{{B}}Part II Listening Comprehension{{/B}}

Mercedes estate cars and Fiat runarounds(轻便小汽车)are being used to test up to 22 different monitors designed to detect if a driver is falling asleep at the wheel and trigger a series of devices designed to wake them up. The aim of the project, funded by ￡4 million of European Union money as well as private investment, is to reduce the estimated 30% of fatal accidents which are caused in Europe each year by drivers drifting off at the wheel. The test cars have been fitted with infrared cameras which monitor eye movement, touch-pad sensors that measure the driver's grip on the steering wheel and chassis(汽车底盘)monitors which check for veer(转向). Should drivers start to doze off they can be quickly woken by a sudden blast of air-conditioned cold air. At the same time a vibrating alarm will sound and the driver's seat will be made to shake. Daimler Chrysler, owner of Mercedes, as well as Fiat, will own the patent of the awake system, which could be installed in cars as soon as this year. If the trials are successful the EU is considering introducing a directive which would make the system compulsory in long-distance lorries—a leading cause of road accidents. According to transport department figures, more than 300 people die each year in Britain in accidents thought to be caused by drivers falling asleep at the wheel. Ten people died in the Selby rail crash last year when a car driver fell asleep on a motor-way, crashed onto a railway line and derailed(使脱轨)a passenger train. Motoring organizations said the new system might prevent accidents such as Selby but were cautious as to whether it would prove practical. The safety system also monitors braking frequency and can detect eye movement towards the rear and side mirrors. As no one drives in exactly the same way, the system must "learn" the individual characteristics of its owner or owners. The researchers had considered systems that squirted(喷射)a refined version of smelling salts at the dozy motorist, opened the windows and activated the brakes automatically. However, such ideas have been abandoned as potentially dangerous, startling a driver and leading to sudden changes in steering.

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随着人民生活水平和消费水平的提高，中国的垃圾问题日益严峻。很多城市被垃圾包围。面对日益增长的垃圾产量和环境状况的恶化。中国政府正在努力推行 垃圾分类 (garbage classification)的政策。垃圾分类是指将垃圾分为可回收利用和不可回收利用两类，要求人们将垃圾投放至不同的 垃圾桶 (trash can)。通过不同的清理、运输和回收方式，使之变成新的资源。它可以减少垃圾处理量，降低处理成本，减少土地资源的消耗，对社会、经济、生态三方面都有益。

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中国民族音乐，一般简称“民乐”或“国乐”。是中国特有的音乐品种。中国传统音乐以五声音阶(pentatonic scale)为基础，追求自然、和谐、 含蓄 (subtlety)的美感，在几千年的发展过程中，留下了极为丰富的民族音乐文化遗产。民乐的乐器种类很多，可以分为吹、拉、弹、打四大类。上世纪20年代，中国的音乐家仿照西方 交响乐队 (symphony orchestra)的编制，建立起中国民族管弦乐团来演奏一些大型的民乐曲目。中国一些著名的民乐团也经常接受邀请，到世界各地演出。

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{{B}}Part Ⅳ Translation{{/B}}

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Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can【C1】______ performance at work and school. Cognitive (认知派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on【C2】______ and gifts from others. The latter view has gained many supporters,【C3】______ among educators. But the careful use of small【C4】______ rewards sparks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed【C5】______ inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. "If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively【C6】______ task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to【C7】______ creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards." A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for【C8】______ achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and【C9】______ failing grades. In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows【C10】______ in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.A) mental I) approvalB) promise J) monetaryC) kill K) generallyD) avoid L) improveE) hope M) challengingF) especially N) restoreG) aid O) excellent H) ordinary

写一篇学生会主席的竞选演说辞。 1．你认为自己具备什么条件(能力、性格、爱好)可以胜任学生会主席工作。 2．如果当选你将会为本校同学做什么?

BSection A/B

在每年的电影节上，数百部来自世界不同国家和地区的优秀影片同时放映，使上海国际电影节成为世界上最受欢迎的电影嘉年华(carnival)之一。

Twice a year, in spring and autumn, London's fashionistas go【C1】______at the second of the world's "big four" fashion weeks. From September 16th to the 21st, 68 catwalk shows【C2】______the wares of mainly British-based designers, with celebrities in【C3】______. A study by Oxford Economics for the British Fashion Council(BFC)found that the business added about ￡21 billion to GDP directly, twice as much as car making. High fashion accounts for only a【C4】______of that, but top-end, trend-setting design sits at the heart of the broader retail market. The BFC, which stages London Fashion Week, estimated that its six days will have【C5】______perhaps ￡ 100 million in orders. More than that, fashion is just the sort of thing Britain is【C6】______to be good at in this post-industrial age: creative, high-value-added, cluster-based. And the country does excel. But there are characteristically British【C7】______, too. Many designers have trouble【C8】______their ideas into cash. This is only partly because capital is hard to come by. "Here, it' s all about art. In other places it's much more of a business," says a Central St Martins student who has worked in France. The【C9】______for a number of new designers agrees: "Young designers here just make what inspires them without thinking enough about how much they'll have to【C10】______for it, or who will buy it." A great many fold after a few years. A big challenge now is to conquer developing markets before developing-world fashion houses conquer Britain.A)merits B)transmitting C)converting D)supposedE)charge F)crazy G)displayed H)delightedI)agent J)downsides K)yielded L)fractionM)account N)majority O)attendance

能源是人类赖以生存和发展的重要物质基础。在整个人类社会发展的历史中，人类文明的每一次重大进步都伴随着能源的改进和更替。目前，中国已成为世界上最大的能源生产国，形成了煤炭、电力、石油、天然气以及新能源和可再生能源全面发展的能源供应体系。但中国人口众多、资源不足，能源发展面临着诸多挑战，比如石油储备不足，能源消费增长过快。为保证能源的可持续发展，中国政府把节约能源放在优先位置，鼓励开发新能源和可再生能源。

中国结是一种汉族特有的手工编织工艺品，它身上所显示的情致与智慧正是汉族古老文明中的一个侧面。周朝人随身佩戴的玉佩常以中国结为装饰，而战国时代的铜器上也有中国结的图案，至清朝中国结才真正传于民间的艺术。当代多用来装饰室内、作亲友间的馈赠礼物及个人的随身饰物。因为其外观对称精致，可以代表汉族悠久的历史，符合中国传统装饰的习俗和审美观念，故命名为中国结。中国结代表着团结幸福平安，深受大众的喜爱。

中国经济年度人物 (Chinese Economy Person of the Year)评选是由CCTV在2000年开始发起的。作为中国经济领域的 “奥斯卡” (Oscar)，它是中国国内最具专业性和影响力的一个奖项，也是中国认知度最高的一个品牌。每年的评选结果在该年年底或下一年度之初以颁奖典礼的方式在CCTV发布。获奖人物为积极推动中国经济发展和社会进步的一些企业家、经济学家或政府官员。这些年度人物不仅在获奖当年是中国经济领域的模范，而且在获奖之后也会对中国经济产生越来越大的影响。