填空题You could fill a store with all the energy drinks now available. They promise to make people feel more energetic and think more clearly. These products have names like Red Bull, Monster, Ripped Force, Speed Stack and 5-Hour Energy. They appeal mainly to young people and are fueled mainly by caffeine. Chad Reissig at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, is a medical researcher who studies drug dependence. He says the team he works on got interested in studying energy drinks because of the explosion in their popularity in the last few years. He says the researchers found three major things. One: there are hundreds of brands of energy drinks in most major countries. Two: the drinks are not clearly labeled with enough information. And three: the amount of caffeine varies greatly. Some contain as little as fifty milligrams, others as much as five hundred. By comparison, a cup of Starbucks brewed coffee contains three hundred thirty milligrams in four hundred seventy-three milliliters. Some energy drinks contain a mixture of ingredients listed as an "energy blend. " Ingredients like taurine, guarana and inositol are natural substances. But Chad Reissig says scientists do not know a lot about them and how they interact with each other and caffeine. And worse, he says, there is no listing of the amount of each ingredient. Some people combine energy drinks with alcohol. They think they can drink more alcohol that way and not be affected. Studies, however, suggest that they are still under the influence of the alcohol even if they do not feel that way. Some makers of energy drinks do provide warnings. For example, a popular energy shot warns against use by people who are pregnant, nursing a baby or under the age of twelve. Energy shots are small bottles of liquid. The directions also advise people to limit caffeine products and to drink only half the bottle which is regarded as a moderate amount. The team at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine published a report in the journal Drug and Alcohol Dependence. They suggested better labeling with the amount of caffeine and other ingredients clearly listed on the drink. The researchers are continuing to study energy drinks. They are currently seeking young people who have had an unpleasant experience after drinking them.

填空题According to the passage, as a famous scientist, Newton has did ______ theories.

填空题Although we tried to concentrate on the lecture, ______ (我们被隔壁的噪音分心).

填空题Why are newspapers considered as an important medium according to the passage?

填空题{{B}} Directions:{{/B}}{{I}} In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1--4, mark Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. For questions 5--10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.{{/I}}{{B}} The Science that Imitates Nature's Mechanisms{{/B}} A European industrialist not long ago became very suspicious about American purposes and intentions in certain areas of scientific research. He learned by chance that the United States was signing contracts with scientists in England, France, Italy, Germany, Belgium, Sweden, Uruguay, Chile, Argentina, Australia, and other countries, calling for research into such matters as the function of the frog's eye and the learning ability of the octopus. It seemed to the industrialist that such studies could not possibly have any practical value. He seriously believed that the United States was employing the foreign scientists to do meaningless work and occupy their time, while American scientists were busy in the really important areas of science. He was unaware of the fact that the United States was spending much more money at home than abroad for similar studies.{{B}}Nature does things better than people{{/B}} Actually, the research he questioned involves a field of science so new that most people have never heard of it. Named bionics in 1960, this science is the study of living creatures, a study in search of principle applicable to engineering. Nature has operated a vast laboratory for two billion years, and bionics probes the secrets of the marvelous "special-purpose" mechanisms that have developed. Take the frog's eye for example. A frog eats only live insects, and its eye instantly spots a moving fly within reach of its tongue. You can surround a frog with dead (therefore motionless) flies, and it will never know they are there. If we can completely understand the mechanic of the frog's eye, we can develop a "map reading eye" for missiles and a "pattern--recognition eye" for our basic air defense system called SAGE (semi-automatic ground environment). SAGE is badly overworked. Its international network of radar "EYES" supplies a tremendous mass of unimportant details about meteorites, clouds, flights of ducks, geese, and friendly planes, and it sometimes gets confused. Until we can build a mechanical frog's eye into SAGE, it will remain somewhat inefficient.{{B}}Military and civilian uses{{/B}} The frog's eye holds promise in civilian life, too. For example, at most major airports the airtraffic problem--with 20 million flights per year to handle--has reached a critical stage. We must develop better devices for monitoring and controlling air traffic. Special-purpose mechanism as exciting as the frog's eye can be found throughout nature. The bat is under study because the bat's sonar is much more efficient than man-made sonar. By bouncing supersonic squeaks off objects around him, the bat flies about with remarkable skills. A bat can fly through a dark room strung with dozens of piano wires and never touch a single wire. The mosquito is under study because we need to solve the problem of Static that lessens the efficiency of our communications systems. A mosquito, simply by vibrating its wings, can set up a hum that will cut through any interfering noise (man or nature can create loud whistles or thunder, for instance) and give a message to another mosquito 150 feet away.{{B}}Electrical system{{/B}} Theoretically at least we should be able to copy these mechanisms found in nature, for all biological organisms-from mosquito to frog to man--are in part actually electrical systems. The sense organs that "connect" all animals to the outside world are merely transducers--instruments like a microphone, TV camera, or phonograph pickup arm--which convert one form of energy into another. A microphone, for example, converts sound into electrical signals which are carried to a loudspeaker and converted back into sound waves. Similarly, the nerve cells of a man's ear convert a cry for help into electrical pulses which are sped over his nervous system to the brain. The brain receives the signal, and then sends an answering electrical-pulse message to his legs, where it is convened into muscular energy when he starts running toward the cry. We have been slow to profit from this close analogy between a biological organism and an electronic system. It was only in the early 1950's that we consciously began to unite biologists with physicists, chemists, electronic experts, mathematicians, and engineers in a team to solve the mysteries of biological machinery. The first formal bionics meeting--called by the U. S. Ak Force--was held in 1960. A year later there were 20,000 biologists at work in research laboratories in the United States more than double the number employed ten years earlier.{{B}}Electronic and nonelectronic{{/B}} A bionicist can, of course, copy much in nature without resorting to electronics. For example, an airplane wing that gives unique stability to a small plane was introduced by the Cessna Company in 1960; the wing tips of a seabird served as the model. An artificial gill to extract oxygen from water and throw off carbon dioxide like a fish's gill is being studied by the Navy for use on submarines. For the Navy, too, the U. S. Rubber Company is making tests of a rubber "skin" for boats and submarine hulls, modeled on the elastic skin of a dolphin. But the greatest advances in bionics unquestionably will be electronic in nature. Already an instrument laboratory has developed an "eye" that can peer through a microscope and distinguish certain kinds of diseased ceils from healthy cells. General Electric Company has an experimental eye, the Visilog, that operates on the principle used by the human eye in judging distance as a solid surface is approached. We humans judge out rate of approach by the changed occurring in the texture of a surface as our eyes get closer and closer to it. This explains why we sometimes fail to see a glass door, but we always stop short of a brick wall. General Electric's eye calculates the rate of approach to any textured surface and contains a device to slow the approach speed. It is being developed, hopefully, to pemit a planned moon-probe rocket to make a soft landing on the moon's surface. A small variety of Visilog may be created for the blind.{{B}}Ears, nose, and brain{{/B}} The owl's ears are fascinating to many bionicists, for the owl has uncanny directional hearing. He can hear a mouse chewing and fly down on it, even though it is hidden from sight under a pile of leaves. For those engaged in designing sensitive mechanic ears for listening to enemy sonar, owl research may indeed have value. Nor is the nose being ignored. Many male creatures find their way to their mates by following an odor given off by the female. To explore mechanical scent detection, the Armor research Foundation has developed a synthetic nose which can, it is believed, detect scents in vapors at a ratio of one particle to a million. The Foundation thinks that it can be used in early detection of food spoilage, and to warn industrial and military personnel of the presence of poisonous vapors. Finally, the bionicist is extremely interested in the one general mechanism that serves the entire animal kingdom--the brain. The brain makes all animals unimaginably efficient, like small-size computers. "Actually, though," says Dr. Warren S. Moculloch, one of our great computer-scientists, "computers are nothing more than stupid beasts, they haven't the brains ofan ant. And they can't do the job that must be done." Hopefully, bionicist is extremely interested in the one general mechanism that mimics the brain. But as long as the tiny brain of a pigeon continuous to baffle science, there seems little likelihood of understanding the secrets of the human brain during this century. Yet, even if the bionicist never attains this goal, he will make many discoveries that once seemed impossible to us. Even in our lifetime he may be able to build machines that will be intelligent enough.

填空题The career inflection point can determine whether a business can succeed or not.

填空题College students do not admit they are Internet addicts in the presence of people, but they ______.

填空题When unemployed, some careerists take the opportunity to family matters in addition to______or volunteering.

填空题He would help us but that he was short of money at the time . A. would help B. but C. short of D. at the time

填空题Maths Online: The New Resource for Students, Parents and Home-Schoolers A. Let's face it, most people don't like maths! But in today's world, a sound basic understanding of mathematics is the foundation for many occupations and careers. One of the problems of the past 30 years in maths education—as in other subject areas such as English and history—is that there has been less emphasis on getting the basics right, and many people have suffered as a consequence. B. The Internet provides new opportunities for students, parents and home-schoolers to access quality maths courses, and a number of excellent Internet-based maths sites have been developed in Australia, which provide interactive instruction in this important area. C. For primary school children, there is Smartkiddies Mathematics (www.smartkiddies.com.au); for middle school students there is Cambridge's HotMaths (www.hotmaths.com.au); and for secondary students, Maths Online (www.mathsonline.com.au), which is one of the best of them. These programs are all interactive, and have attracted the attention of hundreds of thousands of students, parents and teachers around the country. D. Maths Online was a commercial product, like the other online programs; but after being sponsored by McDonald's Restaurants, it is now available free for students, parents and teachers. The level of interest in this program is phenomenal, although it has been the subject of little media interest. According to the Maths Online website, since the program was introduced a year ago, an extraordinary 1750 schools, 145000 families and 750000 students have enrolled in the program. E. Developed by Australian maths teachers, Maths Online is based on the Australian state maths curriculum for years 7-12. The program contains hundreds of complete maths lessons, which take students from the simplest concepts to the more complex, in relatively short stages. At the end of each lesson, students are given a test (called a worksheet) to ensure that they have understood the unit. F. When a student completes the worksheet, which they are asked to print out, and complete with pen and paper, the student then sends the answers to Maths Online which marks the student's work, and returns it to the student. The results of students' work are kept in individual student files, and the student is given feedback on problem areas. G. The program is cleverly structured to supplement what students learn at school, and can be used independently of the school curriculum. At the same time, Maths Online encourages teachers to sign up, and to use the program to provide independent evaluation of their students' work, with reports on students' progress in individual units, as well as the whole course. H. As most people know, one of the main difficulties which students have with mathematics is that if the foundations are not securely understood, it is very difficult to understand and apply concepts which are based on those foundations. If students are absent from school for only a few days, it can mean there are some areas of the course which they have not studied and do not understand. Sometimes teachers are incapable of explaining mathematical ideas in terms which students can understand. And many students are too shy to admit they just don't understand what is being taught. I. The beauty of Maths Online is that it brings to light those concepts which a student has not understood, and will encourage the student (or teacher) to repeat the exercise, until it is mastered. Students can study in their own time, and at their own pace. And if they are using a computer and accessing the Internet, this is a very good way to learn. Unlike many school programs, the beauty of this approach is that parents are involved every step of the way. J. In fact, for home-schoolers, it provides an opportunity to access first-class educational material, at no cost. Home-schooling parents can enroll, using the family account. Even for students who are gifted in maths, this program is very valuable. It provides them with an opportunity to preview lessons at home before they are taught at school. This is a very powerful tool, as it gives students an opportunity to have two different approaches to a particular subject, and also gives them an opportunity to see how a particular unit fits into the whole course. K. Every student, parent and teacher has access to the entire Year 7-12 curriculum, which means that a student can go backwards, if necessary, to review a particular unit which might have caused difficulty in the past, or is needed as a foundation for a later unit of study. For maths teachers, Maths Online provides a virtual administration centre, from which teachers can monitor the progress of every student. This is very similar conceptually to what head teachers have in schools today. It creates a roll of teachers and students, assigns students and teachers to classes, permits the removal of students and teachers, sets tasks to be performed, sets the academic standard, and allows instant monitoring of each student's progress. L. The tasks to be performed include a start and end date, and the number of students involved in any particular task. This allows teachers to ensure that students are keeping up with the set work, as well as monitoring students' results. Teachers who are going to be absent from school can also set tasks into the future, so that in the event of a prolonged absence, students can be set work, with each one having a unique "reveal date", when a student is notified of a task, and a unique "due date". M. A potential use of this program which should not be ignored is adult education. There are many adults who failed to get a handle on maths while at school. Maths Online lets people create their own accounts, and simply work their way through the program at their own pace. N. Most people will find the introductory units very simple, so adults can simply skip the sections which they already know, and enter the program at the point where they are being challenged. Alternatively, adults can simply study a concept which they were never able to understand at school. If you could never understand algebra, for example, or geometry, you can profitably study just that section of the curriculum. O. Not surprisingly, the Maths Online website contains many glowing testimonials, from teachers, parents and students. It is to be hoped that this project stops the drift away from maths in schools. The success of the Maths Online project raises the question as to whether similar initiatives could be taken in relation to other subject areas. Language studies, economics, accounting and business studies, for example, would seem to offer real opportunities, as there are already extensive audio-visual resources available in these areas. P. Putting these into programs which can be accessed on the Internet would seem to be the next step forward. Already universities are offering distance education courses in some faculties, and this will undoubtedly increase in future. Science subjects such as biology, physics and chemistry have some potential; but the experimental side of these subjects would have to be handled in a different way. Other subjects, such as history and social sciences, are more problematic.

填空题Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage. You could fill a store with all the energy drinks now available. They promise to make people feel more energetic and think more clearly. These products have names like Red Bull, Monster, and 5-Hour Energy. They appeal mainly to young people and are fueled mainly by caffeine. Chad Reissig at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, is a medical researcher who studies drug dependence. He says the team he works on got interested in studying energy drinks because of the explosion in their popularity in the last few years. He says the researchers found three major things. One: there are hundreds of brands of energy drinks in most major countries. Two: the drinks are not clearly labeled with enough information. And three: the amount of caffeine varies greatly. Some contain as little as 50 milligrams, others as much as 500. By comparison, a cup of Starbucks brewed coffee contains 330 milligrams in 473 milliliters. Some energy drinks contain a mixture of ingredients listed as an "energy blend." Some ingredients are naturalsubstances. But Chad Reissig says scientists do not know a lot about them and how they interact with each other and caffeine. And worse, he says, there is no listing of the amount of each ingredient. Some people combine energy drinks with alcohol. They think they can drink more alcohol that way and not be affected. Studies, however, suggest that they are still under the influence of the alcohol even if they do not feel that way. Some makers of energy drinks do provide warnings. For example: a popular energy shot warns against use by people who are pregnant, nursing a baby or under the age of twelve. Energy shots are small bottles of liquid. The directions also advise people to limit caffeine products and to drink only half the bottle which is regarded as a moderate amount. The team at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine published a report in the journal Drug and Alcohol Dependence. They suggested better labeling with the amount of caffeine and other ingredients clearly listed on the drink. The researchers are continuing to study energy drinks. They arc currently seeking young people who have had an unpleasant experience after drinking them.

填空题A survey shows that the sale rate of smart phones has grown ___________________ each year.