听力题We do not know when men first began to use salt

听力题M: Are you ready for the trip to the museum in the Big Apple? I can hardly wait. W: The Big Apple? What are you talking about? M: The Big Apple is the nickname for New York City. You are going to New York with: us, aren''t you? W: Yes, I''m going. I''m especially looking forward to seeing the Museum of Modern Art. There''s special show of 20th century American painters there. But, tell me, where did the nickname the Big Apple come from? M: The jazz musicians of the 1920s are responsible for the name. When they played a concert in a city, they called that city an apple. Of course, New York was the biggest city in the country and the best place for a jazz concert. So, the musicians called it the Big Apple. W: Amazing! New York is such a fascinating place and it even has an interesting nickname, one that it''s had for more than 50 years. M: Are you ready for the trip to the museum in the Big Apple? I can hardly wait. W: The Big Apple? What are you talking about? M: The Big Apple is the nickname for New York City. You are going to New York with: us, aren''t you? W: Yes, I''m going. I''m especially looking forward to seeing the Museum of Modern Art. There''s special show of 20th century American painters there. But, tell me, where did the nickname the Big Apple come from? M: The jazz musicians of the 1920s are responsible for the name. When they played a concert in a city, they called that city an apple. Of course, New York was the biggest city in the country and the best place for a jazz concert. So, the musicians called it the Big Apple. W: Amazing! New York is such a fascinating place and it even has an interesting nickname, one that it''s had for more than 50 years.

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听力题 It was not yet eleven o''clock when a boat crossed the river with a single passenger, who had promised to pay an extra fare. While the youth stood on the landing place searching in his pockets for money, the boatman got close to him and, with the help of the moonlight, took a careful look at the stranger —a young man of just 18 years, obviously country bred, and now, as it seemed, on his first visit to town. He was wearing a rough gray coat, which was in good shape. The clothes under his coat were well made of leather, and fitted tightly to a pair of fat legs; his blue cotton stockings must have been the work of his mother or sister, and on his head was a 3-cornered hat. In his left hand was a walking stick, which hung on his strong shoulders, with 2 leather bags on both ends of the stick. The youth, whose name was Robin, paid the boatman, and then walked forward into the town with light steps, as if he had not already traveled more than 30 miles that day. As he walked along, he looked about his surroundings as eagerly as if he were entering London or Madrid, instead of the little town. It was not yet eleven o''clock when a boat crossed the river with a single passenger, who had promised to pay an extra fare. While the youth stood on the landing place searching in his pockets for money, the boatman got close to him and, with the help of the moonlight, took a careful look at the stranger —a young man of just 18 years, obviously country bred, and now, as it seemed, on his first visit to town. He was wearing a rough gray coat, which was in good shape. The clothes under his coat were well made of leather, and fitted tightly to a pair of fat legs; his blue cotton stockings must have been the work of his mother or sister, and on his head was a 3-cornered hat. In his left hand was a walking stick, which hung on his strong shoulders, with 2 leather bags on both ends of the stick. The youth, whose name was Robin, paid the boatman, and then walked forward into the town with light steps, as if he had not already traveled more than 30 miles that day. As he walked along, he looked about his surroundings as eagerly as if he were entering London or Madrid, instead of the little town.

听力题 You can tell the age of a tree by counting its rings, but these records of trees'' life really say a lot more. Scientists are using tree rings to learn what''s been happening on the sun''s surface for the last ten thousand years. Each ring represents a year of growth. As the tree grows, it adds a layer to its trunk taking up chemical elements from the air. By looking up the elements in the rings for a given year, scientists can tell what elements were in the air that year. Dr. Stevenson is analyzing one element—carbon-14 in rings from both living and dead trees. Some of the rings go back almost ten thousand years to the end of the Ice Age. When Stevenson followed the carbon-14 trail back in time, he found carbon-14 levels change with the intensity of solar burning. You see, the sun has cycles. Sometimes it burns fiercely and other times it''s relatively calm. During the sun''s violent periods, it throws off charged particles in fast moving strings called solar winds. The particles interfere with the formation of carbon-14 on earth. When there''s more solar wind activity, less carbon-14 is produced. Ten thousand years of tree rings show that the carbon-14 level rises and falls about every 420 years. The scientists concluded that the solar wind activity must follow the same cycle. You can tell the age of a tree by counting its rings, but these records of trees'' life really say a lot more. Scientists are using tree rings to learn what''s been happening on the sun''s surface for the last ten thousand years. Each ring represents a year of growth. As the tree grows, it adds a layer to its trunk taking up chemical elements from the air. By looking up the elements in the rings for a given year, scientists can tell what elements were in the air that year. Dr. Stevenson is analyzing one element—carbon-14 in rings from both living and dead trees. Some of the rings go back almost ten thousand years to the end of the Ice Age. When Stevenson followed the carbon-14 trail back in time, he found carbon-14 levels change with the intensity of solar burning. You see, the sun has cycles. Sometimes it burns fiercely and other times it''s relatively calm. During the sun''s violent periods, it throws off charged particles in fast moving strings called solar winds. The particles interfere with the formation of carbon-14 on earth. When there''s more solar wind activity, less carbon-14 is produced. Ten thousand years of tree rings show that the carbon-14 level rises and falls about every 420 years. The scientists concluded that the solar wind activity must follow the same cycle.

听力题 Australia has a national system of health care called Medicare. It is funded by taxpayers who pay a small percentage of their income to cover cost. This payment is called the Medicare Levy. All Australians then have all of their medical needs met for almost no charge. Some doctors do charge above the government rate and so patients may have to pay the difference between the doctor''s rate and the government prescribed fee. In addition there is a small charge for prescription drugs. Surgery and hospital charges are paid for completely if the patient is treated in a public hospital. There is also a private medical system, with private health insurance funds providing extra health benefits such as private rooms in private hospitals, rebates on optical and dental fees, etc. While the private health funds are optional, the Medicare levy must be paid by every taxpayer. Those who belong to the private funds are allowed to claim their contributions as a tax deduction. Just over 30% of Australians belong to a private health fund. The quality of health care is the same in both systems, but people who also pay private health insurance are able to go private hospitals and gain quicker access to specialists and surgery, as well as refunds on a wide range of medical services. Many Australians are prepared to pay for that service. Australia has a national system of health care called Medicare. It is funded by taxpayers who pay a small percentage of their income to cover cost. This payment is called the Medicare Levy. All Australians then have all of their medical needs met for almost no charge. Some doctors do charge above the government rate and so patients may have to pay the difference between the doctor''s rate and the government prescribed fee. In addition there is a small charge for prescription drugs. Surgery and hospital charges are paid for completely if the patient is treated in a public hospital. There is also a private medical system, with private health insurance funds providing extra health benefits such as private rooms in private hospitals, rebates on optical and dental fees, etc. While the private health funds are optional, the Medicare levy must be paid by every taxpayer. Those who belong to the private funds are allowed to claim their contributions as a tax deduction. Just over 30% of Australians belong to a private health fund. The quality of health care is the same in both systems, but people who also pay private health insurance are able to go private hospitals and gain quicker access to specialists and surgery, as well as refunds on a wide range of medical services. Many Australians are prepared to pay for that service.

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听力题Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard

听力题Luo Lin, a 23-year-old man from Zigong, Sichuan Province, won 10,000 yuan (US$ 1,250) for quitting smoking. The (36)________was the highest for the Sichuan section of Quit & Win, an international contest (37)________by the World Health Organization every two years. The aim is to encourage people to (38)________ smoking. Nearly 100 countries and regions have (39)________in the contest. "It''s a surprise that quitting smoking can be rewarded. I must show my (40)________to my parents, who have kept encouraging me to kick the habit," Luo said. According to Huang Ying, head of the health education department of the Disease (41)________ and Control Center of Sichuan Province, 2,194 people were (42)________for the contest. The oldest was 91. Some had a smoking history of 65 years or smoked up to 80 (43)________a day. "The most difficult part about giving up smoking was in the first 10 days (44)________________ said Luo, who works with the People''s Hospital of Zigong. Another winner, Wu Jin, said: "It is hard to quit smoking. As an office worker, I would smoke to freshen myself after night shifts. (45)________________. But now things are much better." Wu, from the provincial capital Chengdu, also said, "(46)________________.

听力题 Sports and games are very useful for character training. In their lessons at school, boys and girls may learn about such virtues as unselfishness, courage, discipline and love of one’s country. But what is learned in books cannot have the same deep effect on a child’s character as what is learned by experience. As most of the pupils’ time is spent in classes studying lessons, the ordinary day school can’t give much practical training for their lives in the future. So it is what the pupils do in the spare time that really prepares them to take their places in society as citizens when they grow up. If each of them learns to work for his team, and not for himself on the football field, he will later find it natural to work for the good of his country instead of only for his own benefit. Sports and games are very useful for character training. In their lessons at school, boys and girls may learn about such virtues as unselfishness, courage, discipline and love of one’s country. But what is learned in books cannot have the same deep effect on a child’s character as what is learned by experience. As most of the pupils’ time is spent in classes studying lessons, the ordinary day school can’t give much practical training for their lives in the future. So it is what the pupils do in the spare time that really prepares them to take their places in society as citizens when they grow up. If each of them learns to work for his team, and not for himself on the football field, he will later find it natural to work for the good of his country instead of only for his own benefit.

听力题 From this lookout we enjoy one of the most spectacular views of San Francisco. As you can see, the city rests on a series, of hills varying in altitude from sea level to nine hundred and thirty-eight feet. The first permanent settlement was made at this site in 1776. For thirteen years the village had fewer than one hundred inhabitants. But in 1848, with the discovery of gold, the population grew to ten thousand. The same year the name was changed from Yerba Buea to San Francisco. By 1862 telegraph communications linked San Francisco with eastern cities, and by 1869, the first transcontinental railroad connected the Pacific coast with the Atlantic seaboard. Today San Francisco has a population of almost three million. It is the financial center of the west, and serves as the terminus for trans-Pacific steamship lines and air traffic. The port of San Francisco which is almost eighteen miles long with fort-two piers, handles between five and six million tons of cargo annually. And now, if you will look to your right, you should just be able to see the east section of the Golden Gate Bridge. The bridge, which is more than one mile long, spans the harbor from San Francisco to Marin County and the Red Wood Highway. It was completed in 1937 at a cost of thirty-two million dollars and is still one of the largest suspension bridges in the world. From this lookout we enjoy one of the most spectacular views of San Francisco. As you can see, the city rests on a series, of hills varying in altitude from sea level to nine hundred and thirty-eight feet. The first permanent settlement was made at this site in 1776. For thirteen years the village had fewer than one hundred inhabitants. But in 1848, with the discovery of gold, the population grew to ten thousand. The same year the name was changed from Yerba Buea to San Francisco. By 1862 telegraph communications linked San Francisco with eastern cities, and by 1869, the first transcontinental railroad connected the Pacific coast with the Atlantic seaboard. Today San Francisco has a population of almost three million. It is the financial center of the west, and serves as the terminus for trans-Pacific steamship lines and air traffic. The port of San Francisco which is almost eighteen miles long with fort-two piers, handles between five and six million tons of cargo annually. And now, if you will look to your right, you should just be able to see the east section of the Golden Gate Bridge. The bridge, which is more than one mile long, spans the harbor from San Francisco to Marin County and the Red Wood Highway. It was completed in 1937 at a cost of thirty-two million dollars and is still one of the largest suspension bridges in the world.

听力题 Sometimes the simplest of tools is the most useful. Consider, for example, the ruler. A ruler is mainly used to measure and draw straight lines on flat surfaces. It does not have a great many uses, especially since parents and teachers have given up trying to instruct children through spankings. Some rulers are clear and can be seen through, some made of metal, and some provide both metric and American measurements. People carry them in their shirt pockets, briefcases, or purses, to have them available for use any time. Of course, the ruler is not only simple but very useful device. Consider, for instance, the pencil, the doorknobs and hinges, and glass. Jet planes and computers are fine, but not necessary for survival. Who, on the other hand, could survive without the simple tools mentioned here? Sometimes the simplest of tools is the most useful. Consider, for example, the ruler. A ruler is mainly used to measure and draw straight lines on flat surfaces. It does not have a great many uses, especially since parents and teachers have given up trying to instruct children through spankings. Some rulers are clear and can be seen through, some made of metal, and some provide both metric and American measurements. People carry them in their shirt pockets, briefcases, or purses, to have them available for use any time. Of course, the ruler is not only simple but very useful device. Consider, for instance, the pencil, the doorknobs and hinges, and glass. Jet planes and computers are fine, but not necessary for survival. Who, on the other hand, could survive without the simple tools mentioned here?

听力题 An elderly woman yesterday made a legal claim against a department store because it had wrongly accused her of stealing a Christmas card. Mrs. Doss white, 72 years old, is claiming $ 3,000 damages from the store for wrongful arrest and false imprisonment. Mrs. White said. "This man, a total stranger, suddenly grasped my bag and asked if he could look in it". She was taken back to the store and shut in a small room in full view of shoppers for 20 minutes until the police arrived. At the police station she was body-searched and nothing was found. Her lawyer said that the department store sent an insincere apology and they insisted that she may have been stealing. The hearing continues today. An elderly woman yesterday made a legal claim against a department store because it had wrongly accused her of stealing a Christmas card. Mrs. Doss white, 72 years old, is claiming $ 3,000 damages from the store for wrongful arrest and false imprisonment. Mrs. White said. "This man, a total stranger, suddenly grasped my bag and asked if he could look in it". She was taken back to the store and shut in a small room in full view of shoppers for 20 minutes until the police arrived. At the police station she was body-searched and nothing was found. Her lawyer said that the department store sent an insincere apology and they insisted that she may have been stealing. The hearing continues today.

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听力题M: Hi, Mary

听力题When young people get their first real jobs, they face a lot of new, (36) _______ situations. They may find that everything is different from the way things were at school. It is also possible that they will feel uncomfortable and (37) __________ in both professional and social situations. (38) _______, they realize that university classes can''t be the only preparation for all of the different situations that (39) _______ in the working world. Perhaps the best way to learn how to behave in the working world is to (40) __________ a worker you admire and observe his (41) ___________. (42) ___________ doing so, you will be able to see what it is that you admire in this person. For example, you will observe how he can act in a (43) _______. Perhaps even more important, (44) ___________________________. While you are observing your colleague, you should be asking yourself whether his behavior is like yours and how you can (45) ___________________________. (46) ___________________________, you will probably begin to identify and adopt good working habits.

听力题 Men and women in the United States who want to become doctors usually attend four years of college or university; next they study for four years in a medical school. After that they work in hospitals as medical residents or doctors in training. Some people study and work for as many as 13 years before they begin their lives as doctors. During their university years, people who want to become doctors study science intensively. They must study biology, chemistry and other sciences. If they do not, they may have to return to college for more education in science before trying to enter medical school. There are 125 medical schools in the United States. It is difficult to gain entrance to them. Those who do the best in their studies have a greater chance of entering medical school. Each student also must pass a national examination to enter a medical school. Those who get top score have the best chance of being accepted. Most people who want to study medicine seek to enter a number of medical schools. This increase their chances of being accepted by one. In 1998, almost 47,000 people competed for about 17,000 openings in medical schools. Men and women in the United States who want to become doctors usually attend four years of college or university; next they study for four years in a medical school. After that they work in hospitals as medical residents or doctors in training. Some people study and work for as many as 13 years before they begin their lives as doctors. During their university years, people who want to become doctors study science intensively. They must study biology, chemistry and other sciences. If they do not, they may have to return to college for more education in science before trying to enter medical school. There are 125 medical schools in the United States. It is difficult to gain entrance to them. Those who do the best in their studies have a greater chance of entering medical school. Each student also must pass a national examination to enter a medical school. Those who get top score have the best chance of being accepted. Most people who want to study medicine seek to enter a number of medical schools. This increase their chances of being accepted by one. In 1998, almost 47,000 people competed for about 17,000 openings in medical schools.

听力题The rise of multinational companies

听力题W: I am divorcing my husband