听力题W: Hello, Jim. I haven''t seen you in a while

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听力题 Scientists in many developing nations are studying a way to protect and control the use of forests, fishing water, grasslands and other resources. They call the system " common property". It means that people join together to share and protect the resources. Scientists say that increased population is damaging the world resources. Too many trees are cut; grasslands and croplands are destroyed. Too many fish are taken from the fishing area. There are two traditional ways to deal with this situation. One is public-the government agency decides who may use the resources and when; or the property can be private-the owner decides how to protect the resources. Experts say these two methods often are not effective, however. They believe there is a third possibility that is neither completely governmental nor completely private. It is communal or joint control of the resources. Scientists know that this idea of common property is not new. The system has been believed successful for a long time by groups in many countries. In South Asia, some villagers have governing systems to protect everyone''s right to irrigation water. In part of Certral Africa, there are traditional rules that banned the killing of some wild animals. Farmers in Syria have a system to share grasslands and fisherman in Turkey have a system to make sure no one takes too many fish. Scientists say such systems usually were developed by small groups to deal with limited problems. Rules are simple and the enforcement is based on traditional value and ways of doing things. Scientists believe such systems also would be effective in other situations. They are studying how it might produce more cooking rules for people in Indian villages. The scientific group in Costa Rica is studying common property to control land area. And a government group in Zimbabwe is studying the system to protect wild animals. Scientists do not say the common property system will solve all resource needs in developing nations, buy they believe it provides one important way to deal with the probelm. Scientists in many developing nations are studying a way to protect and control the use of forests, fishing water, grasslands and other resources. They call the system " common property". It means that people join together to share and protect the resources. Scientists say that increased population is damaging the world resources. Too many trees are cut; grasslands and croplands are destroyed. Too many fish are taken from the fishing area. There are two traditional ways to deal with this situation. One is public-the government agency decides who may use the resources and when; or the property can be private-the owner decides how to protect the resources. Experts say these two methods often are not effective, however. They believe there is a third possibility that is neither completely governmental nor completely private. It is communal or joint control of the resources. Scientists know that this idea of common property is not new. The system has been believed successful for a long time by groups in many countries. In South Asia, some villagers have governing systems to protect everyone''s right to irrigation water. In part of Certral Africa, there are traditional rules that banned the killing of some wild animals. Farmers in Syria have a system to share grasslands and fisherman in Turkey have a system to make sure no one takes too many fish. Scientists say such systems usually were developed by small groups to deal with limited problems. Rules are simple and the enforcement is based on traditional value and ways of doing things. Scientists believe such systems also would be effective in other situations. They are studying how it might produce more cooking rules for people in Indian villages. The scientific group in Costa Rica is studying common property to control land area. And a government group in Zimbabwe is studying the system to protect wild animals. Scientists do not say the common property system will solve all resource needs in developing nations, buy they believe it provides one important way to deal with the probelm.

听力题Sign language has become a scientific hot button

听力题W: Want to go down to dinner, John

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听力题 Today the official language of the United States and most of Canada is English. However, French almost became the official language because of a war. The French and Indian War was fought between 1754 and 1763. The name of this war is not accurate because the war was actually between England and France. The Indians fought on the side of the French. France and England were trying to gain control of North America. France held Canada, and England held part of what is now the United States. However, France tried to expand its land by moving southward into New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Virginia. When the French built a fort on the Ohio River, the residents in Virginia sent George Washington to attack the fort in 1754. However, the French defeated Washington. The French, aided by the Indians, outsmarted the English and won many early battles. Later, the British began to do well against the French. In the final battle in Quebec, Canada, General Wolf of England faced General Nontcalm from France. Both generals died in this battle, but the English outlasted the French and won the battle. Thus, most of North America today has the English culture and language. Today the official language of the United States and most of Canada is English. However, French almost became the official language because of a war. The French and Indian War was fought between 1754 and 1763. The name of this war is not accurate because the war was actually between England and France. The Indians fought on the side of the French. France and England were trying to gain control of North America. France held Canada, and England held part of what is now the United States. However, France tried to expand its land by moving southward into New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Virginia. When the French built a fort on the Ohio River, the residents in Virginia sent George Washington to attack the fort in 1754. However, the French defeated Washington. The French, aided by the Indians, outsmarted the English and won many early battles. Later, the British began to do well against the French. In the final battle in Quebec, Canada, General Wolf of England faced General Nontcalm from France. Both generals died in this battle, but the English outlasted the French and won the battle. Thus, most of North America today has the English culture and language.

听力题M: What''s on television this evening

听力题We all scream for water when thirsty

听力题M: Uh, where am I? W: Excuse me

听力题For good or bad

听力题M: Good afternoon, Linda. W: Good afternoon, Ken

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听力题Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

听力题W: My dear

听力题 Cottonville is a new prison specially designed for women criminals in Scotland. The 226 prisoners there live in small units of 7 rooms. There is a kitchen where they cook their own meals and a lounge for the fitted carpet and armchairs. The "wake up, wake up" call by loudspeakers at 7:00 every morning is followed by a music program which creates atmosphere of a holiday camp. During the day, most of the prisoners are employed by 3 workshops, making toys or clothing. Their earnings up to 90 pennies a week can be spent in the prison shop. The gymnasium, which also acts as a cinema and concert hall, has facilities for table tennis, basketball and dancing. Prisoners, particularly those of long sentences are encouraged to be independent and take responsibility for themselves and others. This is in many ways much more demanding than simply serving time. Just as the deputy governor of this prison once said, "We try to preserve the prisoners'' respect as much as possible by imagining ourselves in their position." His words explained why this new prison is run in a unique way. Cottonville is a new prison specially designed for women criminals in Scotland. The 226 prisoners there live in small units of 7 rooms. There is a kitchen where they cook their own meals and a lounge for the fitted carpet and armchairs. The "wake up, wake up" call by loudspeakers at 7:00 every morning is followed by a music program which creates atmosphere of a holiday camp. During the day, most of the prisoners are employed by 3 workshops, making toys or clothing. Their earnings up to 90 pennies a week can be spent in the prison shop. The gymnasium, which also acts as a cinema and concert hall, has facilities for table tennis, basketball and dancing. Prisoners, particularly those of long sentences are encouraged to be independent and take responsibility for themselves and others. This is in many ways much more demanding than simply serving time. Just as the deputy governor of this prison once said, "We try to preserve the prisoners'' respect as much as possible by imagining ourselves in their position." His words explained why this new prison is run in a unique way.

听力题If the earth gets hotter in the new century

听力题 The word "university" comes from the Latin word "universitas" , meaning "the whole". Later, in Latin legal language, "universitas" meant a society or corporation. In the Middle Ages, the word meant "an association of teachers and scholars". The origins of Universities can be traced back to the 12th to 14th centuries. In the early 12th century, long before universities were organized in the modem sense, students gathered together for higher studies at certain centers of learning. The earliest centers in Europe were at Bologna in Italy, founded in 1088. Other early centers were set up in France, the Czech Republic, Australia and Germany from 1150 to 1386. The first universities in Britain were Oxford and Cambridge. They were established in 1185 and 1209 respectively. The famous London university was founded in 1836. This was followed by the foundation of several universities such as Manchester and Birmingham, which developed from provincial colleges. It was in the 1960s that the largest expansion of higher education took place in Britain. This expansion took three basic forms: existing universities were enlarged, new universities were developed from existing colleges and completely new universities were set up. In Britain finance for universities comes from three sources: the first, and the largest source, is grants from the government, the second source is fees paid by students and the third one is private donations. All the British universities except one receive some government funding. The exception is Buckingham which is the Britain''s only independent university. The word "university" comes from the Latin word "universitas" , meaning "the whole". Later, in Latin legal language, "universitas" meant a society or corporation. In the Middle Ages, the word meant "an association of teachers and scholars". The origins of Universities can be traced back to the 12th to 14th centuries. In the early 12th century, long before universities were organized in the modem sense, students gathered together for higher studies at certain centers of learning. The earliest centers in Europe were at Bologna in Italy, founded in 1088. Other early centers were set up in France, the Czech Republic, Australia and Germany from 1150 to 1386. The first universities in Britain were Oxford and Cambridge. They were established in 1185 and 1209 respectively. The famous London university was founded in 1836. This was followed by the foundation of several universities such as Manchester and Birmingham, which developed from provincial colleges. It was in the 1960s that the largest expansion of higher education took place in Britain. This expansion took three basic forms: existing universities were enlarged, new universities were developed from existing colleges and completely new universities were set up. In Britain finance for universities comes from three sources: the first, and the largest source, is grants from the government, the second source is fees paid by students and the third one is private donations. All the British universities except one receive some government funding. The exception is Buckingham which is the Britain''s only independent university.

听力题Questions8to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard