Baekeland and Hartmann report that the " short sleepers" had been more or less average in their sleep needs until the men were in their teens. But at about age 15 or so, the men voluntarily began cutting down their nightly sleep time because of pressures from school, work, and other activities. These men tended to view their nightly periods of unconsciousness as bothersome interruptions in their daily routines. In general, these "short sleepers" appeared ambitious, active, energetic, cheerful, nonconformist(不动摇)in their opinions, and very sure about their career choices. They often held several jobs at once, or workers full-or part-time while going to school. And many of them had a strong urge to appear "normal" or "acceptable" to their friends and associates. When asked to recall their dreams, the "short sleepers" did poorly. More than this, they seemed to prefer not remembering. In similar fashion, their usual way of dealing with psychological problems was to deny that the problem existed, and then to keep busy in the hope that the trouble would go away. The sleep patterns of the "short sleepers" were similar to, but less extreme than, sleep patterns shown by many mental patients categorized as manic(疯人). The "long sleepers" were quite different indeed. Baekeland and Hartmann report that these young men had been lengthy sleeps since childhood. They seemed to enjoy their sleep, protected it, and were quite concerned when they were occasionally deprived of their desired 9 hours of nightly bed rest. They tended to recall their dreams much better than did the "short sleepers". Many of the " long sleepers" were shy, anxious, introverted(内向), inhibited(压抑), passive, mildly depressed, and unsure of themselves(particularly in social situations). Several openly states that sleep was an escape from their daily problems.

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中国经济正处在转型的关键阶段。中国已经不能继续沿用高消耗、高投入的旧模式，而必须加大力度调整经济结构和转变经济增长方式。我国将继续推进 行政管理 (administrative management)、金融部门和物价的改革。服务业将愈发成为我国经济中的重要支柱。作为最大的就业容纳器，服务业为经济转型缓解就业压力。中国经济的 升级 (upgrading)也将为世界经济提供新的动力。

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Living with Parents or Not? You should include in your essay for-and-against views on living with parents and your own choice. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

Walking, if you do it vigorously enough, is the overall best exercise for regular physical activity. It requires no equipment, everyone knows how to do it and it carries the【C1】 1risk of injury. The human body is designed to walk. You can walk in parks or along a river or in your neighborhood. To get【C2】 2benefit from walking, aim for 45 minutes a day, an average of five days a week. Strength training is another important【C3】 3of physical activity. Its purpose is to build and【C4】 4bone and muscle mass, both of which shrink with age. In general, you will want to do strength training two or three days a week,【C5】 5recovery days between sessions. Finally, flexibility and balance training are【C6】 6important as the body ages. Aches and pains are high on the list of complaints in old age. The result of constant muscle tension and stiffness of joints, many of them are【C7】 7, and simple flexibility training can【C8】 8these by making muscles stronger and keeping joints lubricated (润滑). Some of this you do whenever you stretch. If you watch dogs and cats, you'll get an idea of how natural it is. The general【C9】 9is simple: whenever the body has been in one position for a while, it is good to【C10】 10stretch it in an opposite position. A) allowing B) avoidable C) briefly D) component E) determined F) helping G) increasingly H) lowest I) maintain J) maximum K) prevent L) principle M) provoke N) seriously O) topic 【C1】

武则天，中国历史上唯一的一位女皇帝，于 唐朝 (the Tang Dynasty)690年称帝。虽然她很残暴，但是她对国家的统治还是比较成功的。她任人唯贤，完全不考虑其家庭地位。通过奖励积极发展农业的官员，惩罚对农民课征重税的官员，武则天极大地促进了农业的发展。中国的 佛教 (Buddhism)在她统治期间也发展到了顶峰。宋庆龄评价她为“ 封建时代 (feudal period)杰出的女政治家”。

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Gestures aren't the only area in which the unwary traveler can get tripped up. Foreign cultures adhere to different business customs and behavior. For example, Caffeine junkies should restrain themselves in the Middle East. "Three cups of tea or coffee is usually the polite limit in offices and during social calls," counsels "Travel Pak," a free publication of Alia, the Royal Jordanian Airline. "But if your host keeps going, you also may continue sipping. If you've had your fill, give your empty cup a quick twist a sort of wiggle—as you hand it back. That means "No more, thank you." Middle East visitors also should not be surprised "if others barge right into the office in the middle of your conversation with the person you are seeing," notes "Travel Pak." An old Arab cus torn calls for keeping an "open office." The British, however, consider it impolite to interrupt a visitor, even after all business has been transacted. The commercial caller is expected to be sensitive to this point, know when to stop, and initiate his or her own departure. In Japan certain guests at evening business gatherings will leave early. They should be allowed to leave without effusive goodbyes. The Japanese consider formal departures to be disruptive in such cases and disturbing to remaining guests. In Scandinavia and Finland business guests may be asked to shed their clothes and join their hosts in a sauna. The invitation is a sign that a good working relationship has been established. In the Arab world, the word "no" must be mentioned three times before it is accepted. In contrast, it is considered good business manners to make many and long efforts to pick up the check. In the People' s Republic of China, gift giving is considered an insult, says Patrick J. Lewis, President of Club Universe, a Los Angeles tour operator. "If you want to give someone a gift, make sure it' s modest in value. This will not be considered offensive, but it may be declined," The Chinese manner of expressing friendship and welcome is to clap. Lewis adds. "You may be greeted with clapping when entering a factory, hospital, commune, or school. Politeness dictates that you respond with applause, even though it may seem like you' re clapping for yourself."

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Welcome to Join Us 1．呼吁大家参加自助游社团组织的上海自助游 2．参加自助游社团的好处 3．如何加入自助游社团

BSection B/B

围棋是两位对弈者之间战略性的棋盘游戏(board game)。围棋已有3 000多年的历史，可以说是所有古代棋类游戏的起源。围棋的规则很简单，但是有数不尽的策略。这就是围棋的魅力所在。下一盘围棋的时间短至15分钟，长至数天。但是多数情况下，下一盘围棋需要一或两个小时。围棋是综合科学、艺术和竞赛的游戏。围棋对于智力发展、性格培养和灵活的策略学习非常有益。难怪围棋已经流行了几千年，并逐渐成为一项国际文化游戏。

Directions：For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Jobs for Graduates．You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words．Outlines are given below in Chinese：1．大学毕业生难找工作；2．就业难的原因很多；3．我认为解决的办法是……

Designing for sustainability: what are the challenges behind green materials?[A] Learning to surf in California's icy breakers, Todd Copeland, a design master at the Patagonia clothing company, concluded that wetsuits (潜水服) weren't cutting it. Sure, a traditional Neoprene (氯丁橡胶) suit could keep him warm, but the suit's material could be synthesised only from non-renewable, energy-intensive resources such as petroleum.[B] In spring 2008, Copeland blogged about the need for a truly green alternative. And, later that summer, his cry found its way to Yulex, an Arizona-based company working to bring back a low-energy, low-poison recipe for rubber from guayuie (银胶菊), a desert bush native to North America. Research on the plant peaked during the Second World War but was then shelved. Yulex had restarted the work around 2000 and was making hypo-allergenic (低过敏的) surgical gloves, but was seeking a new market. It saw Copeland's post, and soon its representatives came knocking.[C] Yulex's efforts are set to pay off later this fall, when Patagonia releases a full wetsuit made from a 60:40 blend of guayule and conventional Neoprene, five years after Copeland initiated the search. "We hope to get that to 100% guayuie, but it takes time to learn a new material," says Copeland, now Patagonia's environmental product specialist.[D] This lucky match between designer and material maker is, unfortunately, a rare exception. The tale of Patagonia's eco-wetsuit offers a lesson of the larger challenge facing green materials on the path from lab to market. The process remains a complex web that few materials survive. But a recent survey of design leaders reveals that while eco-materials still face a tougher journey than their conventional peers, the process of green technology transfer is making progress.[E] Though spotty, statistics on green materials markets are all pointing up. The building industry is one of the largest shifting towards lower-impact practices. In the US, the green construction market is worth roughly $100bn, a ten-fold rise since 2006, according to the 2013 Dodge Construction Green Outlook. As a share, green construction now accounts for 44% of total US commercial and institutional construction, up from near zero a decade ago.[F] Evidence suggests that big corporations are deepening their commitment to these priorities, as well. For example, Green adoption has also been accelerating at Ford. A decade ago, engineers at the No. 2 US automaker were distrustful of the cost and performance benefits of alternatives. Today, following a storm of successful material substitutions, design engineers are required to evaluate and pick green candidates where they equal or exceed conventional materials.[G] Ford's shift didn't come quickly. "We were kicked out of conference rooms," laughs Debbie Mielewski, technical leader for Plastics Research at Ford Motor Co, recalling her efforts in the early 2000s to pitch bio-based plastics to the car maker's internal development engineers. "They saw only risk and additional cost," she says. But thanks to the protection of Bill Ford Jr, the company's then CEO, Ford's bio-plastics R&D program had the time and funding to mature new offerings to the point where today soy-based polyurethane foams (大豆聚氨酯泡沫塑料) are used in the seat cushions, backs, and headrests of all vehicles built in North America. A focus on value and performance has helped reverse early disbelief. "Our goal has always been to match the price and performance of any material we're hoping to replace," she says.[H] As its commitment to recover and re-use waste carpet materials started to take root in the 1990s, Atlanta-based Interface, a $lbn-per-year manufacturer of carpet used primarily in commercial spaces, recognised it could push this goal only as quickly as a key fibre supplier, Italy's Aquafil, was able to develop and scale-up processes to harvest fibers from recovered carpets and to then re-melt them for use in new carpeting. "This was more of us pushing recycled materials," by Interface, "rather than a pull" from the market, says Nigel Stansfield, Interface's vice president and chief innovations officer. "We had to overcome a perception that recycled was more costly, or performed less well."[I] Interface also faced a reverse logistics (物流) challenge: it had to work with existing and new partners to learn how to capture and truck tons of carpet back to its partner plants. "To make this work, we've had to focus on all parts of the product's life cycle at once," Stansfield says. At the installation phase, for example, this has meant educating flooring installers to abandon long-standing practices of gluing carpets down, which damages the material at the later recovery stage. Interface instead relies on gravity and strong gluey patches to link its carpet tile and keep carpets locked down. And at the end-of-use stage, the move has meant developing reverse logistics flows, to steer carpet waste away from landfills, and back to re-processors such as Aquafil.[J] Designers are widely frustrated by a lack of consistent, reliable services that can verify green materials' virtues. The industry needs a "greenwash monitor (漂绿监控)," Patagonia's Copeland says. There has been some movement toward this goal, with efforts including Nike's MAKING app, Material Connexion, and the Sustainable Packaging Coalition. Green materials can fail an evaluation for many reasons. A few years ago, Patagonia became interested in bamboo-based fabrics. The cultivation of fast-growing bamboo was appealing as a sustainable raw material. But on deeper investigation, Patagonia passed on the new fabrics because the process to convert bamboo into fibres proved just as poisonous as the standard method.[K] "Most clients think that sustainable design is simply a case of switching existing material for a greener option," says Chris Sherwin, head of sustainability at Seymourpowell, a London-based design advisor. "Same product, new material: that's wrong on many grounds." Sherwin argues that it's critical to understand that the stuff from which a product is made often accounts for only a tiny fraction of the impact of the use-phase of a product's lifetime. Hence, it's smarter for laundry soap makers to improve the performance of their cleansers in cold water rather than focus solely on revising packaging. "We should start with more fundamental product redesign," Sherwin says. "We must start by asking, how will the consumers' needs best be satisfied, and design accordingly."

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the saying "Better master one than engage in ten." You can cite examples to illustrate the importance of mastering one thing. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

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尊敬老人是中华民族的传统美德之一。重阳节的设立就是要倡导人们遵守孝道(filial piety)、尊敬老人。中国的法律规定赡养父母是成年子女的责任。不和父母一起住的成年子女要给老人生活费(living allowances)并帮助他们干家务活。但是，由于社会的发展和生活的压力，现在越来越多的年轻人很少回家探望父母。2013年7月，政府把“常回家看看”写进法律。

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