospered, find they can afford to go green. Some successful firms pursue greenery for public-relations purposes. And for every sustainable emerging champion, there are surely 100 firms that have prospered by releasing waste gas into the air or pumping toxins into rivers. J．Nonetheless, the central message of the WEF-BCG study—that some of the best emerging-world companies are combining profits with greenery—is thought-provoking. Many critics of environmentalism argue that it is a rich-world luxury: that the poor need adequate food before they need super-clean air. Some even see greenery as a rich-world trick: the West grew rich by industrializing (and polluting), but now wants to stop the rest of the world from following suit. The WEF-BCG report demonstrates that such fears are overblown. Emerging-world companies can be just as green as their Western rivals. Many have found that, when natural resources are scarce and consumers lack money, greenery can be a profitable business strategy.

单选题 太空垃圾(space trash)是指那些绕着地球飞行的无用处的人造物体。这些物体在太空中不断碰撞，产生更多的太空垃圾，不仅给航天事业带来了巨大隐患，而且还污染了宇宙空间，给人类带来灾难。目前移除太空垃圾的方法主要有自然移除和人为移除，但效果都不理想。最好的方法就是从源头杜绝卫星成为太空垃圾的可能性，只有这样才能保证人类航天事业的可持续发展。

单选题 中山装(the zhongshan suit)是以孙中山的名字命名的一种服装。时尚界认为，传统的旗袍展示中国女性之美，而中山装则是男性身份和地位的象征。外国人认为中山装是政治的象征，因为其具有典型的中国内涵。20世纪20年代西方文化传入中国时，中山装开始出现。中山装是时尚和文化的融合，既有西式服装的轮廓，同时又包含中国元素。

单选题When Roberto Feliz came to the USA from the Dominican Republic, he knew only a few words of English. Education soon became a nightmare. 'I couldn't understand anything,' he said. He hid from his teachers, came home in 26 , and thought about 27 out. Then Mrs. Malave, a bilingual educator, began to work with him while teaching him math and science in his native Spanish. 'She helped me stay smart while teaching me English,' he said. Given the chance to demonstrate his ability, he 28 confidence and began to succeed in school. Today, he is a prominent doctor, runs his own 29 , and works with several hospitals. Every day, he uses the language and academic skills he 30 through bilingual education to treat his patients. Roberto's story is just one of 31 success stories. Research has shown that bilingual education is the most 32 way both to teach children English and ensure that they 33 academically. In Arizona and Texas, bilingual students consistently outperform their peers in monolingual programs. Calexico, Calif., implemented bilingual education, and now has dropout rates that are less than half the state 34 and college 35 rates of more than 90%. In El Paso, bilingual education programs have helped raise student scores from the lowest in Texas to among the highest in the nation. A. satisfy B. dropping C. clinic D. succeed E. effective F. average G. frequently H. relationship I. range J. acquired K. while L. regained M. tears N. acceptance O. countless