可持续发展是20世纪80年代提出的一种新的发展观。这种模式要求在保护环境的条件下发展经济，既要满足当代的需求，又不能损害后代人的利益。它的核心思想是确保经济、资源和环境的协调发展，目的是让子孙后代享受充分的资源和良好的环境。可持续发展是中国的一项基本国策。目前中国正集中精力节能减排，加快资源节约型和环境友好型工业体系的建设。加大环境保护力度，提高 生态文明 (ecological civilization)的水平。

{{B}}Part Ⅳ Translation{{/B}}

[此试题无题干]

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the topic of students' studying oversells. You can give examples to illustrate your point. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions(收购)ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: "Won't the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?" There's no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive MA wave .are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands. All these, are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. As productivity grows, the world's wealth increases. Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could recreate the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as World Com, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing—witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan—but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt. Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the mega mergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won't multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about violation to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of "defending competition" on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?

《孙子兵法》 (The Art of War)是 春秋末期 (the late Spring and Autumn Period)军事家孙武所写的一部军事巨著。迄今已有2500多年的历史，是我国古代最早、最完整、最著名的兵书。全书包含13章，主要总结了战争的常识，提供了一些不经战争就使敌人屈服的策略。它体现了高超的智慧和思想，是中华文明的智慧 结晶 (quintessence)。《孙子兵法》在世界上也具有重要的地位，是世界三大兵书之一。在现代社会，它也被广泛用于军事斗争以外的其他领域，如政治斗争和商业竞争。

Business has slowed, layoffs mount, but executive pay continues to roar—at least so far. Business Week's annual survey finds that chief executive officers(CEOs)at 365 of the largest US companies got compensation last year averaging $3.1 million—up 1.3 percent from 1994. Why are the top bosses getting an estimated 485 times the pay of a typical factory worker? That is up from 475 times in 1999 and a mere 42 times in 1980. One reason may be what experts call the "Lake Wobegon effect". Corporate boards tend to reckon that "all CEOs are above average"—a play on Garrison Keillor's famous line in his public radio show, A Prairie Home Companion, that all the town's children are "above average". Consultants provide boards with surveys of corporate CEO compensation. Since directors are reluctant to regard their CEOs as below average, the compensation committees of boards tend to set pay at an above-average level. The result: Pay levels get ratcheted up. Defenders of lavish CEO pay argue there is such a strong demand for experienced CEOs that the free market forces their pay up. They further maintain most boards structure pay packages to reflect an executive's performance. They get paid more if their companies and their stock do well. So companies with high-paid GEOs generate great wealth for their shareholders. But the supposed cream-of-the-crop executives did surprisingly poorly for their shareholders in 1999, says Scott Klinger, author of this report by a Boston-based Organization United for a Fair Economy. If an investor had put $10,000 apiece at the end of 1999 into the stock of those companies with the 10 highest-paid CEOs, by year-end 2000 the investment would have shrunk to $8,132. If $10,000 had been put into the Standard & Poor's 500 stocks, it would have been worth $9,090. To Mr. Klinger, these findings suggest that the theory that one person, the CEO, is responsible for creating most of a corporation's value is dead wrong. "It takes many employees to make a corporation profitable." With profits down, corporate boards may make more effort to tame executive compensation. And executives are making greater efforts to avoid pay cut. Since CEOs, seeing their options "under water" or worthless because of falling stock prices, are seeking more pay in cash or in restricted stock.

The American【C1】 1system, is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which【C2】 2largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen,【C3】 3to make profits, produce these goods and services in【C4】 4with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers,【C5】 5with the desire of businessmen to【C6】 6profits and the desire of individual to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the【C7】 7by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in【C8】 8to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in【C9】 9supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the【C10】 10mechanism in the American economic system.A) competition B) maximize C) short D) coupledE) individual F) response G) eliminated H) privateI) economic J) striving K) regulating L) mechanismM) consumers N) political O) results 【C1】

国画作为一种中国的传统艺术，它的悠久历史可以追溯到 战国时期 (the Warring States Period)，那时就出现了画在丝织品上的绘画。国画的工具和材料有 毛笔 (brush pen)、墨、纸和丝绸等。画的内容以山水、花鸟和人物为主。画面旁常有诗词，诗词往往代表画家的思想。也能突出整幅画的意象和主题。每位国画画家都有自己独特的特点，齐白石善于画虾，徐悲鸿善于画正在奔跑的马。国画体现了国人对自然、社会、哲学、宗教和道德等方面的认识，是中华文化的重要组成部分。

中国姓氏是血缘关系的符号，其历史可追溯到原始社会时期。在 战国 (the warring States)以前，只有皇室和贵族才有姓，战国以后，平民才有了姓氏。从此 “百姓” (hundreds of surnames)成为普通民众的通称。中国姓氏的来源多种多样，有的来源于地名，有的来源于官职，有的来源于职业。中国姓氏无论是在古代还是现代，都具有积极的意义。在北宋初期， 《百家姓》 (Book of Family Names)就作为儿童的 启蒙 (enlightenment)读物；而在当代社会，中国姓氏代表着文化的传承。

黄河 (the Yellow River)全长约5464公里，是中国的第二长河，仅次于 长江 (the Yangtze River)。黄河发源于青海省，流经9个省和自治区，最后注入 渤海 (the Bohai Sea)。黄河 流域 (basin)是中国古代文明的发祥地，因此黄河被称作中华民族的母亲河、中华文明的摇篮。黄河是生命力的象征，是中国人民的精神家园。千百年来，中国很多文学、艺术作品都与黄河有关。近年来，黄河水资源面临严重危机，如水质恶化和水土流失等。因此，保护黄河流域的生态环境刻不容缓。

[此试题无题干]

中国新年是中国最重要的传统节日之一，在中国也被称为春节。新年的庆祝活动从除夕开始一直延续到 元宵节 (the Lantern Festival)，即从 农历 (lunar calendar)最后一个月的最后一天至新年第一个月的第十五天。各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异，但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。为驱厄运、迎好运，家家户户都会进行大扫除。人们还会在门上粘贴红色的 对联 (couplets)，对联的主题为健康、发财和好运。其他的活动还有放鞭炮、发红包和探亲访友等。

{{B}}Section C{{/B}}

If you go down to the woods today, you may meet high-tech trees—genetically modified to speed their growth or improve the quality of their wood. Genetically-engineered food crops have become increasingly common, albeit controversial, over the past ten years. But genetic engineering of trees has lagged behind. Part of the reason is technical. Understanding, and then altering, the genes of a big pine tree are more complex than creating a better tomato. While tomatoes sprout happily, and rapidly, in the laboratory, growing a whole tree from a single, genetically altered cell in a test tube is a tricky process that takes years, not months. Moreover, little is known about tree genes. Some trees, such as pine trees, have a lot of DNA—roughly ten times as much as human. And, whereas the Human Genome Project is more than half-way through its task of isolating and sequencing the estimated 100, 000 genes in human cells, similar efforts to analyze tree genes are still just saplings(幼苗). Given the large number of tree genes and the little that is known about them, tree engineers are starting with a search for genetic "markers". The first step is to isolate DNA from trees with desirable properties such as insect resistance. The next step is to find stretches of DNA that show the presence of a particular gene. Then, when you mate two trees with different desirable properties, it is simple to check which offspring contain them all by looking for the genetic markers. Henry Amerson, at North Carolina State University, is using genetic markers to breed fungal resistance into southern pines. Billions of these are grown across America for pulp and paper, and outbreaks of disease are expensive. But not all individual trees are susceptible. Dr. Amerson's group has found markers that distinguish fungus-resistant stock from disease-prone trees. Using traditional breeding techniques, they are introducing the resistance genes into pines on test sites in America. Using genetic markers speeds up old-fashioned breeding methods because you no longer have to wait for the tree to grow up to see if it has the desired traits. But it is more a sophisticated form of selective breeding. Now, however, interest in genetic tinkering(基因修补)is also gaining ground. To this end, Dr. Amerson and his colleagues are taking part in the Pine Gene Discovery Project, an initiative to identify and sequence the 50,000-odd genes in the pine tree's genome Knowing which gene does what should make it easier to know what to alter.

中国是世界上最古老的文明之一。有着悠久的历史和灿烂的文化。中国在夏朝时开始进入了文明时代。创造了辉煌的科技和文化。指南针、火药、造纸术、印刷术是中国古代的四大发明，对世界文明和人类的进步做出了极大的贡献。中国的 丝绸之路 (the Silk Road)——世界上最古老的贸易通道——极大地促进了东西方文化的交流。长城、京杭 大运河 (grand canal)被誉为世界工程奇迹。此外，中国有着丰富多彩的传统文化和民间艺术，例如京剧、剪纸、风筝、 刺绣 (embroidery)、 皮影戏 (shadow play)等。

“一带一路”(the Belt and Road)指的是“丝绸之路经济带”(the Silk Road Economic Belt)和“21世纪海上丝绸之路”(the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road)。“一带一路”旨在借用古代丝绸之路的历史符号，高举和平发展的旗帜，积极发展与沿线国家的经济合作伙伴关系。“一带一路”战略构想的提出，契合沿线国家的共同需求，为沿线国家优势互补、开放发展开启了新的机遇之窗，是国际合作的新平台。“一带一路”的建设，顺应了全球化趋势和各国抱团取暖、共同合作的愿望，有着良好的发展前景。

[此试题无题干]

[此试题无题干]