听力题W: Today we have with us Dr Michael White

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听力题Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard

听力题 There are many reasons why family life in Britain changed so much in the last fifty years. The liberation of women in the early part of the twentieth century and the social economic effects of World War II had a great impact on traditional family life. Women became essential to industry and professions. During the war they had worked in factories and proved their worth, now, with the loss of million of men, their services were indispensable to the nation. More recently, great advances in scientific knowledge, and particularly in medicine, have had enormous social consequences. Children are better cared for and are healthier. Infant death rate is low. Above all, parents can now plan the size of their family if they wish through more effective means of birth control. Different attitudes to religion, authority and tradition generally have also greatly contributed to changes in family life. But these developments have affected all aspects of society. It is particularly interesting to note that the concept of "the family" as a social unit has survived all these challenges. There are many reasons why family life in Britain changed so much in the last fifty years. The liberation of women in the early part of the twentieth century and the social economic effects of World War II had a great impact on traditional family life. Women became essential to industry and professions. During the war they had worked in factories and proved their worth, now, with the loss of million of men, their services were indispensable to the nation. More recently, great advances in scientific knowledge, and particularly in medicine, have had enormous social consequences. Children are better cared for and are healthier. Infant death rate is low. Above all, parents can now plan the size of their family if they wish through more effective means of birth control. Different attitudes to religion, authority and tradition generally have also greatly contributed to changes in family life. But these developments have affected all aspects of society. It is particularly interesting to note that the concept of "the family" as a social unit has survived all these challenges.

听力题Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard

听力题 "Sesame Street" has been called "the longest street in the world". That is because the TV program by that name can be seen in so many parts of the world. The program started in New York in 1969. In the United States, more than six million children watch the program regularly. Parents praise it highly. Many teachers consider it a great help. Tests have shown that children from different backgrounds have benefited from watching "Sesame Street". Those who watch it five times a week learn more than the occasional viewers. In the United States the program is shown at different hours during the week in order to increase the number of children who can watch it regularly. In its American form, "Sesame Street" is shown in nearly fifty countries. Three foreign shows based on "Sesame Street" have also appeared: In Spanish, Portuguese, and German. The program uses songs, stories, jokes and pictures to give children a basic understanding of numbers, letters and human relations. Why has "Sesame Street" been so much more successful than the other children''s show? Many reasons have been suggested: the educational theories of its creators, the skillful use of a variety of TV tricks, the famous stars on "Sesame Street", etc. But the best reason for its success may be that it makes every child watching it feel able to learn. The child finds himself learning, and he wants to learn more. "Sesame Street" has been called "the longest street in the world". That is because the TV program by that name can be seen in so many parts of the world. The program started in New York in 1969. In the United States, more than six million children watch the program regularly. Parents praise it highly. Many teachers consider it a great help. Tests have shown that children from different backgrounds have benefited from watching "Sesame Street". Those who watch it five times a week learn more than the occasional viewers. In the United States the program is shown at different hours during the week in order to increase the number of children who can watch it regularly. In its American form, "Sesame Street" is shown in nearly fifty countries. Three foreign shows based on "Sesame Street" have also appeared: In Spanish, Portuguese, and German. The program uses songs, stories, jokes and pictures to give children a basic understanding of numbers, letters and human relations. Why has "Sesame Street" been so much more successful than the other children''s show? Many reasons have been suggested: the educational theories of its creators, the skillful use of a variety of TV tricks, the famous stars on "Sesame Street", etc. But the best reason for its success may be that it makes every child watching it feel able to learn. The child finds himself learning, and he wants to learn more.

听力题 We use all sort of services without thinking about how we get them. But such services cost money. We pay for them through taxes. What would happen if everyone in the city stopped paying taxes? The water supply would stop, the street might not get cleaned, and there would be not police force to protect people and property. The chief duty of every government is to protect persons and property. More than three fourths of the money spent by our government is used for this purpose. The next largest amount of public money goes to teach and train our citizens. Billions of dollars each year are spent on schools and libraries. Public money is used to pay the teachers and other public officials. Years ago the government makes money from the sale of public lands. But most of the best public lands have now been sold. The money raised was used to help pay the cost of government. There are still some public lands that contain oil, coal, gas, and other natural products. They could be sold, but we want to save them for future years. So we all must pay our share for the services that make our lives comfortable. We use all sort of services without thinking about how we get them. But such services cost money. We pay for them through taxes. What would happen if everyone in the city stopped paying taxes? The water supply would stop, the street might not get cleaned, and there would be not police force to protect people and property. The chief duty of every government is to protect persons and property. More than three fourths of the money spent by our government is used for this purpose. The next largest amount of public money goes to teach and train our citizens. Billions of dollars each year are spent on schools and libraries. Public money is used to pay the teachers and other public officials. Years ago the government makes money from the sale of public lands. But most of the best public lands have now been sold. The money raised was used to help pay the cost of government. There are still some public lands that contain oil, coal, gas, and other natural products. They could be sold, but we want to save them for future years. So we all must pay our share for the services that make our lives comfortable.

听力题W: What''s the problem

听力题M: May I help you? W: Yes

听力题W: Wasn’t that lecture interesting

听力题W: Hi, Bob. How is your history paper going

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听力题 Today I''m going to discuss transportation and communication in the early 19th century in the United States. At that time, inland waterways provided North America''s most popular form of long distance transportation. Travel by river was often more convenient than taking a wagon over primitive country roads, especially when shipping heavy loads of farm products or household goods. Where the natural waterways were inadequate, shallow canals were built. The Erie Canal, opened in 1825, connected the Great Lakes with the upper Hudson River. It allowed settlers in the Great Lakes region to send their crops eastward to New York City at the mouth of the Hudson at a much lower cost. From there, crops could be shipped to other Atlantic ports. The construction of the Erie Canal also encouraged westward migration along inland waterways and helped populate the frontier. The City of Detroit grew up between two of the Great Lakes. Later a canal joined the Great Lakes with the Mississippi river system and Chicago became a thriving city. Politically the waterway system united the nation in a way few had imagined possible. By the mid-1800''s faster and cheaper railroads became more popular and the canal system declined. Railroads could be used year round whereas canals were often frozen in the winter. During the first third of the century, however, transportation on rivers, lakes and canals aided greatly in the growth of the United States. Next week we''ll discuss the railroads in greater detail. Today I''m going to discuss transportation and communication in the early 19th century in the United States. At that time, inland waterways provided North America''s most popular form of long distance transportation. Travel by river was often more convenient than taking a wagon over primitive country roads, especially when shipping heavy loads of farm products or household goods. Where the natural waterways were inadequate, shallow canals were built. The Erie Canal, opened in 1825, connected the Great Lakes with the upper Hudson River. It allowed settlers in the Great Lakes region to send their crops eastward to New York City at the mouth of the Hudson at a much lower cost. From there, crops could be shipped to other Atlantic ports. The construction of the Erie Canal also encouraged westward migration along inland waterways and helped populate the frontier. The City of Detroit grew up between two of the Great Lakes. Later a canal joined the Great Lakes with the Mississippi river system and Chicago became a thriving city. Politically the waterway system united the nation in a way few had imagined possible. By the mid-1800''s faster and cheaper railroads became more popular and the canal system declined. Railroads could be used year round whereas canals were often frozen in the winter. During the first third of the century, however, transportation on rivers, lakes and canals aided greatly in the growth of the United States. Next week we''ll discuss the railroads in greater detail.

听力题 One of the biggest problems in developing countries is hunger. An organization called Heifer International is working to improve this situation. The organization sends farm animals to families and communities around the world. An American farmer Dan West developed the idea for Heifer International in the 1930s. Mr. West was working in Spain where he discovered a need for cows. Many families were starving because of the Civil War in that country. So Mr. West asked his friends in the United States to send some cows. The first Heifer animals were sent in 1944. Since that time more than 4,000,000 people in 115 countries have had better lives because of Heifer animals. To receive a Heifer animal, families must first explain their needs and goals. They must also make a plan which will allow them to become self-supporting. Local experts usually provide training. The organization says that animals must have food, water, shelter, health care and the ability to reproduce. Without them the animals will not remain healthy and productive. Heifer International also believes that families must pass on some of their success to others in need. This belief guarantees that each person who takes part in the program also becomes a giver. Every family that receives a Heifer animal must agree to give that animal''s first female baby to other people in need. Families must also agree to pass on the skills and training they received from Heifer International. This concept helps communities become self-supporting. One of the biggest problems in developing countries is hunger. An organization called Heifer International is working to improve this situation. The organization sends farm animals to families and communities around the world. An American farmer Dan West developed the idea for Heifer International in the 1930s. Mr. West was working in Spain where he discovered a need for cows. Many families were starving because of the Civil War in that country. So Mr. West asked his friends in the United States to send some cows. The first Heifer animals were sent in 1944. Since that time more than 4,000,000 people in 115 countries have had better lives because of Heifer animals. To receive a Heifer animal, families must first explain their needs and goals. They must also make a plan which will allow them to become self-supporting. Local experts usually provide training. The organization says that animals must have food, water, shelter, health care and the ability to reproduce. Without them the animals will not remain healthy and productive. Heifer International also believes that families must pass on some of their success to others in need. This belief guarantees that each person who takes part in the program also becomes a giver. Every family that receives a Heifer animal must agree to give that animal''s first female baby to other people in need. Families must also agree to pass on the skills and training they received from Heifer International. This concept helps communities become self-supporting.

听力题Cats are (36)______of habit. They like to go to sleep about the same time every day and for a certain (37)______of time. They seem to have a (38)______clock inside them that tells them when to sleep. Cats (39)______their regular sleep with (40)______catnaps. Some experts feel that human could also benefit from this habit. Catnaps help to build up (41)______in the body. They are also a good way to overcome (42)______. Since cats have moods (43)______to those of humans, some experts believe that (44)________________________________. (45)________________________________. The naps would usually last from fifteen to thirty munutes. Winston Churchill took catnaps. So did Presidents Harry Truman, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson. (46)________________________________. Perhaps more people could learn from cats and take naps to feel better and live longer!

听力题W: I usually advise first-year engineering students to take mathematics, chemistry, and an introductory engineering course the first quarter. M: Oh. That''s only three classes. W: Yes. But I''m sure that you''ll be busy. They''re all five-hour courses, and you''ll have to meet each class every day. The chemistry course has an additional two-hour laboratory. So that would be seventeen hours of class a week. W: That''s right. M: Okay. Which mathematics course do you think that I should take? W: Have you taken very much math in high school? M: Four years. I had algebra, geometry, trigonometry. W: Good. Then I suggest that you take the math placement test. It''s offered this Friday at nine o''clock in the morning in Tower Auditorium. M: Do I need anything to be admitted? I mean a permission slip? W: No. Just identification. A driver''s license will be fine. M: Do I take a chemistry test too? W: No. Chemistry 100 is designed for students who have never taken a chemistry course, and Chemistry 200 is for students who have had chemistry in high school. M: I''ve had two courses. W: Then you should take Chemistry 200, Orientation to Engineering and either Mathematics 130 or 135, depending on the results of your placement test. Come back Friday afternoon. I should have your score on the test by then and we can get you registered. W: I usually advise first-year engineering students to take mathematics, chemistry, and an introductory engineering course the first quarter. M: Oh. That''s only three classes. W: Yes. But I''m sure that you''ll be busy. They''re all five-hour courses, and you''ll have to meet each class every day. The chemistry course has an additional two-hour laboratory. So that would be seventeen hours of class a week. W: That''s right. M: Okay. Which mathematics course do you think that I should take? W: Have you taken very much math in high school? M: Four years. I had algebra, geometry, trigonometry. W: Good. Then I suggest that you take the math placement test. It''s offered this Friday at nine o''clock in the morning in Tower Auditorium. M: Do I need anything to be admitted? I mean a permission slip? W: No. Just identification. A driver''s license will be fine. M: Do I take a chemistry test too? W: No. Chemistry 100 is designed for students who have never taken a chemistry course, and Chemistry 200 is for students who have had chemistry in high school. M: I''ve had two courses. W: Then you should take Chemistry 200, Orientation to Engineering and either Mathematics 130 or 135, depending on the results of your placement test. Come back Friday afternoon. I should have your score on the test by then and we can get you registered.

听力题M: Well

听力题SectionC Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearthreepassages

听力题M: So you are visiting San Francisco? W: Yes

听力题M: And now, Mrs. Sharp