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红包 (red envelope)在中国传统文化中指春节时长辈给小孩的作为礼物的钱。红包的主要意义在于红色，因为它象征好运和祝福。此外，还有一种红包．是由晚辈送给老人的。意在期盼老人长寿。现在的红包泛指包着钱的红色包装，用于喜庆时的馈赠礼金，如婚礼和新店开张等。有时也指 奖金 (bonus)或贿赂他人的钱。送红包和收红包是中国人的传统习俗，展现了中国人 礼尚往来 (reciprocal courtesy)的人际关系。世界上凡是有华人的地方，红包文化都赫然存在。

承德避暑山庄 (the Chengde Mountain Resort)是中国现存最大的 国家园林 (imperial garden)，位于河北省东北部的承德市。整个工程开始于1703年。建设用了近九十年。避暑山庄原为清代皇帝避暑和从事各种政治活动的场所，见证了清朝二百多年的繁荣与衰败。山庄吸收了南北园林的精华，既有北方景色的壮观，又有南方景观的秀丽。由于存在众多的历史文化遗产，避暑山庄及周围寺庙成为了中国十大名胜之一。1994年，承德避暑山庄及周围寺庙被列入《 世界遗产名录 》(World Heritage List)。

There is nothing new about TV and fashion magazines giving girls unhealthy ideas about how thin they need to be in order to be considered beautiful. What is【C1】______is the method psychologists at the University of Texas have come up with to keep girls from developing eating disorders. Their main weapon against superskinny(role)models: a brand of civil disobedience【C2】______"body activism." Since 2001, more than 1,000 high school and college students in the U.S. have participated in the Body Project, which works by getting girls to understand how they have been buying into the【C3】______that you have to be thin to be happy or successful. After critiquing(评论)the so-called thin ideal by writing essays and roleplaying with their peers, participants are【C4】______to come up with and execute small,【C5】______acts. They include slipping notes saying "Love your body the way it is" into dieting books at stores like Borders and writing letters to Mattel, makers of the impossibly【C6】______Barbie doll. According to a study in the latest issue of the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, the risk of developing eating disorders was reduced 61% among Body Project participants. And they continued to exhibit【C7】______body-image attitudes as long as three years after completing the program, which consists of four one-hour【C8】______Such lasting effects may be due to girls' realizing not only how they were being【C9】______but also who was benefiting from the societal pressure to be thin. "These people who promote the perfect body really don't care about you at all," says Kelsey Hertel, a high school junior and Body Project veteran in Eugene, Oregon. "They【C10】______make you feel like less of a person so you'll buy their stuff and they'll make money." A)nonviolent B)notification C)dubbed D)sessions E)purposefully F)surprising G)expired H)directed I)positive J)casually K)notion L)proportioned M)ambiguous N)influenced O)entities

北京有无数的 胡同 (hutong)，胡同是北京的一大特色。它们小仅是城市的脉搏，更是北京普通老百姓生活的场所。平民百姓在胡同里的生活给古都北京带来了无穷的魅力。北京的胡同不仅仅是平民百姓的生活环境，而且还是一门建筑艺术。通常，胡同内有一个大杂院，房间够4到10个家庭的差不多20口人住。所以，胡同里的生活充满了友善和人情味。如今，随着社会和经济的飞速发展，很多胡同被新的高楼大厦所取代。但愿胡同可以保留下来。

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BSection A/B

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the saying "Many hands make light work." You can cite examples to illustrate your point. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

五四运动 (the May Fourth Movement)是1919年5月4日发生的一场 反帝反封建 (anti-imperialist，anti-feudal)的政治文化运动。这次运动以北京为中心，很快扩大到上海、天津、青岛等许多城市。五四运动是以青年学生为主力，市民、商人和工人等广泛参与的一次爱国运动。他们通过示威游行、罢工等各种活动来抗议软弱的政府，要求恢复国家 主权 (sovereignty)。五四运动对中国的政治、文化、教育，以及 中国共产党 (the Communist Party of China)的发展有着重要的作用。为了纪念这次运动，中华人民共和国成立后正式宣布5月4日为 中国青年节 (the Chinese Youth Day)。

几百年来，昆曲在表演(staging)的通俗性上经历了种种波折，然而从未有人怀疑过它在戏剧领域享有的最高(supreme)地位。

BSection C/B

It is hardly necessary for me to cite all the evidence of the depressing state of literacy. These figures from the Department of Education are sufficient: 27 million Americans cannot read at all, and a further 35 million read at a level that is less than sufficient to survive in our society. But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading. It has been suggested that almost 80 percent of America's literate, educated teenagers can no longer read without an accompanying noise(music)in the background or a television screen flickering(闪烁)at the corner of their field of perception. We know very little about the brain and how it deals with simultaneous conflicting input, but every common-sense intuition suggests we should be profoundly alarmed. This violation of concentration, silence, solitude(独处的状态)goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy; this new form of part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction, renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration, let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it by heart. Not by brain, by heart; the expression is vital. Under these circumstances, the question of what future there is for the arts of reading is a real one. Ahead of us lie technical, psychic(心理的), and social transformations probably much more dramatic than those brought about by Gutenberg, the German inventor in printing. The Gutenberg revolution, as we now know it, took a long time; its effects are still being debated. The information revolution will touch every fact of composition, publication, distribution, and reading. No one in the book industry can say with any confidence what will happen to the book as we've known it.

{{B}}Section B{{/B}}

Keep Optimistic and Stay Away from Depression [A] Cynic, Ambrose Bierce remarked in his " Devil' s Dictionary" , is " a blackguard(无赖，恶棍)whose faulty vision sees things as they are, not as they ought to be". In the century that has elapsed since Bierce' s death, science has caught up with him. Cynicism, in all its guises, really may make us see the world more realistically—though at a high personal cost. [B] The phenomenon, which psychologists call " depressive realism" , was first identified by Lauren Alloy and Lyn Abramson, psychologists at Northwestern and the State University of New York at Stony Brook, respectively, who were studying the illusion that people often have of being in control when, in reality, they are not. In 1979, they took two groups of college students—one depressed, one not—and had them estimate how much control they had over a green light that would either turn on or not when they pressed a button. In reality, there was never a perfect correlation between the action and the event. The light would sometimes turn on when the student pressed the button, and sometimes when he didn' t. What varied from student to student was the frequency with which the action corresponded with a result. The researchers found that the depressed individuals were much better at identifying those instances when they had little control over the outcomes, while the non-depressed students tended to overestimate their degree of influence over the light. [C] The difference became even more interesting when Alloy and Abramson added money into the experiment. In some cases, the light was linked to losing money. Participants started out with five dollars and gradually lost it, quarter by quarter, as the light didn' t respond to their actions. In the other cases, the light signaled financial gain: participants started with nothing but received a quarter each time the light went on. At the end, each person in the first situation emerged having lost five dollars, and each in the second having won five dollars. [D] When the researchers asked the participants how much control they thought they' d had throughout the experiment, those who weren' t depressed reported having significantly more control than they actually had—but only when they won. When they lost, they estimated that they had much less control than was the case. The depressed participants, on the other hand, were far more accurate in their judgments. Depression, Alloy and Abramson concluded, had prevented an unwarranted(毫无根据的)illusion of control when someone won—and had provided a sense of responsibility when someone lost. In the years since Alloy and Abramson' s initial studies, depressive realism has also been shown to arise from general pessimism and, yes, from cynicism. [E] By 1992, Alloy and Abramson had replicated their findings in numerous contexts. Not only were depressed individuals more realistic in their judgments, they argued, but the very illusion of being in control held by those who weren' t depressed was likely to protect them from depression. In other words, the rose-colored glow, no matter how unwarranted, helped people to maintain a healthier mental state. Depression bred objectivity. A lack of objectivity led to a healthier, more adaptive, and more resilient(能复原的)mind-set. [F] Why would that be the case? As it turns out, the way we explain the world can have very real effects on our physical and emotional well-being—both positive and negative. It' s a phenomenon that the Harvard University psychologist Daniel Gilbert has called the "psychological immune system" , a feedback loop between how we think and how we feel. If we think more optimistically, we tend to feel better, which in turn makes us think more optimistically. [G] The notion that our outlook on life is connected to our well-being is not a new one. In the nineteen-sixties, the University of Connecticut psychologist Julian Rotter proposed that we could view external events in one of two lights: either we controlled them or they were the result of something in the environment. He found that successful people tended to follow the same patterns. They took credit for successes, and they reasoned away negative events. [H] A decade later, Bobbi Fibel and W. Daniel Hale, psychologists from the University of Massachusetts, realized that the effect went even further: when you thought you' d do well— a mind-set that they termed a "generalized expectancy of success"—you were more likely to be shielded from negative life events. It didn' t matter whether you were in control: what mattered was your belief that you had good things coming to you. Positive expectations generally lead to positive results. [I] Most recently, the psychologists Michael Scheier and Charles Carver have taken the insight further still: the positive buffer comes from neither simply control nor expectation alone. Instead, it's your general outlook on life, or, as they call it, your "life orientation". Their Life Orientation Test, or LOT, measures how a person responds to a set of statements that range from "I hardly expect things to go my way" to "In uncertain times, I usually expect the best". Positive responses are associated with generalized success and negative responses are related to depression and helplessness. [J] In a review of the field, Carver and Scheier have further expanded their initial findings to show that increased optimism, after controlling for other factors, also leads to improved career success, strengthens friendships and marriages, protects against loneliness later in life, lowers the risk of heart disease and mortality(死亡率)in women, protects against strokes, helps to reduce the need for rehospitalization(重复住院)following surgery, and improves sleep quality in children. In all cases, optimism serves as a shield, allowing us to see the world in a light that is more helpful to our own mental and physical well-being. [K] It all comes back, Daniel Gilbert says, to expectations. When we expect to do well, we push on. When we set our sights lower, we balk at signs of resistance. Depressive realists and cynics set themselves lower goals to begin with and then give up when they find that they are falling short. As everyone's favorite pessimist, A. A. Milne's Eeyore, tells Pooh, "We can' t all, and some of us don' t. That' s all there is to it. " His expectations are so low that the effort doesn' t seem worth it. The negative view is self-fulfilling: you set lower expectations, do less, achieve less, and experience a worse outcome, which in turn conforms to your initial negative views. [L] Of course, unwarranted optimism, too, comes with a price. It' s Tigger, the unrelenting(不屈不挠的)optimist, who finds himself eating thistles, stuck in trees, and otherwise caught in all manner of inopportune situations. When we' re overconfident and think we' re in control of situations when we' re not, we may find ourselves overreaching and persisting in hopeless tasks. It' s a fine balance. Set your goals too high, and the effects on health can be just as perilous(危险的，不利的). Aspire to an Olympic medal in figure skating when you can barely clear a double Axel, and you' re doomed to disappointment. [M] Still, it seems that, at least as far as the research goes, it' s far healthier to think like Tigger than like Eeyore.

选秀(draft)，指选拔在某方面表现优秀的人。中国自古就有，古代选秀一般是宫廷选秀。从2004年《超级女声》开始，大众选秀节目开始进入我们的视线，这类几乎“零门槛(zero of threshold)”的选秀活动让所有人都有机会成为明星。之后的《加油!好男儿》《快乐男声》《我型我秀》《中国好声音》等选秀活动一一登场，几乎一刻都没有让中国的电视观众闲着。通过这些选秀活动，很多有才能的“平民百姓”实现了自己的梦想，走上了星光大道(avenue of stars)。

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People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It's not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of question. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as "nature/nurture". Those who support the "nature" side of the conflict believe, that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factor. That our environment has little, if anything to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts. Proponents of the "nurture" theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act Behaviorists see humans as being whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. Their view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. The social and political implications of these two theories are profound In the United States, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligent test This leads some "nature" proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically interior to whites. Behaviorists, in contrast, say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that white enjoy, and that, as a result they do not develop the same responses that whites do. Neither of these theories Can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain

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