Archaeologists have long thought that stone ships served as graves for one or several individuals, and have even been viewed as death ships【C1】 1to take the dead to living eternally. However, a new study conducted by researchers from the University of Gothenburg shows a different picture. It suggests Bronze Age stone monuments in the form of ships were built by sailors as a symbol of their practices at sea. The study indicates that the stone ships and the activities that took place there point to people who were【C2】 2focused on practices at sea. Details found within the stone structures show they were built to【C3】 3real ships. The stone ships offer up【C4】 4about the ship-building techniques of the time and about the ships that sailed on the Baltic Sea during the Bronze Age. "These consist of areas that resemble hill forts and are located near easily【C5】 5points in the landscape—that is, near well-known waterways leading inland," Wehlin, head of the team, said. "While these areas have previously been thought to be much younger, recent age【C6】 6have dated them to the Bronze Age." Archaeologists have believed that bronze was【C7】 7to Scandinavia from the south, and recent analyses have helped confirm this【C8】 8However, the people who distributed the bronze objects are【C9】 9addressed in these thoughts. "One reason why the meeting places of the Bronze Age are not discussed very often is that we haven't been able to find them," Wehlin said. "This is in【C10】 10contrast to the trading places of the Viking Age, which have been easy to locate as they left behind such rich archaeological material." A)majorly B)represent C)evacuate D)rarely E)determinations F)clues G)anticipated H)inquiries I)intended J)approximately K)accessible L)notion M)inevitable N)immense O)imported 【C1】

Individuals and businesses have legal protection for intellectual property they create and own. Intellectual property【C1】 1from creative thinking and may include products, services, processes, and ideas. Intellectual property is protected from misappropriation(盗用). Misappropriation is taking the intellectual property of others without【C2】 2compensation and using it for monetary gain. Legal protection is provided for the owners of intellectual property. The three common types of legal protection are patents, copyrights, and trademarks. Patents provide exclusive use of inventions. If the U.S. Patent Office【C3】 3a patent, it is confirming that the intellectual property is unique. The patent prevents others from making, using, or selling the invention without the owner's【C4】 4for a period of 20 years. Copyrights are similar to patents except that they are applied to artistic works. A copyright protects the creator of an original artistic or intellectual work, such as a song or a novel. A copyright gives the owner exclusive rights to copy,【C5】 5display, or perform the work. The copyright prevents others from using and selling the work. The length of a copyright is【C6】 6the lifetime of the author plus an additional 70 years. Trademarks are words, names, or symbols that identify the manufacturer of a product and【C7】 7it from similar goods of others. A servicemark is similar to a trademark but is used to identify services. A trademark prevents others from using the【C8】 8or a similar word, name, or symbol to take advantage of the recognition and【C9】 9of the brand or to create confusion in the marketplace. Upon registration, a trademark is usually granted for a period of ten years. It can be【C10】 10for additional ten-year periods indefinitely as long as the mark's use continues. A)recurred B)identical C)due D)typically E)grants F)parallel G)popularity H)distinguish I)retrieves J)renewed K)distribute L)results M)random N)permission O)instantaneously 【C1】

Throughout history man has observed such natural cycles as the rising and setting of the sun, the ebb and flow of the ocean tides, and the changes of the seasons. The【C1】______ nature of these events provided people with a measure of【C2】______ about things to come and give them reason to reflect on their past and plan for their future. The regularity of such social activities as work hours, meal times, and holiday schedules【C3】______ the extent to which human activity itself is organized in cycles. Recently,【C4】______ effort has been spent investigating the effect of various biological rhythms in the human body.【C5】______ , interest in these rhythms at least in part results from man's basic desire to predict future behavior. The human body【C6】______ a number of repeatable rhythms: heartbeats, breathing rates, brain waves and other physiological processes within the human machine. Scientists studying rhythms in humans have measured sleep patterns and attention【C7】______ over periods of several days, and have【C8】______ the fact that the cycles exist and exert effects on physiological and sociological behavior. A common example is jet lag. A person's traveling in the east-west direction across time zones【C9】______ his sleep cycles—it may take several days to return to the【C10】______ cycle or to readjust to a new one.A) indicates E) considerable I) Certainly M) securityB) demonstrated F) upsets J) Thankfully N) exhibitsC) verifying 6) disappoints K) spans O) limitsD) normal H) periodic L) gorgeous

低碳生活 (low-carbon life)倡导人们在生活中减少二氧化碳的排放，是一种低能量、低消耗和低开支的生活方式。它要求人们以更健康、更安全和更自然的方式进行人与自然的活动。如今，这股风潮逐渐在中国一些大城市兴起，不知不觉地改变着人们的生活。为了实行低碳生活，人们需要改变一些生活细节，如节约用电、不使用塑料袋和一次性产品、乘坐 公共交通工具 (public transport)等。低碳生活节能环保，大大有利于减缓全球气候变暖和环境恶化的速度。

北京的胡同大多形成于13世纪的元朝，至今已有几百年的历史。北京胡同的走向多为正东正西，宽度一般不超过九米。胡同文化是一种封闭的文化。住在胡同里的居民安土重迁，不大愿意搬家。有在一个胡同里一住几十年的，甚至有住了几辈子的。胡同里的房屋大多很旧了，旧房 檩 (purlin)，断砖墙。下雨天常是外面大下，屋里小下。一到下大雨，总可以听到房塌的声音，那是胡同里的房子。但人们舍不得“挪窝儿”，因为“破家值万贯”。

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter to the university president about the canteen service on campus. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline given below. 1．对食堂问题进行说明。 2．提出改进建议。 3．期待学校解决这一问题。

Six Secrets of High-Energy PeopleA)There's an energy crisis in America, and it has nothing to do with fossil fuels. Millions of us get up each morning already weary over the day holds. "I just can' t get started," people say. But it' s not physical energy that most of us lack. Sure, we could all use extra sleep and a better diet. But in truth, people are healthier today than at any time in history. I can almost guarantee that if you long for more energy, the problem is not with your body.B)What you're seeking is not physical energy. It's emotional energy. Yet, sad to say, life sometimes seems designed to exhaust our supply. We work too hard. We have family obligations. We encounter emergencies and personal crises. No wonder so many of us suffer from emotional fatigue, a kind of utter exhaustion of the spirit.C)And yet we all know people who are filled with joy, despite the unpleasant circumstances of their lives. Even as a child, I observed people who were poor, or disabled, or ill, but who nonetheless faced life with optimism and vigor. Consider Laura Hillenbrand, who despite an extremely weak body, wrote the best-seller Seabiscuit. Hillenbrand barely had enough physical energy to drag herself out of bed to write. But she was fueled by having a story she wanted to share. It was emotional energy that helped her succeed.D)Unlike physical energy, which is finite and diminishes with age, emotional energy is unlimited and has nothing to do with genes or upbringing. So how do you get it? You can't simply tell yourself to be positive. You must take action. Here are six practical strategies that work.1. Do something newE)Very little that's new occurs in our lives. The impact of this sameness on our emotional energy is gradual, but huge: It's like a tire with a slow leak. You don't notice it at first, but eventually you' 11 get a flat. It' s up to you to plug the leak—even though there are always a dozen reasons to stay stuck in your dull routines of life. That's where Maura, 36, a waitress, found herself a year ago.F)Fortunately, Maura had a lifeline-—a group of women friends who meet regularly to discuss their lives. Their lively discussions spurred Maura to make small but nevertheless life altering changes. She joined a gym in the next town. She changed her look with a short haircut and new black T-shirts. Eventually, Maura gathered the courage to quit her job and start her own business.G)Here's a challenge: If it's something you wouldn't ordinarily do, do it. Try a dish you've never eaten. Listen to music you'd ordinarily tune out. You'll discover these small things add to your emotional energy.2. Reclaim life's meaningH)So many of my patients tell me that their lives used to have meaning, but that somewhere along the line things went stale.I)The first step in solving this meaning shortage is to figure out what you really care about, and then do something about it. A case in point is Ivy, 57, a pioneer in investment banking. "I mistakenly believed that all the money I made would mean something," she says. "But I feel lost, like a 22-year-old wondering what to do with her life." Ivy's solution? She started a program that shows Wall Streeters how to donate time and money to poor children. In the process, Ivy filled her life with meaning.3. Put yourself in the fun zoneJ)Most of us grown-ups are seriously fun-deprived. High-energy people have the same day-to-day work as the rest of us, but they manage to find something enjoyable in every situation. A real estate broker I know keeps herself amused on the job by mentally redecorating the houses she shows to clients. "I love imagining what even the most run-down house could look like with a little tender loving care," she says. "It's a challenge—and the least desirable properties are usually the most fun."K)We all define fun differently, of course, but I can guarantee this: If you put just a bit of it into your day, you energy will increase quickly.4. Bid farewell to guilt and regretL)Everyone's past is filled with regrets that still cause pain. But from an emotional energy point of view, they are dead weights that keep us from moving forward. While they can't merely be willed away, I do recommend you remind yourself that whatever happened is in the past, and nothing can change that. Holding on to the memory only allows the damage to continue into the present.5. Make up your mindM)Say you've been thinking about cutting your hair short. Will it look stylish—or too extreme? You endlessly think it over. Having the decision hanging over your head is a huge energy drain. Every time you can't decide, you burden yourself with alternatives. Quit thinking that you have to make the right decision: instead, make a choice and don't look back.6. Give to getN)Emotional energy has a kind of magical quality: the more you give, the more you get back. This is the difference between emotional and physical energy. With the latter, you have to get it to be able to give it. With the former, however, you get it by giving it.O)Start by asking everyone you meet, "How are you?" as if you really want to know, then listen to the reply. Be the one who hears. Most of us also need to smile more often. If you don't smile at the person you love first thing in the morning, you're sucking energy out of your relationship. Finally, help another person—and make the help real, concrete. Give a massage(按摩)to someone you love, or cook her dinner. Then, expand the circle to work. Try asking yourself what you' d do if your goal were to be helpful rather than efficient.P)After all, if it's true that what goes around comes around, why not make sure that what's circulating around you is the good stuff?

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For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter applying for admission into a college or university. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below. 1．入学条件。 2．学费和奖学金。 3．住宿情况。

In the battle for the young soda drinkers of China, U.S.-based Pepsi-Cola may have found a powerful new weapon: young street sellers toting(背负)backpack soda dispensers. It may sound trivial, but in China's teeming(拥挤的)cities, getting cold carbonated drinks into the hands of the young can be a struggle. Vending machines are often out of order, hawkers with pushcarts can't keep drinks cold enough, and the friendly mom-and-pop comer stores just don't cut it with teenagers trying to act hip. The backpack dispensers are the latest twist in a continuing battle between Pepsi-Cola and rival Coca-Cola for China's soda drinkers. Since 1996, Pepsi has virtually conceded dominance to Coca-Cola in all but a few international markets. Among the exceptions is China, where Pepsi-Cola believes it can make a last stand by appealing to youth. So far, however, it hasn't gained much ground. Research firm AC Nielsen says a January survey indicated Coca-Cola had captured 47% of China's market for carbonated beverages—Sprite and Fanta. Pepsi-Cola's share lagged well behind at 19%, most of which was due to Pepsi, followed by 7-Up and Mountain Dew. Globally, Coca-Cola had a 51% share of beverage sales last year, compared with 21% for Pepsi-Cola. Coca-Cola's China marketing director in Hong Kong, John Cheung, says his firm tried backpack dispensers in China a few years ago but decided they weren't paying off because the drinks warmed up too quickly. But Pepsi-Cola's Tan says the dispensers his company uses—made by U.S.-based Thirst Enders International—keep the rate of warming to a minimum: two degrees an hour on a hot day. With shoppers in Chengdu gulping down the 32 cups in each tank within an hour, the drinks are always cool. Cheung admits that another reason for Coca-Cola's disappointing results was that it picked older, unemployed adults to wear the dispensers, rather than upbeat young people. Pepsi-Cola avoided that mistake by recruiting from universities. "We want people who can be identified by the young customers with selling the drinks," says Tan. "They need to be young, energetic and outgoing." Pepsi-Cola also has used the dispensers in the Philippines and Singapore for promotions and sporting events. In China, it may start using them at soccer games—it sponsors the country's premier league. Tan says he wants to take the packs nationwide "as soon as possible". That will mean convincing bottlers and distributors to stump up $1,000 for each pack.(Under Pepsi-Cola's arrangements with its local partners, the partners bear the full cost.) Coca-Cola's Cheung admits he's watching Pepsi-Cola's gambit(策略)carefully. "If the day comes that the backpack is such a big advantage," he says, "We'll use them too."

Tennessee's technical and community colleges will not outsource (外包) management of their facilities to a private company, a decision one leader said was bolstered by an analysis of spending at each campus. In an email sent Monday to college presidents in the Tennessee Board of Regents system, outgoing Chancellor John Morgan said an internal analysis showed that each campus' spending on facilities management fell well below the industry standards identified by the state. Morgan said those findings— which included data from the system's 13 community colleges, 27 technical colleges and six universities—were part of the decision not to move forward with Governor Bill Haslam's proposal to privatize management of state buildings in an effort to save money. "While these numbers are still being validated by the state, we feel any adjustments they might suggest will be immaterial," Morgan wrote to the presidents. "System institutions are operating very efficiently based on this analysis, raising the question of the value of pursuing a broad scale outsourcing initiative." Workers' advocates have criticized Haslam's plan, saying it would mean some campus workers would lose their jobs or benefits. Haslam has said colleges would be free to opt in or out of the outsourcing plan, which has not been finalized. Morgan notified the Haslam administration of his decision to opt out in a letter sent last week. That letter, which includes several concerns Morgan has with the plan, was originally obtained by The Commercial Appeal in Memphis. In an email statement from the state's Office of Customer Focused Government, which is examining the possibility of outsourcing, spokeswoman Michelle R. Martin said officials were still working to analyze the data from the Board of Regents. Data on management expenses at the college system and in other state departments will be part of a "business justification" the state will use as officials deliberate the specifics of an outsourcing plan. "The state's facilities management project team is still in the process of developing its business justification and expects to have that completed and available to the public at the end of February," Martin said. "At this time there is nothing to take action on since the analysis has yet to be completed." Morgan's comments on outsourcing mark the second time this month that he has come out against one of Haslam's plans for higher education in Tennessee. Morgan said last week that he would retire at the end of January because of the governor's proposal to split off six universities of the Board of Regents system and create separate governing boards for each of them. In his resignation letter, Morgan called the reorganization "unworkable".

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随着人们生活水平的提高，孩子们有更多的机会外出就餐，他们无法抵制美食的诱惑，结果不可避免地胖起来。

Three English dictionaries published recently all lay claim to possessing a "new" feature. The BBC English Dictionary contains background information on 1,000 people and places prominent in the news since 1988; the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary: Encyclopedic(百科全书的)Edition is the OALD plus encyclopedic entries; the Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture is the LDOCE plus cultural information. The key fact is that all three dictionaries can be seen to have a distinctly "cultural" as well as language learning content. That being said, the way in which they approach the cultural element is not identical, making direct comparisons between the three difficult. While there is some common ground between the encyclopedic, cultural entries for the Oxford and Longman dictionaries, there is a clear difference. Oxford lays claim to being encyclopedic on content whereas Longman distinctly concentrates on the language and culture of the English-speaking world. The Oxford dictionary can therefore stand more vigorous scrutiny for cultural bias than the Longman publication because the latter does not hesitate about viewing the rest of the world from the cultural perspectives of the English-speaking world. The cultural objectives of the BBC dictionary are in turn more distinct still. Based on an analysis of over 70 million words recorded from the BBC World Service and National Public Radio of Washington over a period of four years, their 1,000 brief encyclopedic entries are based on people and places that have featured in the news recently. The intended user they have in mind is a regular listener to the World Service who will have a reasonable standard of English and a developed skill in listening comprehension. In reality, though, the BBC dictionary will be purchased by a far wider range of language learners, as will the other two dictionaries. We will be faced with a situation where many of the users of these dictionaries will at the very least have distinct socio-cultural perspectives and may have world views which are totally opposed and even hostile to those of the West. Advanced learners from this kind of background will not only evaluate a dictionary on how user-friendly it is but will also have definite views about the scope and appropriateness of the various socio-cultural entries.

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Student Investors in the Stock Market. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words following the outline given below. 1．目前越来越多的大学生炒股。 2．人们对大学生炒股看法不一。 3．我的看法。