填空题Scientists estimate ______ (还要过很多年这种药才能用在人身上).

填空题There is______(没有必要在这所学校舍注册) ,it's just a deception.

填空题According to the description of Buckminster Fuller, the two advantages of triangle in strength were _____.

填空题Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2. The Three-Year Solution A．Hartwick College, a small liberal-arts school in upstate New York, makes this offer to well-prepared students: earn your undergraduate degree in three years instead of four, and save about $43,000—the amount of one year's tuition and fees. A number of innovative colleges are making the same offer to students anxious about saving time and money. That's both an opportunity and a warning for the best higher-education system in the world. B．The United States has almost all of the world's best universities. A recent Chinese survey ranks 35 American universities among the top 50, eight among the top 10. Our research universities have been the key to developing the competitive advantages that help Americans produce 25% of all the world's wealth. In 2007, 623805 of the world's brightest students were attracted to American universities. C．Yet, there are signs of peril (危险) within American higher education. US colleges have to compete in the marketplace. Students may choose among 6,000 public, private, nonprofit, for-profit, or religious institutions of higher learning. In addition, almost all of the $32 billion the federal government provides for university research is awarded competitively. D．But many colleges and universities are stuck in the past. For instance, the idea of the fall-to-spring "school year" hasn't changed much since before the American Revolution, when we were a nation of farmers and students put their books away to work the soil during the summer. That long summer stretch no longer makes sense. Former George Washington University president Stephen Trachtenberg estimates that a typical college uses its facilities for academic purposes a little more than half the calendar year. "While college facilities sit idle, they continue to generate maintenance expenses that contribute to the high cost of running a college," he has written. E．Within academic departments, tenure (终身职位), combined with age-discrimination laws, makes faculty turnover—critical for a university to remain current in changing times—difficult. Instead of protecting speech and encouraging diversity and innovative thinking, the tenure system often stifles (压制) them: younger professors must win the approval of established colleagues for tenure, encouraging like mindedness and sometimes inhibiting the free flow of ideas. F．Meanwhile, tuition has soared, leaving graduating students with unprecedented loan debt. Strong campus presidents to manage these problems are becoming harder to find, and to keep. In fact, students now stay on campus almost as long as their presidents. The average amount of time students now take to complete an undergraduate degree has stretched to six years and seven months as students interrupted by work, inconvenienced by unavailable classes, or lured by one more football season find it hard to graduate. Congress has tried to help students with college costs through Pell Grants and other forms of tuition support. But some of their fixes have made the problem worse. The stack of congressional regulations governing federal student grants and loans now stands twice as tall as I do. Filling out these forms consumes 7% of every tuition dollar. G．For all of these reasons, some colleges like Hartwick are rethinking the old way of doing things and questioning decades-old assumptions about what a college degree means. For instance, why does it have to take four years to earn a diploma? This fall, 16 first-year students and four second-year students at Hartwick enrolled in the school's new three-year degree program. According to the college, the plan is designed for high-ability, highly motivated students who wish to save money or to move along more rapidly toward advanced degrees. H．By eliminating that extra year, three-year degree students save 25% in costs. Instead of taking 30 credits a year, these students take 40. During January, Hartwick runs a four-week course during which students may earn three to four credits on or off campus, including a number of international sites. Summer courses are not required, but a student may enroll in them--and pay extra. Three-year students get first crack at course registration. There are no changes in the number of courses professors teach or in their pay. I．The three-year degree isn't a new idea. Geniuses have always breezed through. Judson College, a 350-student institution in Alabama, has offered students a three-year option for 40 years. Students attend "short terms" in May and June to earn the credits required for graduation. Bates College in Maine and Ball State University in Indiana are among other colleges offering three-year options. J．Changes at the high-school level are also helping to make it easier for many students to earn their undergraduate degrees in less time. One of five students arrives at college today with Advanced Placement (AP) credits amounting to a semester or more of college-level work. Many universities, including large schools like the University of Texas, make it easy for these AP students to graduate faster. K．For students who don't plan to stop with an undergraduate degree, the three-year plan may have an even greater appeal. Dr. John Sergent, head of Vanderbilt University Medical School's residency (住院医生) program, enrolled in Vanderbilt's undergraduate college in 1959. He entered medical school after only three years as did four or five of his classmates. "My first year of medical school counted as my senior year, which meant I had to take three to four labs a week to get all my sciences in. I basically skipped my senior year," says Sergent. He still had time to be a student senator and meet his wife. L．There are, however, drawbacks to moving through school at such a brisk pace. For one, it deprives students of the luxury of time to roam (遨游) intellectually. Compressing everything into three years also leaves less time for growing up, engaging in extracurricular activities, and studying abroad. On crowded campuses it could mean fewer opportunities to get into a prized professor's class. Iowa's Waldorf College has graduated several hundred students in its three-year degree programs, but is now phasing out the option. Most Waldorf students wanted the full four-year experience—academically, socially, and athletically. And faculty members will be wary of any change that threatens the core curriculum in the name of moving students into the workforce. M．"Most high governmental officials seem to conceive of education in this light—as a way to ensure economic competitiveness and continued economic growth," Derek Bok, former president of Harvard, told The Washington Post. "I strongly disagree with this approach." Another risk: the new campus schedules might eventually produce less revenue for the institution and longer working hours for faculty members. N．Adopting a three-year option will not come easily to most schools. Those that wish to tackle tradition and make American campuses more cost-conscious may find it easier to take Trachtenberg's advice: open campuses year-round. "You could run two complete colleges, with two complete faculties," he says. "That's without cutting the length of students' vacations, increasing class sizes, or requiring faculty to teach more." O．Whether they experiment with three-year degrees, offer year-round classes, challenge the tenure system—or all of the above—universities are slowly realizing that to stay competitive and relevant they must adapt to a rapidly changing world. Expanding the three-year option may be difficult, but it may be less difficult than asking Congress for additional financial help, asking legislators for more state support, or asking students for even higher tuition payments. Campuses willing to adopt convenient schedules along with more-focused, less-expensive degrees may find that they have a competitive advantage in attracting bright, motivated students. These sorts of innovations can help American universities avoid the perils of success.

填空题Much ________________________ (是教授们感到惊讶), Tom's scores on the final exams was far better than they had expected.

填空题Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 .you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written. The National Weather Service is revamping the way it has issued severe weather warnings for decades with a new system designed to mark a geographic bull's eye where a storm will hit. The system, which goes into effect on Oct. 1, {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}from alerts based on county lines to notices aimed at {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}communities, weather service officials said Tuesday. Using radar and computer {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}programs, the system is meant to predict the moment a storm will hit a community or even a {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}crossroads. Known as storm-based warnings, the new alerts could {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}a warning area from thousands of square miles to a few hunched square miles, experts said. "A storm-based warning {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}on a storm itself and the geographic area that might be affected by it, " said Eli Jacks, a meteorologist at NWS {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}in suburban Washington. The new system will {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}be limited to warnings for tornadoes, severe thunderstorms, floods and marine hazards. Later, it will be expanded to include other threats like extreme heat, Jacks said. Tornado forecasting began in the late 1940s, and {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}Warnings generally have been issued on a county-by-county basis ever since. Under the new system, {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}On a radar map, the wamed areas appear as highlighted polygons rather than entire counties; forecasters will refer to commonly known landmarks like rivers and roads in written announcements. {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}

填空题This is a good opportunity for these artists, ______(他们的个人主义最终在作品中表现了出来).

填空题Getting over Our Preference for Perfect Produce A. Lift, squeeze, sniff. It"s a ritual millions of us perform every day in the produce aisle of the grocery store, rejecting the defective and irregular in search of an ideal seldom found on any farm. B. 40 percent of all food is never eaten, and this rejection of "ugly food"—the misshapen or imperfect produce that gets thrown out before it ever hits the supermarket display—is a major contributor to food waste. Most of that waste happens on the consumer side: food rejected by shoppers or by the markets before it reaches their aisles, or rejected in restaurants before it reaches our tables. Doug Rauch, the former president of Trader Joe"s, thinks he has the answer. This summer he is opening a store in Boston, called Daily Table, that will make outdated and defective food friendly and attractive. His "mixture of a grocery store and a restaurant"—with both fresh produce and prepared, "speed-scratch" dishes with prechopped vegetables, cooked proteins and rice that"s ready to eat, requiring just sauce and seasoning—is a pilot project attempting to recast the social norms of what"s fresh, desirable and edible. C. The project grew out of a fellowship Rauch started at Harvard in 2010, following the end of his position at Trader Joe"s. One in six Americans, he discovered, is not eating enough nutrients. "They can"t afford to get the food they need," he explains, adding that what they eat is "calorically dense, but nutritionally stripped". The health care tsunami that follows—early-onset diabetes (糖尿病) and heart disease, even in children and teens; additional health care costs of half a trillion dollars over the next two decades due to rising obesity— makes it everyone"s problem. Malnutrition, paired with the problem of food waste that he saw firsthand at Trader Joe"s, got him thinking. D. At a recent conference in Washington, D.C., put on by the Partnership for a Healthier America, Rauch shared a panel called "Feed Families Not Landfills" with Tim York of Markon, a company that distributes billions of dollars worth of produce across the U.S. "He showed a photo of a field of romaine lettuce (长叶生菜)—10 acres of it, beautiful," Rauch remembers. "The photo was the field after the harvest. They"d harvested all the lettuce that was the right size for bagged lettuce, but there was a ton out there that was two inches too tall or too short, and that gets plowed under. All of the things that are not the right size, color, shape—a lot goes rotten, gets plowed under or goes to fertilizer." E. Rauch wondered if he could open an attractive retail store, partner with grocers and producers to source the surplus food that might not be perfectly beautiful, present it well and price it competitively with junk food. A dime for an apple, say, instead of a buck? F. "We let perfect be the enemy of the good: If we go into store and see a pumpkin that is defective or misshapen, we"ll pick the one next to it," Rauch says, "but we make exceptions in two cases. One, we call it heirloom (传家宝). It can be ugly, and should be. And two is the farmers" market. You don"t expect apples to look like they do at Whole Foods. You"d be suspicious. What"s interesting is that we instinctively know that things in nature aren"t supposed to look like this." G. The idea at Daily Table is to create an atmosphere similar to a farmers market. "In the real world, carrots will often have two legs rather than one, but you never see those in the grocery store, because they"re almost always thrown out," says Nathanael Johnson, food writer for Grist and the author of All Natural , a book that debates when "natural" is really healthy. "We"ve become so alienated from our farms that we can no longer assess the healthfulness of our food. Instead, people are attracted to external perfection." H. Daily Table will also tackle the problem of sell-by date versus expiration date. "When a grocer sells you a gallon of milk, if it says sell by April 2, it doesn"t mean that you have to go home and drink it that night," Rauch says. "Generally, it will last a week after that. Most Americans don"t know that. So we are disposing of perfectly good food that"s healthy and wholesome." Consumer education is part of his mission; the store will work with quality assurance food labs and manufacturers to determine conservative "use-by" dates, giving customers information on what they mean, as well as plenty of time to use products. I. Europe is in the forefront when it comes to tackling ugly food. The EU has designated 2014 the "European Year Against Food Waste". After a British member of Parliament, Laura Sandys, set up a company to encourage the sale and use of odd fruits and vegetables—food should be valued for nutrition, she said, "not whether it is fit for a catwalk"—the supermarket giant Sainsbury"s changed rules governing the aesthetic appearance of its fresh produce. Last year, the rebranding of ugly food came to pass in Switzerland and Germany. The produce is cheaper, and goes fast. Recently, three German graduate students cooked up the idea for a fashionable grocery that sells only ugly fruit. J. A recent report commissioned by the U.K. global food security program shows that of a given crop of fruit or vegetables grown in the country, up to 40 percent is rejected because it doesn"t meet retailer standards on size or shape. That"s a sizable amount of the $31.3 billion of food that gets thrown away in Britain every year. American supermarkets lose $15 billion each year in unsold fruits and vegetables. American consumers like their apples red and their bananas unspotted, so grocery stores comply—sometimes even dyeing and cutting to fit. K. Changing mainstream culture to accept a curved cucumber has bigger implications than just cost. Given that 20 to 30 percent of greenhouse gas emissions come from agriculture, food waste is a huge piece of the global climate problem. Last month, a new study by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change revealed scientists" deep concerns about dropping agricultural production—as much as 2 percent per decade for the rest of the century. The panel"s researchers have also found that though minor improvements can be made to improve efficiency in agriculture, the real game changers will lie on the consumption side. L. "The best forecasts I"ve seen suggest that we are going to have to double agricultural production by 2050," says Johnson. "Doing that without cutting down the rain forest is going to be a tremendous challenge— especially given that climate change is actually driving farm productivity down." The single best idea for solving this problem, with the lowest costs and fewest trade-offs? Stop throwing away so much of the food we grow. M. So in the short term, the issue looks skin-deep: Ugly food is just as good as pretty food, and it"s easier on the wallet. In the long term, a preference for ugly may support our global food supply. N. "Is it possible to tell the story and have people better educated and smarter about buying food?" Ranch asks. "The difference between that sell-by date and when the food is no longer edible can feed a huge population." And in an environment in which healthy food is often priced at a premium, he"s doing it at a price affordable to people who need it most. "The doors," he says, "are open to everyone."

填空题Only when he saw the score in the exam ______ (他才意识到应该奋起直追了).

填空题One recent Brandeis graduate who asked that his name be withheld because his company ______.

填空题Data sharing: An open mind on open data A. It is a movement building steady momentum: a call to make research data, software code and experimental methods publicly available and transparent. A spirit of openness is gaining acceptance in the science community, and is the only way, say advocates, to address a "crisis" in science whereby too few findings are successfully reproduced. Furthermore, they say, it is the best way for researchers to gather the range of observations that are necessary to speed up discoveries or to identify large-scale trends. B. The open-data shift poses a confusing problem for junior researchers. On the one hand, the drive to share is gathering official steam. Since 2013, global scientific bodies have begun to back policies that support increased public access to research. On the other hand, scientists disagree about how much and when they should share data, and they debate whether sharing it is more likely to accelerate science and make it more robust, or to introduce vulnerabilities and problems. As more journals and funders adopt data-sharing requirements, and as a growing number of enthusiasts call for more openness, junior researchers must find their place between adopters and those who continue to hold out, even as they strive to launch their own careers. C. One key challenge facing young scientists is how to be open without becoming scientifically vulnerable. They must determine the risk of jeopardizing a job offer or a collaboration proposal from those who are wary of—or unfamiliar with—open science. And they must learn how to capitalize on the movement"s benefits, such as opportunities for more citations and a way to build a reputation without the need for conventional metrics, such as publication in high-impact journals. D. Some fields have embraced open data more than others. Researchers in psychology, a field rocked by findings of irreproducibility in the past few years, have been especially vocal supporters of the drive for more-open science. A few psychology journals have created incentives to increase interest in reproducible science—for example, by affixing an "open-data" badge to articles that clearly state where data are available. According to social psychologist Brian Nosek, executive director of the Center for Open Science, the average data-sharing rate for the journal Psychological Science , which uses the badges, increased tenfold to 38% from 2013 to 2015. E. Funders, too, are increasingly adopting an open-data policy. Several strongly encourage, and some require, a date-management plan that makes data available. The US National Science Foundation is among these. Some philanthropic (慈善的) funders, including the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in Seattle, Washington, and the Wellcome Trust in London, also mandate open data from their grant recipients. F. But many young researchers, especially those who have not been mentored in open science, are uncertain about whether to share or to stay private. Graduate students and postdoes, who often are working on their lab head"s grant, may have no choice if their supervisor or another senior colleague opposes sharing. G. Some fear that the potential impact of sharing is too high, especially at the early stages of a career. "Everybody has a scary story about someone getting scooped (被抢先)," says New York University astronomer David Hogg. Those fears may be a factor in a lingering hesitation to share data even when publishing in journals that mandate it. H. Researchers at small labs or at institutions focused on teaching arguably have the most to lose when sharing hard-won data. "With my institution and teaching load, I don"t have postdocs and grad students," says Terry McGlynn, a tropical biologist at California State University, Dominguez Hills. "The stakes are higher for me to share data because it"s a bigger fraction of what"s happening in my lab." I. Researchers also point to the time sink that is involved in preparing data for others to view. Once the data and associated materials appear in a repository (存储库), answering questions and handling complaints can take many hours. J. The time investment can present other problems. In some cases, says data scientist Karthik Ram, it may be difficult for junior researchers to embrace openness when senior colleagues—many of whom head selection and promotion committees—might ridicule what they may view as misplaced energies. "I"ve heard this recently—that embracing the idea of open data and code makes traditional academics uncomfortable," says Ram. "The concern seems to be that open advocates don"t spend their time being as productive as possible." K. An open-science stance can also add complexity to a collaboration. Kate Ratliff, who studies social attitudes at the University of Florida, Gainesville, says that it can seem as if there are two camps in a field—those who care about open science and those who don"t. "There"s a new area to navigate—"Are you cool with the fact that I"ll want to make the data open?"—when talking with somebody about an interesting research idea," she says. L. Despite complications and concerns, the upsides of sharing can be significant. For example, when information is uploaded to a repository, a digital object identifier (DOI) is assigned. Scientists can use a DOI to publish each step of the research life cycle, not just the final paper. In so doing, they can potentially get three citations—-one each for the data and software, in addition to the paper itself. And although some say that citations for software or data have little currency in academia, they can have other benefits. M. Many advocates think that transparent data procedures with a date and time stamp will protect scientists from being scooped. "This is the sweet spot between sharing and getting credit for it, while discouraging plagiarism (剽窃)," says Ivo Grigorov, a project coordinator at the National Institute of Aquatic Resources Research Secretariat in Charlottenlund, Denmark. Hogg says that scooping is less of a problem than many think. "The two cases I"m familiar with didn"t involve open data or code," he says. N. Open science also offers junior researchers the chance to level the playing field by gaining better access to crucial data. Ross Mounce, a postdoc studying evolutionary biology at the University of Cambridge, UK, is a vocal champion of open science, partly because his fossil-based research depends on access to others" data. He says that more openness in science could help to discourage what some perceive as a common practice of shutting out early-career scientists" requests for data. O. Communication also helps for those who won-y about jeopardizing a collaboration, he says. Concerns about open science should be discussed at the outset of a study. "Whenever you start a project with someone, you have to establish a clear understanding of expectations for who owns the data, at what point they go public and who can do what with them," he says. P. In the end, sharing data, software and materials with colleagues can help an early-career researcher to gain recognition—a crucial component of success. "The thing you are searching for is reputation," says Titus Brown, a genomics (基因组学) researcher at the University of California, Davis. "To get grants and jobs, you have to be relevant and achieve some level of public recognition. Anything you do that advances your presence—-especially in a larger sphere, outside the communities you know—is a net win."