填空题In China, some rivers are so polluted that fish can' t grow in them.

填空题What is the author's attitude toward mass produced articles?

填空题Mrs. Smith shut the window lest______(外面的噪音会影响她儿子睡觉)．

填空题Between genetic factors and depression there is direct connection.

填空题There is no doubt that ______ (这些货物与其他货物相比的优越性显而易见).

填空题Space policy is dominated by polities.

填空题______ (当涉及对心脏病及其对身体的影响的研究时), we do not have adequate substitutes for the use of animals.

填空题What would be the best solution to the MBA student?

填空题______ (只有积极投身于社会实践)can you accumulate enough working experience．

填空题If you have ten employees sharing a typical office space, you need at least______ square feet of space.

填空题As early as 1896 scientists suggested that burning fossil fuels might change______.

填空题Meaning Is Healthier Than Happiness A. For at least the last decade, the happiness craze has been budding. In the last three months alone, over 1,000 books on happiness were released on Amazon, including Happy Money, Happy-People-Pills For All, and, for those just starting out, Happiness for Beginners. B. One of the consistent claims of books like these is that happiness is associated with all sorts of good life outcomes, including—most promisingly—good health. Many studies have noted the connection between a happy mind and a healthy body—the happier you are, the better health out-comes we seem to have. In an overview of 150 studies on this topic, researchers put it like this: "Inductions of well-being lead to healthy functioning, and inductions of ill-being lead to compromised health." C. But a new study, just published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) challenges the rosy picture. Happiness may not be as good for the body as researchers thought. It might even be bad. D. Of course, it"s important to first define happiness. A few months ago, I wrote a piece called "There"s More to Life Than Being Happy" about a psychology study that dug into what happiness really means to people. It specifically explored the difference between a meaningful life and a happy life. E. It seems strange that there would be a difference at all. But the researchers, who looked at a large sample of people over a month-long period, found that happiness is associated with selfish "taking" behavior and that having a sense of meaning in life is associated with selfless "giving" behavior. F. "Happiness without meaning characterizes a relatively shallow, self-absorbed or even selfish life, in which things go well, needs and desires are easily satisfied, and complicated relationships are avoided," the authors of the study wrote. "If anything, pure happiness is linked to not helping others in need." While being happy is about feeling good, meaning is derived from contributing to others or to society in a bigger way. As Roy Baumeister, one of the researchers, told me, "Partly what we do as human beings is to take care of others and contribute to others. This makes life meaningful but it does not necessarily make us happy." G. The new PNAS study also sheds light on the difference between meaning and happiness, but on the biological level. Barbara Fredrickson, a psychological researcher at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, and Steve Cole, a genetics and psychiatry(精神病学) researcher at UCLA, examined the self-reported levels of happiness and meaning in 80 research subjects. H. Happiness was defined, as in the earlier study, by feeling good. The researchers measured happiness by asking subjects questions like "How often did you feel happy?" "How often did you feel interested in life?" and "How often did you feel satisfied?" The more strongly people endorsed these measures of "hedonic(享乐主义的)well-being," or pleasure, the higher they scored on happiness. I. Meaning was defined as an orientation to something bigger than the self. They measured meaning by asking questions like "How often did you feel that your life has a sense of direction or meaning to it?" and" How often did you feel that you had something to contribute to society?" The more people endorsed these measures of "eudaimonic (幸福论的) well-being"—or, simply put, virtue—the more meaning they felt in life. J. After noting the sense of meaning and happiness that each subject had, Fredrickson and Cole, with their research colleagues, looked at the ways certain genes expressed themselves in each of the participants. Like neuroscientists who use fMRI (功能磁共振成像)scanning to determine how regions in the brain respond to different stimuli, Cole and Fredrickson are interested in how the body, at the genetic level, responds to feelings of happiness and meaning. K. Cole"s past work has linked various kinds of chronic adversity to a particular gene expression pattern. When people feel lonely, are grieving the loss of a loved one, or are struggling to make ends meet, their bodies go into threat mode. This triggers the activation of a stress-related gene pat-tern that has two features: an increase in the activity of pro-inflammatory(促炎症的)genes and a decrease in the activity of genes involved in anti-viral responses. L. Cole and Fredrickson found that people who are happy but have little to no sense of meaning in their lives have the same gene expression patterns as people who are responding to and enduring chronic adversity. That is, the bodies of these happy people are preparing them for bacterial threats by activating the pro-inflammatory response. Chronic inflammation is, of course, associated with major illnesses like heart disease and various cancers. M. "Empty positive emotions"—like the kind people experience during manic (狂喜的)episodes or artificially induced euphoria (欣快)from alcohol and drugs— "are about as good for you for as adversity," says Fredrickson. N. It"s important to understand that for many people, a sense of meaning and happiness in life overlap; many people score jointly high (or jointly low) on the happiness and meaning measures in the study. But for many others, there is a dissonance(不一致)—they feel that they are low on happiness and high on meaning or that their lives are very high in happiness, but low in meaning. This last group, which has the gene expression pattern associated with adversity, formed 75 percent of study participants. Only one quarter of the study participants had what the researchers call "eudaimonic predominance"—that is, their sense of meaning outpaced their feelings of happiness. O. This is too bad given the more beneficial gene expression pattern associated with meaningfulness. People whose levels of happiness and meaning line up, and people who have a strong sense of meaning but are not necessarily happy, showed a deactivation of the adversity stress response. Their bodies were not preparing them for the bacterial infections that we get when we are alone or in trouble, but for the viral infections we get when surrounded by a lot of other people. P. Fredrickson"s past research, described in her two books, Positivity and Love 2.0, has mapped the benefits of positive emotions in individuals. She has found that positive emotions broaden a person"s perspective and help protect people against adversity. So it was surprising to her that hedonic well-being, which is associated with positive emotions and pleasure, did so badly in this study compared with eudaimonic well-being. Q. "It"s not the amount of hedonic happiness that"s a problem," Fredrickson tells me, "It"s that it"s not matched by eudaimonic well-being. It"s great when both are in step. But if you have more hedonic well-being than would be expected, that"s when this gene pattern that"s similar to adversity emerged." R. The terms hedonism and eudaimonism bring to mind the great philosophical debate, which has shaped Western civilization for over 2,000 years, about the nature of the good life. Does happiness lie in feeling good, as hedonists think, or in doing and being good, as Aristotle and his intellectual descendants, the virtue ethicists(伦理学家), think? From the evidence of this study, it seems that feeling good is not enough. People need meaning to thrive. In the words of Carl Jung, "The least of things with a meaning is worth more in life than the greatest of things without it." Jung"s wisdom certainly seems to apply to our bodies, if not also to our hearts and our minds.

填空题The University Library is one of the largest (36) libraries in the country, with a (37) of some two million volumes. There is an active collection for all subjects which are taught or researched at (38) level in the University. The Library also (39) as a national resource center in certain subject areas. For (40) research in the humanities, and in the history of the social, natural and physical sciences, the University Library has (41) impressive special collections of (42) and rare primary materials, both manuscript and printed, which (43) scholars from all over the world. (44) . The University Library is highly automated, and the benefits of this for readers are especially evident and a microcomputer cluster for free student used. (45) . These include reference and enquiry services, individual and group training in the effective use of information technology and other sources, interlibrary loans, library publications, photocopying and other reprographic services, and binding and conservation. (46) . There are separate libraries, administered by the Main Library, for fine arts, music, 1iterature and early modern studies, education, law, chemical engineering, electronic and electrical engineering, social sciences, and medicine and life sciences.

填空题 To all Americans, another basic{{U}} (36) {{/U}}in their constitution is the Bill of rights, adopted in 1971. This consists of 10 very short paragraphs which{{U}} (37) {{/U}}freedom and individual rights and forbid{{U}} (38) {{/U}}with lives of individuals by the government. Each paragraph is an Amendment to the original Constitution. The Bill of Rights guarantees Americans the right to a speedy{{U}} (39) {{/U}}if accused of a crime. The trial must be by a{{U}} (40) {{/U}}and then the{{U}} (41) {{/U}}person must be allowed representation by a lawyer and must be able to call in{{U}} (42) {{/U}}to speak for him or her. Cruel and unusual punishment is{{U}} (43) {{/U}}. In the bill of Rights,{{U}} (44) {{/U}}. They have the right to assemble in public places, to protest government actions and to demand change. They have the right to own weapons if they wish. Because of the Bill of Rights, neither police nor soldiers can stop and search a person without good reason.{{U}} (45) {{/U}}. There were 16 other amendments to the Constitution as of 1991. The changes are not many considering that the constitution was written in 1787. Only a few need to be mentioned here. One forbids slavery and three others guarantee citizenship and full rights of citizenship to all people regardless of race.{{U}} (46) {{/U}}.

填空题This was not the first time ______(他背叛我们).

填空题John's actual performance did not confirm the belief that ___________________(高分应该是学术能力的证明).

填空题He was in such a hurry that he _____________ (吞了几口面包和牛奶就上班了).