在社会发展的不同阶段，教育公平的含义不同。总的说来，教育公平意味着人人享有平等的教育机会。教育公平不仅关系到个人的命运．而且也是国家未来发展的保证。中国城乡教育公平缺失是引起关注的问题之一。在一些农村和偏远地区，学生的辍学率很高，教学设施相对落后。优秀师资缺乏。而大城市中的学生却拥有先进的教学设施和良好的教师资源，接受素质教育。要促进教育公平，需要缩短城乡教育差距。合理 配置 (allocate)教育资源。

中国位于亚洲东部、太平洋的西岸，总面积约960万平方公里，是世界第三大国家。中国南北相距约5500公里，东西相距约5200公里，在地图上的形状像一只 雄鸡 (rooster)。中国 地势 (terrain)西高东低，地形多种多样，包括山地、 高原 (plateau)、 丘陵 (foothill)、盆地、平原。中国山地面积广大，几乎占陆地面积的三分之二。蕴藏着丰富的矿产资源。中国大陆海岸线长达18000公里，沿海岛屿数量众多，台湾岛是最大岛屿。中国有许多河流湖泊，是中国地理环境的重要组成部分。

城镇化进程 (urbanization process)是指由农业为主的乡村社会向以工业和服务业为主的城市社会逐渐转变的历史过程。作为一种社会现象和历史现象，城镇化既体现了物质文明的进步。也促进了精神文明的发展。改革开放以来，中国逐步放开了对人口流动的控制，大量的农村劳动力涌向城市。近年来，中国的城镇化进程逐渐加快。截止到2012年末。中国的城镇人口总数达到7．12亿，城镇化率超过了50％。中国城镇化发展还将持续几十年，将产生巨大的住宅需求和 基础性建设 (infrastructure construction)需求。

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When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advo cates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever futurist poetry may be—even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as literature. This, in brief, is what the futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts, and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern press. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them: we must use many sizes of type and different coloured inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will. Certainly their description of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the ex planatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish officer and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river—and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: "Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms". This, though it fulfils the laws and requirements of futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as lit erature. All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?

在中国大陆， 户口 (the certificate of registered residence)是中国公民在一个地方合法上学、就业、获得社会保障和分配住房(housing allocation)的重要证明。中国的 户口制度 (household registration system)方便了政府对当地居民和 流动人口 (floating population)的管理，但是不便于公民的自由流动。此外，中国的户口制度把公民分为“农业户口”与“非农业户口”两大类，造成了公民身份的城乡差别，阻碍了中国的城市化进程。人们一直呼吁户口制度改革，政府也正在逐步取消户口对人口流动的限制和缩小户口的城乡差别。

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Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter to your foreign language teacher to invite him／her to attend the Christmas party．You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below． 1．邀请外教参加你们系的圣诞晚会； 2．介绍圣诞晚会的大致安排和特别节目； 3．告诉外教晚会的时间和地点。

For about three centuries we have been doing science, trying science out, using science for the construction of what we call modern civilization. Every dispensable item of contemporary technology, from canal locks to dial telephones to penicillin, was pieced together from the analysis of data provided by one or another series of scientific experiments. Three hundred years seems a long time for testing a new approach to human inter-living, long enough to set back for critical appraisal of the scientific method, maybe even long enough to vote on whether to go on with it or not. There is an argument. Voices have been raised in protest since the beginning, rising in pitch and violence in the nineteenth century during the early stages of the industrial revolution, summoning urgent crowds into the streets on the issue of nuclear energy. "Give it back," say some of the voices. "It doesn't really work, we've tried it and it doesn't work. Go back three hundred years and start again on something else less chancy for the race of man. " The principle discoveries in this century, taking all in all, are the glimpses of the depth of our ignorance of nature. Things that used to seem clear and rational, and matters of absolute certainty—Newtonian mechanics, for example—have slipped through our fingers; and we are left with a new set of gigantic puzzles, cosmic uncertainties, and ambiguities. Some of the laws of physics are amended every few years; some are canceled outright; some undergo revised versions of legislative intent as if they were acts of Congress. Just thirty years ago we call it a biological revolution when the fantastic geometry of the DNA molecule was exposed to public view and the linear language of genetics was decoded. For a while, things seemed simple and clear: the cell was a neat little machine, a mechanical device ready for taking to pieces and reassembling, like a tiny watch. But just in the last few years it has become almost unbelievably complex, filled with strange parts whose functions are beyond today's imagining. It is not just that there is more to do, there is everything to do. What lies ahead, or what can lie ahead if the efforts in basic research are continued, is much more than the conquest of human disease or the improvement of agricultural technology or the cultivation of nutrients in the sea. As we learn more about fundamental processes of living things in general we will learn more about ourselves.

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Nearly two-thirds of businesses in the UK want to【C1】 1staff with foreign language skills. French is still the most highly prized language, but Spanish and Mandarin speakers are more in【C2】 2than in the past. Katja Hall, deputy director-general of Confederation of British Industry(CBI), said that, given the EU was the UK' s largest export market, it was no surprise to see European languages so【C3】 3valued. "But with China and Latin America seeing solid growth, ambitious firms want the language skills that can【C4】 4the path into new markets," she said. The 2014 annual education and skills survey by the CBI and Pearson, the educational publisher that owns the Financial Times, found that 41 percent of the 291 companies surveyed across the UK believed knowledge of a foreign language was【C5】 5to their business. European languages—French, German and Spanish—still topped the list in【C6】 6of desirability, but these were closely followed by Mandarin and Arabic. However, the number of students studying foreign languages has【C7】 7in the past decade. Ms Hall said it was unclear whether recent government【C8】 8to encourage language learning in schools would have any impact. "It has been a worry to see foreign language study in our schools under pressure with one in five schools having a【C9】 9low take-up of languages," she said. "Young people considering their future subject choices should be made more【C10】 10of the benefits to their careers that can come from studying a foreign language."A) slumped B) risen C) initiatives D) highlyE) agencies F) demand G) pressure H) accidentallyI) aware J) persistently K) harmful L) beneficialM) recruit N) smooth O) terms 【C1】

近年来，中国硕士研究生 招收 (recruitment)规模不断扩大，致使本科生报考硕士研究生的人数逐年增加。除了大学毕业生对学术的追求以及社会对 高端人才 (top-level talent)的需求增加外，就业压力大也是造成 考研热 (postgraduate craze)的关键因素。基于人才市场竞争日益激烈，工作岗位供不应求，很多大学生毕业后选择继续深造而不是就业。虽然考研热在某种程度上反映了社会需求，但是也给大学生带来了巨大的心理压力。因此。中国高校需向学生提供适当的就业指导。

在竞争激烈的现代社会，拥有高技能、高素质的人就有更多的优势，因而种类繁多的培训班便应运而生。

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科举制度 (the imperial examination)是中国 帝制时期 (imperial China)选拔官员的制度，具有1300多年的历史。它将阅读、考试和选拔政府官员三者紧密结合起来，是一种公平和公开的人才选举方法，是中国选举史上的一大突破。它为中国发现、培养了大量人才，对知识的普及起到了相当大的推动作用。同时也增强了阅读气氛。然而，科举制度也有缺陷，其考试内容局限于 儒家 (Confucius)经典，文章的结构和字数都要符合 “八股文” (the eight-part essay)的要求。因此，这极大地限制了人的眼界、创造力以及独立思考的能力。

When we worry about who might be spying on our private lives, we usually think about the Federal agents. But the private sector outdoes the government every time. It's Linda Tripp, not the FBI, who is facing charges under Maryland's laws against secret telephone taping. It's our banks, not the Internal Revenue Service(IRS), that pass our private financial data to telemarketing firms. Consumer activists are pressing Congress for better privacy laws without much result so far. The legislators lean toward letting business people track our financial habits virtually at will. As an example of what's going on, consider U.S. Bancorp, which was recently sued for deceptive practices by the state of Minnesota. According to the lawsuit, the bank supplied a telemarketer called MemberWorks with sensitive customer data such as names, phone numbers, bank-account and credit-card numbers, Social Security numbers, account balances and credit limits. With these customer lists in hand, MemberWorks started dialing for dollars—selling dental plans, videogames, computer software and other products and services. Customers who accepted a "free trial offer" had 30 days to cancel. If the deadline passed, they were charged automatically through their bank or credit-card accounts. U.S. Bancorp collected a share of the revenues. Customers were doubly deceived, the lawsuit claims. They didn't know that the bank was giving account numbers to MemberWorks. And if customers asked, they were led to think the answer was no. The state sued MemberWorks separately for deceptive selling. The company denies that it did anything wrong. For its part, U.S. Bancorp settled without admitting any mistakes. But it agreed to stop exposing its customers to nonfinancial products sold by outside firms. A few top banks decided to do the same. Many other banks will still do business with MemberWorks and similar firms. And banks will still be mining data from your account in order to sell you financial products, including things of little value, such as credit insurance and credit-card protection plans. You have almost no protection from businesses that use your personal accounts for profit. For example, no federal law shields "transaction and experience" information—mainly the details of your bank and credit-card accounts. Social Security numbers are for sale by private firms. They've generally agreed not to sell to the public. But to businesses, the numbers are an open book. Self-regulation doesn't work. A firm might publish a privacy-protection policy, but who enforces it? Take U.S. Bancorp again. Customers were told, in writing, that "all personal information you supply to us will be considered confidential." Then it sold your data to MemberWorks. The bank even claims that it doesn't "sell" your data at all. It merely "shares" it and reaps a profit. Now you know.