唐朝(the Tang Dynasty)是普遍公认的中国最辉煌的时期之一。

瓷器，和丝绸一样，是享誉海外的中国特产。

敦煌莫高窟 (Dunhuang Mogao Caves)坐落于中国西部甘肃省。这些石窟刻于距离敦煌东南方向25公里处鸣沙山的悬崖上。敦煌莫高窟是规模最大、保存时间最长的 佛教 (Buddhist)艺术宝库，现存735个洞窟， 壁画 (frescoes)4万5千多平方米。这些壁画展现了 佛 (Buddha)的形象和活动以及人与神之间的关系。敦煌壁画中的舞蹈人物是全人类的一颗璀璨的宝石。敦煌莫高窟在1987年被列入 世界遗产名录 (World Heritage List)。

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丝绸之路是历史上连接中国和地中海(Mediterranean)的一条重要贸易路线。因为这条路上的丝绸贸易占多数，故而在1877年被德国一位杰出的地理学家命名为“丝绸之路”。同时，丝绸之路也是其他许多商品进行交易的主干线，也是传播技术的一条主要通道。通过丝绸之路传人中国的事物中，意义最为重大的当属佛教。中国的养蚕技术、生铁锻造技术和灌溉技术曾通过丝绸之路传播到中亚、南亚和欧洲。

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"It hurts me more than you", and "This is for your own good." These are the【C1】______my mother used to make years ago when I had to learn Latin, clean my room, stay home and do homework. That was before we entered the【C2】______period in education in which we decided it was all right not to push our children to【C3】______their best in school. The schools and the educators made it easy on us. They taught that it was all right to be parents who take a let-alone【C4】______. We stopped making our children do homework. We gave them calculators, turned on the television, left the teaching to the teachers and went on【C5】______. Now teachers,【C6】______with children who have been developing at their own pace for the past 15 years, are【C7】______we've made a terrible mistake. One such teacher is Sharon Klompus who says of her students—"so passive"—and wonders what happened. Nothing was demanded of them, she believes. Television, says Klompus,【C8】______to children's passivity. "We're not training kids to work any more," says Klompus. "We're talking about a generation of kids who've never been hurt or hungry. They have【C9】______somebody will always do it for them. Instead of saying 'go look it up', you tell them the answer. It takes greater energy to say 'no' to a kid." Yes, it does. It takes energy and it takes work. It's time for parents to end their vacation and come back to work It's time to take the car away, to turn the TV off, to tell them it hurts you more than them but it's for their own【C10】______. It's time to start telling them "no" again. A. policy B. good C. relief D. contributes E. statements F. adopts G. learned H. faced I. realizing J. permissive K. vacation L. profit M. summarized N. successive O. achieve

甲骨文 (oracle bone script)是中国现存最早的文字。这些刻在 龟甲 (tortoise shell)或兽骨上的文字已相当成熟。没认识甲骨文之前，人们都把这些甲骨当作药材。 清代 (the Qing Dynasty)学者王懿荣偶然发现了这些龟甲和兽骨。在仔细研究之后，他认为这些刻在甲骨上的符号是3000多年前 商代 (the Shang Dynasty)的文字。从这些文字中可以大致了解商代统治者的日常生活情况。甲骨文为研究汉字起源提供了重要的资料。

胡同(Hutong)是北京的一大特色，有着与北京城一样久远的历史。

Hints and Tips to Save Money A) Spend less. This is not oversimplifying the best way to save money! It is essential if you are serious about being a long-term money saver. Review what you spend and look at ways you can save money. Consider making telephone calls for instance only at off-peak times. Do you really need to have newspapers and magazines delivered? Can you do without those coffees you buy at break time every day—would a flask of coffee taken to work save you money? What about using the public lending library instead of buying books or music CDs? Once you start looking for ways to spend less you will quickly become an expert and really save money. B) Establish a personal budget. This is essential for families and individuals. You will not be able to save money unless you know how much money you have coming in, and how much money you have going out. Once you have prepared a budget of incoming money and outgoing money, you will be able to identify areas where you can save. It is MUCH more difficult to save money over a long period of time (the rest of your life?) without a budget. C) Bulk is good. Think about shopping and buying in bulk. You can also save money by cooking in bulk. This is a real way you can save money with little preparation and almost no extra outlay. Always purchase in bulk when you can. Prepared foods and convenience foods will always be much more expensive than all the ingredients needed to make the food. Preparing food in bulk and in advance also gives you the opportunity to plan ahead and be more accurate in your budget Save money by buying in bulk whenever you can. One thing to be aware of when buying in bulk is to be sure that any product you buy will get used before it goes bad—you won't save money if you have to throw stuff away. Buying in bulk is not only a good way to save money it is also a good strategy for coping with and surviving emergencies. D) Make sure a sale is a sale. By this I mean do your price research before you commit to making an expensive purchase in a retailers money-off sale. You have to be sure the sale really is a sale and not a creative marketing strategy of the store to encourage you to spend your money without thinking. Once you have researched the true price of a product (any product) you are in a good position to take advantage of a sale, special offer or discount and really save money. "Buy one get one free", "50% off", and "Huge Discount" will only help you save money if the actual price you pay is lower than you would pay somewhere else for exactly the same product. E) Buy used. Sure, we all like to buy new. But there are huge money savings to be made in buying used. Typically cars lose one-third of their value in the first 24 months from new. Why not buy a car 24 months old? Other items such as clothes can be worth even less just the day after new. Look for ways to buy "as good as new" items and save money. Typical products you might consider buying used to save money include: cars, clothes, electrical goods, garden items... tools and sheds, household items... pots and pans—the list of used goods where you can save money is endless. F) Don't carry excessive debt. Some debt in our lives may be essential. We may need a mortgage (抵押 ) to purchase a home, we may need to use our credit card to make purchases until pay-day, but your aim to save money should be to have as little debt as possible. Credit card debt is typically the most expensive debt we may carry. You will be able to save money every month if you make it an absolute rule to pay off your outstanding balance every month. If you can have the discipline to do this you will save money by effectively having no debt, and thus no interest charge on your credit card(s). G) Save money fast. No, I mean really save some money. Each week or each month get into the habit of putting an amount, however small into your savings. You could start by saving a very small fixed amount each time and then move to putting in larger amounts once you begin to save money from your other money saving strategies. You will find that by saving money on a regular basis you will quickly build up a store of reserve money and also feel motivated to save more. The hardest part is to take the first step and start saving money—so START TODAY and save some money NOW! If you find it impossible to save money once you have it, consider having money deducted from your paycheck direct each month. This can be a great way to save money rapidly as once it is set up you will not notice it is being collected and your savings will grow with no more effort from you. H) Shop wisely. Consider markets, superstores, farmer's markets, local shops, malls and stores. Anywhere is worth checking out to see if you can save money. Farmer's markets can be particularly good places to save money. Typically you are buying direct from the producer of the product so the savings are passed on to you. Use your bulk buying strategy here—farmer's markets often offer opportunities to save money by buying larger quantities of food, for instance potatoes, rice or corn. Save money and shop wisely. I) Eat in rather than out. This is a huge area where you can save money. A cup of coffee taken out could easily cost you TWENTY times (or more) what it would cost you to make it at home. So think before you drink when you are out. Eating is the same. Fast food restaurants are counting on your eating food that you perhaps don't really need at that time but buy just because it is quick. Why not wait until you get home and have a more nutritious meal and save money at the same time? J) Use less. This money saving tip is a lesson we all need to learn. We live in a consumer society where waste is a huge problem. If we could all use and consume less there would be less waste, less power consumption, and the benefits for you are SAVING MONEY. Consider using less shampoo when you wash your hair, this may not mean washing your hair less effectively but it means not flushing the excess shampoo and your money down the drain. What about saving on heating? Turn the thermostat (恒温器) down or put on extra clothes when you are cold. Turn off lights, the TV and the computer when they are not in use. Each little saving you make will build up and enable you to save money. Huge savings in energy can be made which will save you money and be good for our planet and the other people on it.

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皮影(shadow play)是中国民间广为流传的道具戏之一。它是借助灯光把雕刻精巧的皮影人映照在屏幕上，由艺人们在幕后操动皮影人，伴以音乐和歌唱，演出一幕幕妙趣横生的皮影戏。皮影戏历史悠久，相传萌芽于汉，发展于唐，至宋已十分兴盛。陕西皮影分东、西路，不仅唱腔种类繁多，表演技术高超，而且皮影人的雕镂技艺达到了很高的水平。

中国正规教育体系的历史可以追溯到 商朝 (the Shang Dynasty)。在古代，中国教育的唯一目的就是培养朝廷官员。新中国成立后，中国政府十分重视发展教育事业。国家制定了多种法律，从不同角度保障每个人都有接受同质同级教育的权利。经过几十年的努力，中国教育取得了巨大的成就。从20世纪80年代初起，中国开始在国家教育制度中强调科学技术。

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BSection A/B

阅读理解Evaluating employee performance is a key of management skills. The challenge is to give the employees an accurate picture of chief accomplishments, and of the areas in which they need to prove. Both are important: accomplishments because they give the employee a sense of pride in the work and basis on which to build future achievements, and areas for improvement, because they give the employee some goals to reach for. Often, employees fear that the evaluation will be a negative experience. This fear alone can endanger defensiveness and tension which result in self-fulfilling prophecy. The supervisor must take pains to alleviate (减轻) the employee''s fear and make the evaluation a participatory event. An employee who contributes ideas to his or her evaluation will be much more likely to agree with the outcome and be willing to follow the recommendations. The employees must always bear in mind that the sole legitimate domain of an employee appraisal system is to improve employees'' performance. While areas needing improvement must be done reviewed, this should always be done in the spirit of discovering goals that the employee can work toward. This holds true for reviewing success as well. While praise for past achievements may be used as reward, to endanger loyalty, or for other reasons, at the time of evaluation, the primary reason to look at the person''s successes is to determine areas in which he or she can continue to excel; perhaps, the most effective way to make the evaluation a participatory event is to ask the employee to come prepared for the meeting. The employer and the employee each should carefully review the job description prior to the evaluation meeting and should make notes on areas in which the employee had difficulty or has made a contribution. At the evaluation meeting, the employer must establish a positive and comfortable mood. The employee should be invited to review his or her lists first. Almost always the employee''s notes will be very similar to what the employer has written. If the employer simply verifies what the employee has said, the employee will be much less anxious about the procedure, and much more likely to work toward the goals.

阅读理解Boomers on Broadway The music a generation loved best is bringing audiences across America to their feet. You''re seated in a darkened Broadway theater, and onstage Frankie Valli, the leader of the 60''s pop group The Four Seasons, is crooning, "Sherry, Sherry baby, Sherry... You''re 40-something (okay, maybe 50) , and you know you shouldn''t, but before you can stop yourself, you''re on your feet. Your hips are swaying and you''re singing with the melody. You''re back in time, on the dance floor at the high school sock hop. You''re home. And that''s exactly where Marshall Brickman, co-writer of Jersey Boys, wants you to be. His musical, featuring The Four Seasons'' infectious blend of doo-wop, R 23 million people (and counting) have seen it. The cast album has gone platinum in the United States. The sheer entertainment factor is in part what entices theatergoers. These "jukebox musicals," as they''re sometimes derisively called, are squarely aimed at boomers, who are often criticized as being fixated on their youth. A "The shows are pure fun, but what''s wrong with having fun?" says Leonard Stein-horn , associate professor at the American University School of Communication and author of the forthcoming book The Greater Generation: In Defense of the Baby Boom Legacy. "It''s music that people can sing and dance to. It gives them a warm glow from the past. " It''s Brickman''s first foray into writing for theater after years of working in TV and movies (including Annie Hall, for which he won an Oscar). He hopes folks leave the theater feeling a gamut of emotions. But what drew him to the project was not so much the music as the drama inherent in The Four Seasons'' story. " We went to lunch with Frankie Valli and Bob Gaudio ( chief songwriter for the Seasons) , and we said, '' Tell us the story of your lives,'' " Brickman recalls. " It was almost Shakespearean. Their story has everything: love, jealousy, betrayal, death, and the Mafia. This is a great American story of blue-collar guys who make it, then watch it all come apart. As gritty and real-life as it is, Jersey Boys isn''t a musical in the traditional sense of the word. It''s closer to being a drama with music than anything else, since none of the 30 or so musical numbers pretend to be scenes, and characters don''t sing to each other as they do in, say, Fiddler on the Roof. Not all of the boomer musicals are biographical revues, however. All Shook Up, a comedy that marries Shakespeare''s Twelfth Night with Presley''s motorcycle movie, Roustabout, employs a fictional hip-swiveling character named Chad who brings romance, rebellion, and rock '' n'' roll to a small town. Mamma Mia! also spins a fictional tale, that of a young woman determined to discover which of her mother''s former suitors is her father. Movin'' Out, featuring the music of Billy Joel, at times evokes the classic West Side Story and seems more a ballet than narrative. And while Lennon emphasizes John''s post-Beatle period with Yoko Ono, dramatizing real-life events such as the couple''s 1969 honeymoon "Bed In" to protest the Vietnam War, the musical takes a big leap in having nine actors, including four women, play the legendary musician. Audiences reward it with standing ovations each night, but critics have been brutal. " In a way I understand the dismal reviews," says Lennon''s widow, Yoko Ono, who gave permission to use the music, including three rare Lennon songs. " A lot of John''s life was about promoting world peace. And right now we''re in the middle of a war, so some people don''t think it''s right to have a show like this. People feel fluff (出错的) is the way to go in a musical today. But John''s music alone is so beautiful, and beautifully done.” So what of the naysayer’s(唱反调的人) who quibble that 60''s and 70''s pop songs lack the heft(分量) and sophistication of Broadway scores of old? Truth is, even those who object to some of John Lennon''s controversial songs would have trouble arguing that he wasn''t a serious musician. And theatrical producers, taking a cue from the popularity of revivals of earlier Broadway hits, are ever on the lookout for vehicles that preserve the dignity of older music, yet present it in an appealing way. " Ever since the Golden Age of Broadway, when a lot of hit songs were coming out of musical theater rather than recording studios, it''s been hard to find top-quality music," Brickman explains. And many of the composers of 30 and 40 years ago are as emotionally relevant to their generation as Rodgers and Hammerstein or the Gershwin brothers were to theirs. " Boomers are the first mass media generation, and their common bond is music," says Stein horn. "It''s no surprise that it continues to unite this generation. Perhaps we''ll be seeing Mamma Mia! staged in old-age homes years from now. " Besides, as Brickman points out, everything old is new again, and that includes Frankie Valli, who, as most folks know, continued a career in music after The Four Seasons broke up. He now plays a character on the HBO series The Sopranos, in addition to doing roughly 100 concerts a year with a new group of musicians. When John Lloyd Young, Valli''s Broadway counterpart, went to Las Vegas to see Valli perform as part of his preparation for the role, the actor realized it was as important to portray Valli''s personal warmth as it was to copy his vocals. "There''s just so much affection for him, and he gives that back," says Young. Marshall Brickman knows what he means, having seen Valli in concert at a New York college. "At the end of the show, he went down to the edge of the stage and held his hand out, and people touched it," Brickman remembers, shaking his head. "It was like Judy Garland at the Palace in Manhattan. I''ve never seen anything like it. Or, as Valli himself sings, "Oh, What a Night. " "I love to perform, and it amazes me that people still come out," says Valli, now 68, who helped smooth the way for a Four Seasons musical. "I really hope we''ve brought some joy to people who grew up when we were making records, and they have a lot of things they can reminisce about when they hear our music. I was a poor kid who lived in a project until I became successful, so I know what it''s like to dream, and have that dream motivate you to pull yourself up, out and above."

阅读理解Passage Two Telephone, television, radio, and telegraph all help people communicate with　each other

阅读理解For a long time, men want to see whether lifeless computers can exercise judgment, make choices, give birth to ideas, and play games intelligently. At the far limit of possibility, they wish to know whether, at least in theory, machines can reproduce themselves. In other words, are we really certain that a machine can do only what its programmer wishes it to do? Already there are in existence a number of machines that approach these powers. Tile simplest type is the computer that understands logic. Samuel Butler, the great English author, predicted the view of the future world of machines in his novel Erewhon, published in 1872. Ever since, authors with less sense of satire (讽刺) than Butler have created tales of monster (怪物)machines that take over and destroy the world. In varying degrees, their imaginary monsters have the power of reproduction, which permitted them to multiply until they could capture and crush mankind. Science today is not laughing at such extremes. Dr. J. Von Neumann, of the Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton, very carefully considered the question: Cmn machines become highly organized enough to reproduce themselves? His conclusion was that they may, provided they are complicated enough. Mathematically, a certain degree of complication seems to be necessary for reproduction. Below that, the iron mothers can only give birth to more primitive forms than themselves, and any "race" of robot monsters would soon lose the reproductive function. If mathematicians are to be believed, we can rest fairly secure for a while yet. Human physiology (生理学) is still millions of times more complex than any giant brain. To copy the complexities of the human brain alone would be a shocking problem. Transistors (晶体管) might reduce the super-giant to the size of a house and his power requirements to a few hundred kilowatts -- yet the human brain will fit into a cereal bowl and takes about twenty-five watts of power.