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听力题Good morning, and welcome to American studies 101

听力题Last year Google announced deals with five of the world''s top universities, including Harvard and Oxford, to scan much of the contents of their libraries into the Internet. The idea was to make millions of important but previously (36)________texts available to researchers everywhere with a few clicks of the mouse. The head of Oxford University''s library service said the project could turn out to be almost as important as the.(37)________of the printing press. Google (38)________claimed its motives were purely altruistic, the realization of a longstanding dream for the group''s (39)________ founders Sergey Page and Larry Brin who''d worked on a digital library project during their student days. But from the start Google''s plan met opposition. The latest sign of this is a letter to Google from the American (40)________of University Presses which represents (41)________academic publishers. The organization wants (42)________on sixteen issues, claiming the book scanning scheme appears to involve systematic infringement of copyright on a massive (43)________. Other opposition has come from France, where there are fears that the Google project will enhance of the dominance of the English language and Anglo-Saxon ways of thinking. (44)________________________. Supporters of the Google scheme say copyright is protected (45)________________________, and (46)________________________.

听力题 Experts say some farming activities are seriously damaging Earth''s environment. Bad farming methods can damage soil, forests and water supplies. They also have caused some plants and animals to disappear. Two groups now say that bad farming methods are threatening the ability of farmers to produce enough food to feed the world population in the future. The groups used satellite images, maps and modern equipment to study the effect of agriculture on the environment. The study found that the destruction of soil is widespread. Important organic nutrients are being removed from farmland. Agriculture uses seventy percent of the freshwater in the world each year. The study found that many farmers are wasting water supplies. In addition, chemicals designed to protect crops may pollute waterways. The report also says as much as thirty percent of the world''s forests have been cut down so the land could be used for agriculture. This has led to a severe loss of wildlife and their environments. Experts say some farming activities are seriously damaging Earth''s environment. Bad farming methods can damage soil, forests and water supplies. They also have caused some plants and animals to disappear. Two groups now say that bad farming methods are threatening the ability of farmers to produce enough food to feed the world population in the future. The groups used satellite images, maps and modern equipment to study the effect of agriculture on the environment. The study found that the destruction of soil is widespread. Important organic nutrients are being removed from farmland. Agriculture uses seventy percent of the freshwater in the world each year. The study found that many farmers are wasting water supplies. In addition, chemicals designed to protect crops may pollute waterways. The report also says as much as thirty percent of the world''s forests have been cut down so the land could be used for agriculture. This has led to a severe loss of wildlife and their environments.

听力题Among the kinds of social gestures most significant for second-language teachers are those which are (26)______ in form but different in meaning in the two cultures. For example, a Colombian who wants someone to (27)______ him often signals with a hand movement in which all the fingers of one hand, cupped, point downward as they move rapidly (28)_______. Speakers or English have a similar gesture through the hand may not be cupped and the fingers may be held more loosely, but for them the gesture means goodbye or go away, quite the (29)______ of the Colombian gesture. Again, in Colombian, a speaker of English would have to know that when he (30)________ height he most choose between different gestures depending on whether he is (31)_______ a human being or an animal. If he keeps the palm of the hand (32)_________ the floor, as he would in his own culture when making known the height of a child, for example, he will very likely be greeted by laughter, in Colombia this gesture is (33)_________ for the description of animals. In order to describe human beings he should keep the palm of his hand (34)_________ to the floor. Substitutions of one gesture for the other often create not only humorous but also (35)________ moment. In both of the examples above, speakers from two different cultures have the same gesture, physically, but its meaning differs sharply.

听力题Some people have very good memories

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听力题Clinic: Hello, Children''s Clinic. Mother: Hello

听力题W: Good afternoon

听力题 Scientists in many developing nations are studying a way to protect and control the use of forests, fishing water, grasslands and other resources. They call the system " common property". It means that people join together to share and protect the resources. Scientists say that increased population is damaging the world resources. Too many trees are cut; grasslands and croplands are destroyed. Too many fish are taken from the fishing area. There are two traditional ways to deal with this situation. One is public-the government agency decides who may use the resources and when; or the property can be private-the owner decides how to protect the resources. Experts say these two methods often are not effective, however. They believe there is a third possibility that is neither completely governmental nor completely private. It is communal or joint control of the resources. Scientists know that this idea of common property is not new. The system has been believed successful for a long time by groups in many countries. In South Asia, some villagers have governing systems to protect everyone''s right to irrigation water. In part of Certral Africa, there are traditional rules that banned the killing of some wild animals. Farmers in Syria have a system to share grasslands and fisherman in Turkey have a system to make sure no one takes too many fish. Scientists say such systems usually were developed by small groups to deal with limited problems. Rules are simple and the enforcement is based on traditional value and ways of doing things. Scientists believe such systems also would be effective in other situations. They are studying how it might produce more cooking rules for people in Indian villages. The scientific group in Costa Rica is studying common property to control land area. And a government group in Zimbabwe is studying the system to protect wild animals. Scientists do not say the common property system will solve all resource needs in developing nations, buy they believe it provides one important way to deal with the probelm. Scientists in many developing nations are studying a way to protect and control the use of forests, fishing water, grasslands and other resources. They call the system " common property". It means that people join together to share and protect the resources. Scientists say that increased population is damaging the world resources. Too many trees are cut; grasslands and croplands are destroyed. Too many fish are taken from the fishing area. There are two traditional ways to deal with this situation. One is public-the government agency decides who may use the resources and when; or the property can be private-the owner decides how to protect the resources. Experts say these two methods often are not effective, however. They believe there is a third possibility that is neither completely governmental nor completely private. It is communal or joint control of the resources. Scientists know that this idea of common property is not new. The system has been believed successful for a long time by groups in many countries. In South Asia, some villagers have governing systems to protect everyone''s right to irrigation water. In part of Certral Africa, there are traditional rules that banned the killing of some wild animals. Farmers in Syria have a system to share grasslands and fisherman in Turkey have a system to make sure no one takes too many fish. Scientists say such systems usually were developed by small groups to deal with limited problems. Rules are simple and the enforcement is based on traditional value and ways of doing things. Scientists believe such systems also would be effective in other situations. They are studying how it might produce more cooking rules for people in Indian villages. The scientific group in Costa Rica is studying common property to control land area. And a government group in Zimbabwe is studying the system to protect wild animals. Scientists do not say the common property system will solve all resource needs in developing nations, buy they believe it provides one important way to deal with the probelm.

听力题W: Want to go down to dinner, John

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听力题 If you judge by the number of people who go to see the games and by the number of those who actually play it, basketball is probably the most popular sport in the United States. It is mainly an indoor game, and the seasons extends from late fall, through the winter, to early spring. There are many professional teams, but for the most part basketball is a second sport. There is hardly a high school or college in the country that does not have its team and its loyal following of fans. In spring and summer, the most popular sport is baseball. During the warm weather you can see young men and boys playing this game in any part of the country. Radio and television bring the details of the big games to every comer of the land, and the activities of the professional teams are a topic of conversation for Americans everywhere. In the fall, the most popular sport is football. As you know, this is not the same kind of game that is so popular in other parts of the world. Like basketball and baseball, it is typically American, and those who have never seen it before have difficulty seeing any sense in it. But for most of the spectators, the game itself is not as important as the music, the cheering, and the festival spirit that go with it. On a cool, bright autumn afternoon, there is nothing so colorful and exciting as a football game. If you judge by the number of people who go to see the games and by the number of those who actually play it, basketball is probably the most popular sport in the United States. It is mainly an indoor game, and the seasons extends from late fall, through the winter, to early spring. There are many professional teams, but for the most part basketball is a second sport. There is hardly a high school or college in the country that does not have its team and its loyal following of fans. In spring and summer, the most popular sport is baseball. During the warm weather you can see young men and boys playing this game in any part of the country. Radio and television bring the details of the big games to every comer of the land, and the activities of the professional teams are a topic of conversation for Americans everywhere. In the fall, the most popular sport is football. As you know, this is not the same kind of game that is so popular in other parts of the world. Like basketball and baseball, it is typically American, and those who have never seen it before have difficulty seeing any sense in it. But for most of the spectators, the game itself is not as important as the music, the cheering, and the festival spirit that go with it. On a cool, bright autumn afternoon, there is nothing so colorful and exciting as a football game.

听力题Strikes are very common in Britain

听力题In earliest times

听力题M: May I help you? W: Yes

听力题Let''s forget faster, higher, further. The toughest and most important of all Olympic contests is the (36)______to host the summer Games. The (37) ______to win never comes to a city more than once in a generation, and the winner (38)______an enormous benefit, as Barcelona, Sydney and Athens can all testify. This summer, the International Olympic Committee will (39) ______ which city is to host the 2012 Games — and London is among the (40)______ in a heavyweight contest, along with Paris, New York, Madrid and Moscow. If London does win, the (41)______of the Lea Valley in London''s East End into Olympic Park, a fitting showcase for the world''s greatest (42) ______, will represent the greatest single (43)______to British engineers of the early 21st century. (44)____________. One man who has been through the experience already is Dennis Le-nard, chief executive of Constructing Excellence, an organization set up by the Department of Trade and Industry to promote best practice in the building industry. An engineer from Australia, he worked in Sydney in the lead – up to the Games there in 2000. (45)____________ although they are innovative beyond anything yet imagined. He is also thinking of the ground-breaking construction methods being pioneered in Britain — such as reducing the amount of work done on site to less than 50% of the total (46)____________.

听力题At any moment of the day or night, millions of children and teenagers are on line, exchanging e-mails and instant messages, surfing the World Wide Web and participating in chat rooms. Young people can get a lot of benefits from (36)________online, but they might also be in danger. A little beep coming from the computer in her family''s living room (37)________Jill Mentzer that an instant message had arrived for her 14-year-old daughter. She was (38)________ to see that it came from a 36-year-old man. "He asked if I would be (39)________ to have sex with older men for money. " Ms. Mentzer told NBC News that she replied, (40)________ to be her daughter. "It just . went on for 10 minutes. He wanted to know some private things about my daughter," she said. "I just (41)________of played it along with him. That''s when we called the Sheriff and someone was there in 20 minutes. " The police wired Ms. Mentzer''s daughter with a (42)________microphone and watched as she went to meet this man in a fast food restaurant. They arrested him for attempted molestation of a (43)________. Ms. Mentzer said (44)________________________. While that particular predator has been caught, there are plenty of others like him still online. (45)________________________. They can go on line from personal computers at home, a friend''s house, in school, a club or cafe. (46)________________________.

听力题W: Why is it that some people are always buying beyond their means? I mean, they do not make that much and spend half of their incomes on designer clothes as such. M: My theory is that insecure people need to wear famous brand clothing to feel good. They want people to know that they are good enough to afford the best. W: Well, I don’t agree that name brands are just for the insecure. I mean, I like my designer clothes too. I do think designer shoes are more comfortable. M: So, you buy designer shoes for comfort? How about those ridiculous designer sweaters that have holes in them and shoes that have 25 cm heels? You surely aren’t saying that these things are functional. W: I disagree. Most designer and brand-name items are actually not useless. What you see on the catwalks are just the extremes. What you find in the stores is more functional. M: And not much less expensive! So don’t tell me that you’re into designer stuff. W: Like I said, some things are worth spending the money on, like stylish but comfortable shoes. But I wouldn’t get designer underwear, for example. I mean, for one pair of brand-name underwear, I can buy 10 pairs of sturdy cotton underwear at the market, and just throw them into the wash and not be heartbroken if they change color. But I’d buy a brand-name washing machine because I believe they work longer. W: Why is it that some people are always buying beyond their means? I mean, they do not make that much and spend half of their incomes on designer clothes as such. M: My theory is that insecure people need to wear famous brand clothing to feel good. They want people to know that they are good enough to afford the best. W: Well, I don’t agree that name brands are just for the insecure. I mean, I like my designer clothes too. I do think designer shoes are more comfortable. M: So, you buy designer shoes for comfort? How about those ridiculous designer sweaters that have holes in them and shoes that have 25 cm heels? You surely aren’t saying that these things are functional. W: I disagree. Most designer and brand-name items are actually not useless. What you see on the catwalks are just the extremes. What you find in the stores is more functional. M: And not much less expensive! So don’t tell me that you’re into designer stuff. W: Like I said, some things are worth spending the money on, like stylish but comfortable shoes. But I wouldn’t get designer underwear, for example. I mean, for one pair of brand-name underwear, I can buy 10 pairs of sturdy cotton underwear at the market, and just throw them into the wash and not be heartbroken if they change color. But I’d buy a brand-name washing machine because I believe they work longer.

听力题Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard